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E-grāmata: Soviet Atomic Project, The: How The Soviet Union Obtained The Atomic Bomb

(Univ Of Wisconsin-madison, Usa)
  • Formāts: 784 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 25-Jul-2018
  • Izdevniecība: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789813235571
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  • Formāts: 784 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 25-Jul-2018
  • Izdevniecība: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789813235571
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'Political intrigue, the arms race, early developments of nuclear science, espionage and more are all present in this gripping book The book is crisply written and well worth the read. The text includes a number of translated segments of official documents plus extracts from memoirs of some of the people involved. So, although Pondrom sprinkles his opinions throughout, there is sufficient material to permit readers to make their own judgements. 'CERN The book describes the lives of the people who gave Stalin his weapon scientists, engineers, managers, and prisoners during the early post war years from 1945-1953. Many anecdotes and vicissitudes of life at that time in the Soviet Union accompany considerable technical information regarding the solutions to formidable problems of nuclear weapons development. The contents should interest the reader who wants to learn more about this part of the history and politics in 20th century physics. The prevention of nuclear proliferation is a topic of current interest, and the procedure followed by the Soviet Union as described in this book will help to understand the complexities involved.
Acknowledgements v
Preface vii
Introduction 1(4)
Chapter 1 Wartime Soviet Industry 5(23)
1.1 The American Challenge
5(1)
1.2 Soviet Industrialization Before the War
6(1)
1.3 German Invasion Causes Eastern Migration
7(10)
1.4 Restoration in Recaptured Territory
17(11)
Chapter 2 Development of Nuclear Physics Before the Discovery of Fission 28(33)
2.1 Physics in the Early 1900's
28(2)
2.2 Bohr's Atomic Model
30(1)
2.3 Structure of the Nucleus
30(1)
2.4 Nuclear Binding Energies
31(2)
2.5 Chemical Elements and the Periodic Table
33(1)
2.6 Alpha Decay
34(1)
2.7 Nuclear Reactions Caused by Neutrons
35(1)
2.8 Charged Particle Accelerators
36(2)
2.9 Nuclear Physics in the USA Before WWII
38(2)
2.10 Nuclear Physics in the USSR Before WWII
40(4)
2.11 Peter Kapitza Goes to Cambridge
44(4)
2.12 Landau Visits Cambridge
48(2)
2.13 Landau Returns Home
50(2)
2.14 The USSR Retains Kapitza
52(1)
2.15 George Gamow Emigrates to the USA
53(5)
2.16 American Leaders, Oppenheimer and Lawrence
58(3)
Chapter 3 The Discovery of Fission of Uranium 61(32)
3.1 Fusion and Fission
61(1)
3.2 Absorption of Slow Neutrons
62(2)
3.3 Fission Crosses the Atlantic
64(3)
3.4 Einstein Writes to Roosevelt
67(1)
3.5 A Uranium Committee is Created
68(2)
3.6 Activity in Great Britain
70(4)
3.7 Manhattan Project Begins in USA
74(3)
3.8 Chain Reacting Pile in Chicago
77(3)
3.9 Oak Ridge is Built in Tennessee
80(7)
3.10 Plutonium Reactors go to Hanford, Washington
87(6)
Chapter 4 The Soviet Union and Stalin's Terror 1937-1939 93(29)
4.1 Widespread Oppression Begins
93(2)
4.2 No One was Safe
95(1)
4.3 The Terror Visits Kharkov
96(6)
4.4 Landau is Arrested
102(6)
4.5 Terror Spreads to Leningrad
108(3)
4.6 Modern Physics is not Compatible with Marxist Theory
111(2)
4.7 Lasting Effects of the Terror
113(3)
4.8 The Soviet Prison System after 1939
116(6)
Chapter 5 The Soviet Union and Nuclear Research 1934-1942 122(39)
5.1 Abraham Ioffe and His School at Leningrad
122(1)
5.2 Early Years of Igor Kurchatov
123(3)
5.3 Kurchatov Switches to Nuclear Physics
126(3)
5.4 Early Particle Accelerators in the USSR
129(3)
5.5 Soviet Physics Journals of the Pre-War Period
132(2)
5.6 Georgy Flerov
134(1)
5.7 Petrzhak and Flerov Discover Spontaneous Fission of Uranium
135(4)
5.8 The German Invasion
139(1)
5.9 Kurchatov Joins Naval Research
140(3)
5.10 Leningrad, Moscow, and Kharkov Institutes Evacuated to Kazan
143(2)
5.11 Military Service Absorbs Younger Physicists
145(2)
5.12 Lieutenant Flerov Wrote Letters to Moscow
147(9)
5.13 A Notebook is Found on a Dead German Officer
156(2)
5.14 Early Soviet Espionage
158(3)
Chapter 6 The Manhattan Project Creates Los Alamos 161(44)
6.1 Need for a Weapons Lab
161(3)
6.2 Selection of the Director of the Laboratory
164(1)
6.3 Selection of the Site
165(2)
6.4 Lab Staff and Facilities
167(3)
6.5 Calculation Before Computers
170(3)
6.6 Daily Life
173(1)
6.7 The Assigned Task
174(4)
6.8 The British Group
178(1)
6.9 Niels Bohr and Los Alamos
179(7)
6.10 The Fermis at Los Alamos
186(2)
6.11 Ordnance Division
188(2)
6.12 The Trinity Test
190(7)
6.13 Truman Goes to the Potsdam Conference
197(1)
6.14 Trinity Test Waits on the Weather
198(2)
6.15 Trinity Test Proceeds Successfully
200(5)
Chapter 7 The Soviet Union Creates Laboratory #2 205(73)
7.1 The Kurchatov Institute Today
205(1)
7.2 Beginnings of the Soviet Atomic Project
206(1)
7.3 State Defence Committee Endorses Atomic Energy
207(3)
7.4 Laboratory #2 is Sited
210(1)
7.5 Nemenov Goes to Leningrad in 1943
211(9)
7.6 Leningrad is Liberated
220(3)
7.7 R&D Program for Laboratory #2 in 1945
223(1)
7.8 Reactors and Espionage
224(2)
7.9 Heavy Water
226(2)
7.10 Ballistics Experiments
228(1)
7.11 Life at the Lab
229(6)
7.12 The Tent Burns Down
235(2)
7.13 Uranium from Germany-the Soviet 'Alsos'
237(13)
7.14 German Scientists Join the Atomic Project
250(4)
7.15 Reactor Grade Graphite
254(3)
7.16 Potsdam Conference Revisited
257(4)
7.17 Beria's Committee
261(5)
7.18 Kapitza and Beria's Committee
266(7)
7.19 Components for the Reactor Arrive
273(5)
Chapter 8 Soviet Espionage and the Atomic Project 278(82)
8.1 Introduction
278(2)
8.2 Soviet Espionage in the West
280(4)
8.3 The Sources
284(4)
8.4 Job Description
288(2)
8.5 Major Jordan and Great Falls, Montana
290(5)
8.6 The British Group
295(3)
8.7 Klaus Fuchs
298(3)
8.8 The American Group
301(1)
8.9 Harry Gold
301(4)
8.10 George Koval
305(1)
8.11 Berkeley
306(1)
8.12 Los Alamos
306(3)
8.13 Theodore Hall
309(3)
8.14 Lona Cohen
312(1)
8.15 The Rosenbergs and the Greenglasses
313(3)
8.16 Things Fall Apart
316(4)
8.17 Sudoplatov in Trouble
320(1)
8.18 Fuchs in England Before His Arrest
321(3)
8.19 Aleksandr Feklisov in England
324(3)
8.20 Terletsky Visits Bohr
327(23)
8.21 Bruno Pontecorvo
350(7)
8.22 Summary
357(3)
Chapter 9 Players in the Drama-Stalin, Beria, and Kurchatov 360(51)
9.1 Joseph Stalin
360(1)
9.1.1 Family Life
361(5)
9.1.2 Zhukov on Stalin
366(4)
9.1.3 Mikoyan on Stalin
370(5)
9.1.4 Boris Vannikov-Prisoner to Minister
375(1)
9.1.5 Milovan Djilas on Stalin
376(5)
9.1.6 Modern Physics vs Marxist Philosophy
381(4)
9.2 Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria
385(1)
9.2.1 Early Life
385(2)
9.2.2 Recollections of Contemporaries
387(5)
9.2.3 Sakharov and Beria
392(4)
9.2.4 Riehl and Beria
396(3)
9.3 Igor Kurchatov
399(1)
9.3.1 Work Habits
399(3)
9.3.2 Kurchatov and a Post-doc, Mostovoy
402(2)
9.3.3 Kurchatov the Peace Maker
404(2)
9.3.4 Kurchatov the Trouble Shooter
406(5)
Chapter 10 Industrial Plants Move to the Urals 411(30)
10.1 The Soviet Project Outgrows the Moscow Region
411(1)
10.2 Isaak Kikoin and Isotope Separation
412(2)
10.3 The Working Gas
414(1)
10.4 Measurement of 235U Content
415(1)
10.5 Plant Design
415(1)
10.6 The Barrier
416(4)
10.7 Manhattan Project Solutions
420(4)
10.8 Components for the Gaseous Diffusion Plant
424(1)
10.9 German Group Assignments
425(1)
10.10 Moscow 20 Stage Test
426(2)
10.11 Full Scale Gaseous Diffusion Plant Approved
428(1)
10.12 Sukhumi Group Goes to D-1
429(1)
10.13 D-1 Plant Requires New Compressors
430(3)
10.14 Electromagnetic Isotope Separation
433(8)
Chapter 11 The Soviet Union Creates Arzamas-16 441(41)
11.1 Site Selection
441(3)
11.2 Prison Construction Crew
444(1)
11.3 Yakov Zeldovich
445(4)
11.4 Early Experiments
449(1)
11.5 Oral Interview with Lev Altshuler
449(4)
11.6 Andrei Sakharov at Arzamas-16
453(11)
11.7 Critical Assemblies
464(4)
11.8 Theoretical Work
468(9)
11.9 Conventional Explosive Tests
477(3)
11.10 Later Developments
480(2)
Chapter 12 Uranium and Plutonium 482(29)
12.1 The Uranium Problem
482(3)
12.2 Uranium and the Soviet Project
485(2)
12.3 Vismut
487(3)
12.4 Combine #817; Reactor 'A'
490(11)
12.5 Combine #817; Plutonium Extraction
501(7)
12.6 Aftermath
508(3)
Chapter 13 German Scientists and the Soviet Atomic Project 511(28)
13.1 Introduction
511(2)
13.2 Next Assignment for Nikolaus Riehl
513(1)
13.3 Manfred von Ardenne in Germany
513(3)
13.4 von Ardenne Moves to the Soviet Union
516(3)
13.5 Gustav Hertz and Heinz Barwich
519(2)
13.6 von Ardenne and Hertz Move to Sukhumi on the Black Sea
521(2)
13.7 von Ardenne's Ion Source Development
523(2)
13.8 Ministry of Internal Affairs Reports on German Progress in 1947
525(2)
13.9 Heinz Pose in Obninsk
527(3)
13.10 The Centrifuge
530(4)
13.11 Contributions of the German Scientists
534(2)
13.12 Repatriation
536(3)
Chapter 14 Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Range 539(47)
14.1 Introduction
539(1)
14.2 Semipalatinsk
539(7)
14.3 Plutonium Metallurgy
546(5)
14.4 "Look" Magazine
551(4)
14.5 Arzamas-16, KB-11
555(6)
14.6 Test of RDS-1
561(14)
14.7 Detection of 'Joe 1'
575(5)
14.8 Aftermath
580(6)
Appendix A: Nuclear Masses 586(8)
A.1 Mass Formula
586(4)
A.2 a Decay of Heavy Nuclei
590(2)
A.3 Spontaneous Fission
592(2)
Appendix B: Controlled Nuclear Chain Reactions 594(17)
B.1 Introduction
594(1)
B.2 Neutron Moderators
595(3)
B.3 Reactor Tests- Graphite Prisms
598(4)
B.4 Fermi's CP-1 Reactor
602(3)
B.5 Neutron Velocity Selectors
605(4)
B.6 Plutonium Production Reactors
609(2)
Appendix C: Isotope Separation 611(21)
C.1 Isotope Separation
611(1)
C.2 Thermodynamic Considerations
612(3)
C.3 Gaseous Diffusion
615(5)
C.4 Thermal Diffusion
620(1)
C.5 Electromagnetic Separation
621(5)
C.6 Centrifuges
626(4)
C.7 Plutonium Extraction
630(2)
Appendix D: Charged Particle Accelerators 632(22)
D.1 Electrostatic Accelerators
632(10)
D.2 Cyclotrons
642(7)
D.3 Experiments
649(5)
Appendix E: Spontaneous Fission of Uranium, K.A. Petrzhak and G.N. Flerov, JETP 10, 1013, (1940) 654(14)
E.1 Introduction
654(1)
E.2 Experimental Method
655(3)
E.3 Experimental Results and Control Experiments
658(4)
E.4 Discussion of the Results
662(6)
Appendix F: Nuclear Weapons 668(31)
F.1 TNT
668(2)
F.2 Chain Reaction Nuclear Weapons
670(5)
F.3 The Tamper
675(24)
Appendix G: Encryption and Decryption 699(10)
Appendix H: Soviet Intelligence 709(16)
H.1 Document #12 High Explosive Bomb
711(2)
H.2 Description of the Separate Components of the Bomb
713(10)
H.3 Aleksandr Feklisov
723(2)
Appendix J: Critical Assemblies 725(4)
Bibliography 729(10)
Index 739