Acknowledgements |
|
v | |
Preface |
|
vii | |
Introduction |
|
1 | (4) |
Chapter 1 Wartime Soviet Industry |
|
5 | (23) |
|
1.1 The American Challenge |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
1.2 Soviet Industrialization Before the War |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
1.3 German Invasion Causes Eastern Migration |
|
|
7 | (10) |
|
1.4 Restoration in Recaptured Territory |
|
|
17 | (11) |
Chapter 2 Development of Nuclear Physics Before the Discovery of Fission |
|
28 | (33) |
|
2.1 Physics in the Early 1900's |
|
|
28 | (2) |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
2.3 Structure of the Nucleus |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
2.4 Nuclear Binding Energies |
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
2.5 Chemical Elements and the Periodic Table |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
2.7 Nuclear Reactions Caused by Neutrons |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
2.8 Charged Particle Accelerators |
|
|
36 | (2) |
|
2.9 Nuclear Physics in the USA Before WWII |
|
|
38 | (2) |
|
2.10 Nuclear Physics in the USSR Before WWII |
|
|
40 | (4) |
|
2.11 Peter Kapitza Goes to Cambridge |
|
|
44 | (4) |
|
2.12 Landau Visits Cambridge |
|
|
48 | (2) |
|
|
50 | (2) |
|
2.14 The USSR Retains Kapitza |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
2.15 George Gamow Emigrates to the USA |
|
|
53 | (5) |
|
2.16 American Leaders, Oppenheimer and Lawrence |
|
|
58 | (3) |
Chapter 3 The Discovery of Fission of Uranium |
|
61 | (32) |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
3.2 Absorption of Slow Neutrons |
|
|
62 | (2) |
|
3.3 Fission Crosses the Atlantic |
|
|
64 | (3) |
|
3.4 Einstein Writes to Roosevelt |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
3.5 A Uranium Committee is Created |
|
|
68 | (2) |
|
3.6 Activity in Great Britain |
|
|
70 | (4) |
|
3.7 Manhattan Project Begins in USA |
|
|
74 | (3) |
|
3.8 Chain Reacting Pile in Chicago |
|
|
77 | (3) |
|
3.9 Oak Ridge is Built in Tennessee |
|
|
80 | (7) |
|
3.10 Plutonium Reactors go to Hanford, Washington |
|
|
87 | (6) |
Chapter 4 The Soviet Union and Stalin's Terror 1937-1939 |
|
93 | (29) |
|
4.1 Widespread Oppression Begins |
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
4.3 The Terror Visits Kharkov |
|
|
96 | (6) |
|
|
102 | (6) |
|
4.5 Terror Spreads to Leningrad |
|
|
108 | (3) |
|
4.6 Modern Physics is not Compatible with Marxist Theory |
|
|
111 | (2) |
|
4.7 Lasting Effects of the Terror |
|
|
113 | (3) |
|
4.8 The Soviet Prison System after 1939 |
|
|
116 | (6) |
Chapter 5 The Soviet Union and Nuclear Research 1934-1942 |
|
122 | (39) |
|
5.1 Abraham Ioffe and His School at Leningrad |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
5.2 Early Years of Igor Kurchatov |
|
|
123 | (3) |
|
5.3 Kurchatov Switches to Nuclear Physics |
|
|
126 | (3) |
|
5.4 Early Particle Accelerators in the USSR |
|
|
129 | (3) |
|
5.5 Soviet Physics Journals of the Pre-War Period |
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
5.7 Petrzhak and Flerov Discover Spontaneous Fission of Uranium |
|
|
135 | (4) |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
5.9 Kurchatov Joins Naval Research |
|
|
140 | (3) |
|
5.10 Leningrad, Moscow, and Kharkov Institutes Evacuated to Kazan |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
5.11 Military Service Absorbs Younger Physicists |
|
|
145 | (2) |
|
5.12 Lieutenant Flerov Wrote Letters to Moscow |
|
|
147 | (9) |
|
5.13 A Notebook is Found on a Dead German Officer |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
5.14 Early Soviet Espionage |
|
|
158 | (3) |
Chapter 6 The Manhattan Project Creates Los Alamos |
|
161 | (44) |
|
6.1 Need for a Weapons Lab |
|
|
161 | (3) |
|
6.2 Selection of the Director of the Laboratory |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
6.3 Selection of the Site |
|
|
165 | (2) |
|
6.4 Lab Staff and Facilities |
|
|
167 | (3) |
|
6.5 Calculation Before Computers |
|
|
170 | (3) |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (4) |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
6.9 Niels Bohr and Los Alamos |
|
|
179 | (7) |
|
6.10 The Fermis at Los Alamos |
|
|
186 | (2) |
|
|
188 | (2) |
|
|
190 | (7) |
|
6.13 Truman Goes to the Potsdam Conference |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
6.14 Trinity Test Waits on the Weather |
|
|
198 | (2) |
|
6.15 Trinity Test Proceeds Successfully |
|
|
200 | (5) |
Chapter 7 The Soviet Union Creates Laboratory #2 |
|
205 | (73) |
|
7.1 The Kurchatov Institute Today |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
7.2 Beginnings of the Soviet Atomic Project |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
7.3 State Defence Committee Endorses Atomic Energy |
|
|
207 | (3) |
|
7.4 Laboratory #2 is Sited |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
7.5 Nemenov Goes to Leningrad in 1943 |
|
|
211 | (9) |
|
7.6 Leningrad is Liberated |
|
|
220 | (3) |
|
7.7 R&D Program for Laboratory #2 in 1945 |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
7.8 Reactors and Espionage |
|
|
224 | (2) |
|
|
226 | (2) |
|
7.10 Ballistics Experiments |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
|
229 | (6) |
|
|
235 | (2) |
|
7.13 Uranium from Germany-the Soviet 'Alsos' |
|
|
237 | (13) |
|
7.14 German Scientists Join the Atomic Project |
|
|
250 | (4) |
|
7.15 Reactor Grade Graphite |
|
|
254 | (3) |
|
7.16 Potsdam Conference Revisited |
|
|
257 | (4) |
|
|
261 | (5) |
|
7.18 Kapitza and Beria's Committee |
|
|
266 | (7) |
|
7.19 Components for the Reactor Arrive |
|
|
273 | (5) |
Chapter 8 Soviet Espionage and the Atomic Project |
|
278 | (82) |
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
8.2 Soviet Espionage in the West |
|
|
280 | (4) |
|
|
284 | (4) |
|
|
288 | (2) |
|
8.5 Major Jordan and Great Falls, Montana |
|
|
290 | (5) |
|
|
295 | (3) |
|
|
298 | (3) |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
301 | (4) |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
|
306 | (3) |
|
|
309 | (3) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
8.15 The Rosenbergs and the Greenglasses |
|
|
313 | (3) |
|
|
316 | (4) |
|
8.17 Sudoplatov in Trouble |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
8.18 Fuchs in England Before His Arrest |
|
|
321 | (3) |
|
8.19 Aleksandr Feklisov in England |
|
|
324 | (3) |
|
8.20 Terletsky Visits Bohr |
|
|
327 | (23) |
|
|
350 | (7) |
|
|
357 | (3) |
Chapter 9 Players in the Drama-Stalin, Beria, and Kurchatov |
|
360 | (51) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
361 | (5) |
|
|
366 | (4) |
|
|
370 | (5) |
|
9.1.4 Boris Vannikov-Prisoner to Minister |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
9.1.5 Milovan Djilas on Stalin |
|
|
376 | (5) |
|
9.1.6 Modern Physics vs Marxist Philosophy |
|
|
381 | (4) |
|
9.2 Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
9.2.2 Recollections of Contemporaries |
|
|
387 | (5) |
|
|
392 | (4) |
|
|
396 | (3) |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
399 | (3) |
|
9.3.2 Kurchatov and a Post-doc, Mostovoy |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
9.3.3 Kurchatov the Peace Maker |
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
9.3.4 Kurchatov the Trouble Shooter |
|
|
406 | (5) |
Chapter 10 Industrial Plants Move to the Urals |
|
411 | (30) |
|
10.1 The Soviet Project Outgrows the Moscow Region |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
10.2 Isaak Kikoin and Isotope Separation |
|
|
412 | (2) |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
10.4 Measurement of 235U Content |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
416 | (4) |
|
10.7 Manhattan Project Solutions |
|
|
420 | (4) |
|
10.8 Components for the Gaseous Diffusion Plant |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
10.9 German Group Assignments |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
10.10 Moscow 20 Stage Test |
|
|
426 | (2) |
|
10.11 Full Scale Gaseous Diffusion Plant Approved |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
10.12 Sukhumi Group Goes to D-1 |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
10.13 D-1 Plant Requires New Compressors |
|
|
430 | (3) |
|
10.14 Electromagnetic Isotope Separation |
|
|
433 | (8) |
Chapter 11 The Soviet Union Creates Arzamas-16 |
|
441 | (41) |
|
|
441 | (3) |
|
11.2 Prison Construction Crew |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
445 | (4) |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
11.5 Oral Interview with Lev Altshuler |
|
|
449 | (4) |
|
11.6 Andrei Sakharov at Arzamas-16 |
|
|
453 | (11) |
|
|
464 | (4) |
|
|
468 | (9) |
|
11.9 Conventional Explosive Tests |
|
|
477 | (3) |
|
|
480 | (2) |
Chapter 12 Uranium and Plutonium |
|
482 | (29) |
|
|
482 | (3) |
|
12.2 Uranium and the Soviet Project |
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
|
487 | (3) |
|
12.4 Combine #817; Reactor 'A' |
|
|
490 | (11) |
|
12.5 Combine #817; Plutonium Extraction |
|
|
501 | (7) |
|
|
508 | (3) |
Chapter 13 German Scientists and the Soviet Atomic Project |
|
511 | (28) |
|
|
511 | (2) |
|
13.2 Next Assignment for Nikolaus Riehl |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
13.3 Manfred von Ardenne in Germany |
|
|
513 | (3) |
|
13.4 von Ardenne Moves to the Soviet Union |
|
|
516 | (3) |
|
13.5 Gustav Hertz and Heinz Barwich |
|
|
519 | (2) |
|
13.6 von Ardenne and Hertz Move to Sukhumi on the Black Sea |
|
|
521 | (2) |
|
13.7 von Ardenne's Ion Source Development |
|
|
523 | (2) |
|
13.8 Ministry of Internal Affairs Reports on German Progress in 1947 |
|
|
525 | (2) |
|
13.9 Heinz Pose in Obninsk |
|
|
527 | (3) |
|
|
530 | (4) |
|
13.11 Contributions of the German Scientists |
|
|
534 | (2) |
|
|
536 | (3) |
Chapter 14 Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Range |
|
539 | (47) |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
|
539 | (7) |
|
14.3 Plutonium Metallurgy |
|
|
546 | (5) |
|
|
551 | (4) |
|
|
555 | (6) |
|
|
561 | (14) |
|
14.7 Detection of 'Joe 1' |
|
|
575 | (5) |
|
|
580 | (6) |
Appendix A: Nuclear Masses |
|
586 | (8) |
|
|
586 | (4) |
|
A.2 a Decay of Heavy Nuclei |
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
|
592 | (2) |
Appendix B: Controlled Nuclear Chain Reactions |
|
594 | (17) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
595 | (3) |
|
B.3 Reactor Tests- Graphite Prisms |
|
|
598 | (4) |
|
|
602 | (3) |
|
B.5 Neutron Velocity Selectors |
|
|
605 | (4) |
|
B.6 Plutonium Production Reactors |
|
|
609 | (2) |
Appendix C: Isotope Separation |
|
611 | (21) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
C.2 Thermodynamic Considerations |
|
|
612 | (3) |
|
|
615 | (5) |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
C.5 Electromagnetic Separation |
|
|
621 | (5) |
|
|
626 | (4) |
|
|
630 | (2) |
Appendix D: Charged Particle Accelerators |
|
632 | (22) |
|
D.1 Electrostatic Accelerators |
|
|
632 | (10) |
|
|
642 | (7) |
|
|
649 | (5) |
Appendix E: Spontaneous Fission of Uranium, K.A. Petrzhak and G.N. Flerov, JETP 10, 1013, (1940) |
|
654 | (14) |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
|
655 | (3) |
|
E.3 Experimental Results and Control Experiments |
|
|
658 | (4) |
|
E.4 Discussion of the Results |
|
|
662 | (6) |
Appendix F: Nuclear Weapons |
|
668 | (31) |
|
|
668 | (2) |
|
F.2 Chain Reaction Nuclear Weapons |
|
|
670 | (5) |
|
|
675 | (24) |
Appendix G: Encryption and Decryption |
|
699 | (10) |
Appendix H: Soviet Intelligence |
|
709 | (16) |
|
H.1 Document #12 High Explosive Bomb |
|
|
711 | (2) |
|
H.2 Description of the Separate Components of the Bomb |
|
|
713 | (10) |
|
|
723 | (2) |
Appendix J: Critical Assemblies |
|
725 | (4) |
Bibliography |
|
729 | (10) |
Index |
|
739 | |