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E-grāmata: Solar Cosmic Rays: Fundamentals and Applications

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Solar Cosmic Rays: Fundamentals and ApplicationsPalielināt
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Fundamentals and Applications.

Presents a comprehensive approach to the open questions in solar cosmic ray research and includes consistent and detailed considerations of conceptual, observational, theoretical, experimental and applied aspects of the field. The results of solar cosmic ray (SCR) investigations from 1942 to the present are summarized in this book. It treats the research questions in a self-contained form in all of its associations, from fundamental astrophysical aspects to geophysical, aeronautical and cosmonautical applications. A large amount of new data is included, which has been accumulated during the last several decades of space research. This second edition contains numerous updates and corrections to the text, figures and references. The author has also added several new sections about GLEs and radiation hazards. In addition, an extensive bibliography is provided, which covers non-partially the main achievements and failures in the field. This volume is aimed at graduate students and researchers in solar physics and space science.
1 Solar Cosmic Rays: Object and Tool for Space Research
1(20)
1.1 Energetic Particles and Physics of the Sun
4(3)
1.2 Contribution to Solar-Terrestrial Relationships
7(1)
1.3 Pivot of the Problem
8(3)
1.4 General Characteristics of Solar Particle Events
11(10)
2 Observational Features and Databases of Solar Cosmic Rays
21(42)
2.1 History of the Problem and Observational Technique
22(9)
2.2 Intensity and Energy Limits
31(3)
2.3 Possible Sources of High-Energy Particles
34(3)
2.4 Elemental Abundances and Charge States
37(8)
2.5 Electrons and Electromagnetic Emissions of Solar Flares
45(3)
2.6 Neutral Flare Emissions
48(5)
2.7 Classification Systems of SEP Events
53(6)
2.8 Solar Event Databases
59(4)
3 Energetic Particles and High-Energy Solar Phenomena
63(28)
3.1 Solar Energetic Phenomena
63(4)
3.2 Solar Flare "Myth"?
67(4)
3.3 Energetic Solar Particles and Coronal Mass Ejections
71(2)
3.4 Effects of Large-Scale Heliospheric Structures
73(5)
3.5 Giant Arches and Fast Global Changes at the Sun
78(8)
3.6 Energetics of Solar Cosmic Rays
86(5)
4 Solar Cosmic Rays at High Energies
91(28)
4.1 Largest Proton Events
91(3)
4.2 Upper Limit Spectrum for Protons
94(2)
4.3 Search for Extremely High-Energy Particles
96(3)
4.4 Maximum Rigidity of Accelerated Particles
99(9)
4.4.1 Determination of Rm from Observational Data
99(4)
4.4.2 Temporal Variations of Maximum Rigidity
103(2)
4.4.3 Recent Estimates and Measurements
105(1)
4.4.4 Giant Detector Experiments
106(2)
4.5 Production of Flare Neutrinos
108(2)
4.6 Occurrence Probability of Giant Flares
110(4)
4.7 Flares on the Sun and Other Stars
114(5)
5 Particle Acceleration at the Sun
119(46)
5.1 Global and Local Aspects of Particle Acceleration
120(1)
5.2 Main Acceleration Processes
121(1)
5.3 Stochastic Acceleration
122(3)
5.4 Shock Wave Acceleration
125(6)
5.5 Coherent Acceleration
131(7)
5.6 Acceleration in a Fibrous Corona
138(2)
5.7 Brief Summary of Acceleration Models
140(3)
5.8 Recent Developments of Shock Acceleration
143(4)
5.9 Rogue Events and Acceleration in the Interplanetary Space
147(3)
5.10 Threshold Effects and Event Distributions
150(15)
6 Interactions of Accelerated Particles with the Solar Atmosphere
165(46)
6.1 Accelerated Particles and Solar Neutral Radiation
165(5)
6.2 Generation of Neutral Radiation
170(8)
6.2.1 Bremsstrahlung
170(2)
6.2.2 Line Emission
172(1)
6.2.3 The 2.223 MeV Gamma-Ray Line
173(1)
6.2.4 Pion Decay Radiation
173(1)
6.2.5 Positrons
174(1)
6.2.6 Abundances of Ambient Gas and Accelerated Particles
174(2)
6.2.7 Theoretical Spectrum
176(1)
6.2.8 Energy Content in Accelerated Particles
177(1)
6.3 Neutron Production in Solar Flares
178(9)
6.4 Particle Acceleration and Solar Elemental Abundances
187(4)
6.5 Particle Trapping and Transport in the Corona
191(8)
6.5.1 Delayed Gamma-Rays and Particle Trapping
191(3)
6.5.2 Prolonged Trapping or Continuous Acceleration?
194(1)
6.5.3 Alternative Models
195(1)
6.5.4 Gradient Drift from Expanding Bottle
196(2)
6.5.5 Particle Energy Losses in Expanding Bottle
198(1)
6.6 Physical Implications of Gamma Ray and Neutron Data
199(12)
6.6.1 Recent Progress in Solar Gamma-Ray Astronomy
200(2)
6.6.2 Photospheric 3He Abundance
202(2)
6.6.3 Imaging and Mapping of Gamma-Ray Flares
204(2)
6.6.4 Heavy-Heavy Interactions of Accelerated Particles
206(5)
7 Acceleration and Release of Particles from the Corona
211(48)
7.1 Release of the First Accelerated Particles
212(9)
7.1.1 Release of Relativistic Particles
212(2)
7.1.2 CMEs, two Classes of Flares and Release of SEPs
214(4)
7.1.3 Ion Injection from the Flare Impulsive Phase
218(1)
7.1.4 Two-Component Gradual-Phase Injection
219(2)
7.2 Reconstruction of Ejection Parameters
221(7)
7.2.1 The Inverse Problem in the SCR Studies
221(2)
7.2.2 Ejection Intensity-Time Profiles
223(2)
7.2.3 Angular Distribution of Escaping Particles
225(3)
7.3 Relativistic Particles in Extended Coronal Structures
228(10)
7.3.1 Unusual Features of Intensity-Time Profiles
228(2)
7.3.2 Evidence of Two-Phase Structure
230(2)
7.3.3 Anisotropy Data
232(1)
7.3.4 Spectral Differences
233(1)
7.3.5 Width of Intensity-Time Profile
234(2)
7.3.6 Data Analysis by vTm-Technique
236(2)
7.4 Two Components in the GLE of September 29, 1989
238(5)
7.4.1 Intensity-Time Profiles
239(1)
7.4.2 Specific Features of Particle Release
240(1)
7.4.3 Temporal Evolution of Rigidity Spectrum
241(2)
7.5 Source and Acceleration Models
243(13)
7.5.1 Acceleration by a Coronal Shock
243(3)
7.5.2 Post-eruption Acceleration
246(3)
7.5.3 Two-Source Model
249(2)
7.5.4 General Scenario of the Event
251(5)
7.6 Magnetic Reconnection in Acceleration Scenario
256(3)
8 Solar Cosmic Rays in the Interplanetary Space
259(40)
8.1 Theory of Particle Transport
260(5)
8.2 Change of Average Energy and Spectrum Transformation
265(6)
8.3 Rigidity Dependence of Transport Path
271(8)
8.3.1 Long-Standing Problem
271(2)
8.3.2 Shift in the Transport Paradigm
273(3)
8.3.3 Modern Treatment of the Problem
276(3)
8.4 Anisotropy and Spike Structure of Proton Events
279(3)
8.5 Energy Density and Flux Instability of Solar Protons
282(9)
8.6 Particle Motion in the Large-Scale Magnetic Structures
291(8)
9 Spectrum of Solar Cosmic Rays Near the Earth
299(34)
9.1 Key Aspects of Spectrum Measurements
299(3)
9.2 Methods of Spectrum Data Analysis
302(3)
9.2.1 Measurement Limitations
302(1)
9.2.2 Analytical Techniques
303(1)
9.2.3 Effective Rigidity
304(1)
9.3 Integral Multiplicities for Neutron Monitors
305(4)
9.4 Rigidity Spectrum of Relativistic Protons
309(7)
9.4.1 Comparison of the Yield Functions
310(1)
9.4.2 Statistics of Spectral Data
310(6)
9.5 Spectrum Compatibility in Different Energy Ranges
316(2)
9.6 Efficiency of Different Techniques in Ground Data Fitting
318(6)
9.7 New Modeling of Spectrum Dynamics
324(3)
9.8 Modern Basic Procedure
327(3)
9.9 Spectra of Prompt and Delayed Components
330(3)
10 Solar Cosmic Rays in the Geosphere
333(40)
10.1 Geomagnetic Effects
334(3)
10.2 Atmospheric Impact of Energetic Solar Particles
337(2)
10.3 Depletion of Ozone Layer
339(5)
10.3.1 Observational Evidence
339(3)
10.3.2 Mechanism of Depletion
342(2)
10.4 Perturbations in the Global Electrical Circuit
344(3)
10.5 Change of Atmospheric Transparency
347(3)
10.6 Production of Nitrates
350(2)
10.7 Periodicities in Solar Particle Fluxes
352(9)
10.7.1 Peculiarities in GLE Occurrence Rate
352(1)
10.7.2 GLE Registration Frequency
353(8)
10.8 Archaeology of Solar Cosmic Rays
361(6)
10.9 Extreme Solar Proton Events
367(6)
11 Energetic Solar Particles and Radiation Hazard in Space
373(44)
11.1 Identification of Radiation Hazard
373(4)
11.2 Modern Concept of Solar Proton Event
377(1)
11.3 Dynamics of Radiation Dose
378(5)
11.4 Radiation Effects on Space Equipment
383(5)
11.5 Diagnostics and Prediction of Solar Proton Events
388(10)
11.5.1 Prediction of Proton Flux Dynamics
388(1)
11.5.2 Probability Prediction Technique
389(4)
11.5.3 Prediction Based on Precursor Information
393(3)
11.5.4 Coronal Mass Ejections and Prediction of Proton Fluxes
396(1)
11.5.5 Prediction of Heavy Ion Fluxes and Anomalous Proton Events
397(1)
11.6 Radiation Hazard at Different Heliospheric Distances
398(5)
11.7 Relativistic Protons in Prediction Schemes
403(1)
11.8 Models of Proton Fluence at Large Time Scale
404(13)
12 Summary and Conclusion: Problems and Prospects
417(40)
12.1 Long-Standing Problems of Particle Acceleration at the Sun
417(10)
12.1.1 List of Problems
418(1)
12.1.2 Protons in Solar Flares
419(4)
12.1.3 Splitting of Electron and Proton Spectra
423(2)
12.1.4 Interacting and Escaping SEPs and Gamma-Rays
425(2)
12.2 Accelerated Particle and Atmospheric Density Models for the Sun
427(6)
12.2.1 Effect of Density Enhancement
427(4)
12.2.2 Density Profiles of Flaring Atmosphere
431(2)
12.3 New Observation Techniques and Ideas
433(9)
12.3.1 Concept of "Flagship" Stations
433(1)
12.3.2 Potential of Neutron Monitor Data
434(1)
12.3.3 Optimized Network of Neutron Monitors
435(2)
12.3.4 Muon Hodoscope for Studies in Solar-Terrestrial Physics
437(1)
12.3.5 Worldwide Network of Solar Neutron Telescopes
437(2)
12.3.6 New Technique for Analysis of Proton Spectra in GLEs
439(1)
12.3.7 New Concept of Ground Level Enhancements
440(2)
12.4 GLE Source: Flare and/or CME?
442(4)
12.4.1 Problem of the First GLE Particles
443(1)
12.4.2 GLE and Composition of Accelerated Particles
444(2)
12.5 New Distribution Function for SEP Events
446(3)
12.6 Geophysical Effects of SCR: Recent Development
449(3)
12.7 Matters Arising
452(3)
12.7.1 Super-Events in the Heliosphere
453(1)
12.7.2 Oscillations of Particle Fluxes
454(1)
12.8 Concluding Remarks (Instead of Epilogue)
455(2)
Appendix 1 Acronyms 457(4)
Bibliography 461(58)
Index 519
Prof. Leonty Miroshnichenko obtained his PhD in Physics and Mathematics in 1991 and is currently a professor at IZMIRAN, in the Sector of Helio-Ecological Relations. His research interests include solar cosmic rays, radiation hazards in space, solar flares, solar gamma radiation, interplanetary dynamical processes, diagnostics and forecasts of solar proton events and solar-terrestrial relations. He has written approximately 250 publications, including 11 books on solar cosmic rays and solar-terrestrial relations.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
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