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1 General Features of the Solar System |
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1 | (42) |
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1.1 Mechanics and Dynamics of the Solar System |
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5 | (17) |
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1.1.1 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (3) |
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1.1.3 The Titius-Bode 'Law' |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (3) |
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1.1.5 Gravity in a Solid Body: Shape and Tidal Effects |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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1.1.9 Long-Term Evolution of the Solar System |
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19 | (1) |
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1.1.10 Specific Configurations in the Earth-Moon System: Eclipses |
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20 | (2) |
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1.2 Physics of the Solar System |
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22 | (21) |
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1.2.1 Thermal Radiation and Reflected Solar Radiation |
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23 | (3) |
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26 | (4) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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1.2.7 Trans-Neptunian Objects |
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35 | (1) |
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1.2.8 The Interplanetary Medium |
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35 | (8) |
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2 The Solar System Within the Universe |
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43 | (16) |
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43 | (5) |
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2.2 Primordial Nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang |
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48 | (1) |
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2.3 Life and Death of the Stars |
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49 | (1) |
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2.4 Stellar Nucleosynthesis |
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49 | (2) |
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2.5 The First Stages of Stellar Formation |
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51 | (2) |
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2.6 The Interstellar Medium |
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53 | (6) |
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3 Methods of Studying the Solar System |
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59 | (20) |
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3.1 The Determination of Geometrical and Physical Parameters |
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59 | (3) |
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3.1.1 Determining Distances |
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59 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Determining Diameters |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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3.1.4 Determining Periods of Rotation |
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62 | (1) |
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3.2 Physical and Chemical Analysis of Gas and Dust Particles |
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62 | (10) |
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3.2.1 Analysis of Radiation by Remote Sensing Spectroscopy |
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62 | (6) |
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3.2.2 Analysis of Radiation as a Function of Phase Angle |
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68 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Analysis of the Thermal Structure of an Atmosphere by the Stellar Occultation Method |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (4) |
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3.3 The Analysis of Plasma and Magnetic Fields |
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72 | (7) |
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3.3.1 Observations from the Ground |
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72 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Observations from Space |
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73 | (6) |
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4 The Formation of the Solar System |
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79 | (26) |
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4.1 The History of Models of the Solar System's Formation |
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79 | (3) |
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4.1.1 The Copernican Model |
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79 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Different Classes of Models: From the 15th to the 20th Century |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (6) |
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4.3 The Emergence of a 'Standard Model' |
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88 | (14) |
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4.3.1 The Gaseous Protoplanet (or Massive Disk) Model |
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88 | (1) |
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4.3.2 The 'Standard Model' |
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89 | (1) |
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4.3.3 The Chronology of Events |
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89 | (13) |
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4.4 Comparison with Other Systems |
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102 | (3) |
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4.4.1 Stellar Environments |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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5 The Interaction of Solar-System Bodies with the Interplanetary Medium |
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105 | (78) |
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5.1 The Interplanetary Plasma: Solar Wind and Coronal Expansion |
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106 | (14) |
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106 | (4) |
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5.1.2 The Large-Scale Structure of the Heliosphere in the Plane of the Ecliptic |
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110 | (1) |
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5.1.3 The Three-dimensional Structure of the Heliosphere |
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111 | (3) |
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5.1.4 Transient Structures in the Solar Wind |
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114 | (3) |
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5.1.5 The Interaction of the Heliosphere with the Interstellar Medium |
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117 | (3) |
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5.2 The Outer Gaseous Envelopes of the Planets: Thermospheres and Ionospheres |
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120 | (22) |
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5.2.1 The Structure of the Neutral Upper Atmosphere |
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122 | (8) |
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5.2.2 The Structure and Dynamics of Ionospheric Layers |
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130 | (12) |
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5.3 Interaction of the Solar Wind with Solar-System Objects |
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142 | (41) |
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5.3.1 The Different Types of Interaction |
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142 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Interaction of the Solar Wind with Non-magnetic Gaseous Envelopes: Case (b) |
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144 | (8) |
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5.3.3 Interaction of the Solar Wind with Magnetized Planets: Case (d) |
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152 | (16) |
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5.3.4 The 'Auroral' Radio Emissions of Planetary Magnetospheres |
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168 | (15) |
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6 The Terrestrial Planets and Their Satellites |
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183 | (80) |
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184 | (7) |
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6.1.1 Orbital Parameters and Macroscopic Properties |
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185 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Mercury's Exosphere and Polar Regions |
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185 | (1) |
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6.1.3 The Interior of Mercury and Its Magnetic Field |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (3) |
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6.1.5 Mercury's Magnetosphere |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (15) |
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6.2.1 The Observation of Venus |
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191 | (3) |
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6.2.2 Orbital Parameters and Overall Properties |
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194 | (1) |
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6.2.3 The Surface and Interior of Venus |
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194 | (5) |
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6.2.4 The Atmosphere of Venus |
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199 | (7) |
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206 | (19) |
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6.3.1 Orbital Characteristics |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (7) |
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6.3.4 The Earth's Magnetic Field |
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217 | (2) |
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6.3.5 The Present-Day Atmosphere |
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219 | (3) |
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6.3.6 The Terrestrial Climate and the Atmospheric Circulation |
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222 | (3) |
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225 | (12) |
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6.4.1 Telescopic Observation of the Moon |
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226 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Observations from Spacecraft |
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227 | (5) |
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6.4.3 Analysis of Samples in the Laboratory |
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232 | (2) |
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6.4.4 The Origin of the Moon |
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234 | (1) |
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6.4.5 The Earth-Moon System |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (22) |
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6.5.1 Observation of Mars |
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237 | (2) |
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6.5.2 Orbital Parameters, Overall Physical Properties and Internal Structure |
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239 | (1) |
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6.5.3 Geological Formations |
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239 | (5) |
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6.5.4 The Composition of the Martian Surface |
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244 | (4) |
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6.5.5 The Atmosphere of Mars |
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248 | (6) |
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6.5.6 Comparative Studies of the Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets |
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254 | (4) |
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6.5.7 The Search for Fossil Life on Mars |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (4) |
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263 | (20) |
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7.1 Orbital Characteristics |
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264 | (4) |
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7.2 The Physical Nature of the Asteroids |
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268 | (3) |
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7.3 The Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of Asteroids |
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271 | (4) |
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7.4 Recent Results from Spaceprobe Observations |
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275 | (3) |
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7.5 The Origin and Evolution of Asteroids |
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278 | (2) |
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7.6 The Interaction Between Asteroids and the Solar Wind |
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280 | (3) |
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283 | (66) |
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283 | (2) |
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8.2 The Neutral Atmosphere of the Giant Planets |
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285 | (33) |
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8.2.1 The Thermal Structure |
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287 | (3) |
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290 | (9) |
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8.2.3 Molecular Abundances |
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299 | (2) |
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8.2.4 The Abundance Ratios of Elements and Isotopes |
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301 | (10) |
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8.2.5 The Upper Atmospheres of the Giant Planets |
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311 | (7) |
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8.3 The Internal Structure of the Giant Planets |
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318 | (7) |
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8.3.1 The Experimental Data |
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318 | (2) |
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8.3.2 Modelling the Internal-Energy State |
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320 | (5) |
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8.4 The Magnetic Fields and Magnetospheres of the Giant Planets |
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325 | (24) |
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8.4.1 Jupiter's Magnetic Field |
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327 | (3) |
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8.4.2 The Structure of Jupiter's Magnetosphere |
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330 | (2) |
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8.4.3 The Dynamics of Jupiter's Magnetosphere |
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332 | (10) |
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8.4.4 The Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere of Saturn |
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342 | (4) |
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8.4.5 The Magnetic Fields of Uranus and Neptune |
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346 | (3) |
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349 | (14) |
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9.1 The Neutral Atmosphere of Titan |
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349 | (5) |
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9.1.1 The Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere |
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349 | (3) |
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9.1.2 The D/H Ratio in Titan's Atmosphere |
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352 | (1) |
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9.1.3 Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere |
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353 | (1) |
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9.1.4 Aerosols and Clouds |
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354 | (1) |
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9.2 Titan's Upper Atmosphere |
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354 | (4) |
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9.2.1 Composition and Structure of the Upper Atmosphere |
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354 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Interaction with the Magnetosphere |
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355 | (1) |
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9.2.3 The Aeronomy of Titan and the Formation of Complex Molecules |
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356 | (2) |
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9.3 The Surface and Interior of Titan |
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358 | (3) |
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9.3.1 The Surface of Titan |
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358 | (1) |
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9.3.2 The Interior of Titan |
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359 | (2) |
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9.4 Titan's Interaction with Saturn's Magnetosphere |
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361 | (2) |
10 Bodies Without Atmospheres in the Outer Solar System |
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363 | (1) |
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10.1 The Satellites of the Giant Planets |
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363 | (36) |
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10.1.1 The Satellites of Jupiter |
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363 | (12) |
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10.1.2 The Satellites of Saturn |
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375 | (4) |
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10.1.3 The Satellites of Uranus |
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379 | (2) |
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10.1.4 The Satellites of Neptune |
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381 | (3) |
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384 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Exploration of the Pluto-Charon System |
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384 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Pluto: Atmosphere and Surface |
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385 | (2) |
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387 | (1) |
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10.2.5 The Origin of the Pluto-Charon Pair |
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387 | (1) |
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10.3 The Rings of the Giant Planets |
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388 | (1) |
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10.3.1 The Formation of Planetary Rings |
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388 | (2) |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (3) |
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10.3.4 The Rings of Uranus |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (4) |
11 Comets |
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399 | (1) |
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11.1 The Nomenclature of Comets |
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400 | (1) |
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11.2 The Orbits of Comets and the Problem of Their Origin |
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400 | (7) |
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11.3 Measuring the Brightness of Comets |
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407 | (2) |
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11.4 The Physics of Comets |
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409 | (24) |
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411 | (5) |
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416 | (8) |
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424 | (3) |
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11.4.4 Cometary Material and the Interstellar Medium |
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427 | (1) |
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11.5 The Interaction of Comets with the Solar Wind |
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428 | (5) |
12 New Frontiers |
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433 | (1) |
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433 | (1) |
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12.2 The Discovery of Distant Objects |
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433 | (2) |
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12.3 Orbital Characteristics of the Trans-Neptunian Objects |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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12.5 Physical Properties and Composition |
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437 | (6) |
13 Interplanetary Dust, Micrometeorites and Meteorites |
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443 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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13.2 The Mass Distribution |
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444 | (2) |
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13.3 The Spatial Distribution of Interplanetary Material |
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446 | (3) |
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449 | (14) |
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450 | (1) |
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13.4.2 The Origin of Meteorites |
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451 | (1) |
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13.4.3 Martian Meteorites |
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452 | (1) |
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13.4.4 The Chemical Composition of Meteorites |
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453 | (1) |
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13.4.5 The Isotopic Composition of Meteorites |
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454 | (4) |
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13.4.6 Isotopic Anomalies and the Origin of the Solar System |
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458 | (3) |
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13.5 Collecting Cometary Material |
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461 | (2) |
14 New Planetar Systems |
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463 | (1) |
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463 | (1) |
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14.2 The Limits of the Planetary Domain |
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463 | (1) |
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464 | (23) |
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464 | (1) |
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14.3.2 Other Circumstellar Disks |
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465 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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14.4.1 Two Stages: 1992 and 1995 |
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465 | (1) |
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466 | (5) |
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14.4.3 The Range of Extrasolar Planets |
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471 | (3) |
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14.5 Knowledge Acquired and Remaining Questions |
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474 | (1) |
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14.5.1 The Outcome of the Observations |
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474 | (4) |
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14.5.2 Theoretical Questions Posed by the Initial Discoveries |
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478 | (3) |
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14.5.3 Some Observational Projects |
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481 | (3) |
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484 | (3) |
15 The Search for Life in the Universe |
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487 | (1) |
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488 | (1) |
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15.2 The Laboratory Experiments |
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489 | (1) |
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15.3 The Search for Life in the Solar System |
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489 | (8) |
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15.3.1 The Analysis of Lunar Samples |
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490 | (1) |
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15.3.2 Meteorites, Micrometeorites, and Comets |
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490 | (1) |
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490 | (2) |
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492 | (1) |
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492 | (1) |
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493 | (1) |
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15.4 Possibilities for Life in the Universe |
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493 | (1) |
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15.4.1 What Is the Likelihood of Life Existing in the Universe? |
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494 | (1) |
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15.4.2 The Search for Extraterrestrial Life |
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494 | (3) |
References |
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497 | (6) |
Index |
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503 | |