Preface |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
Acronyms |
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xvii | |
1 Introduction to Space Electronic Reconnaissance Geolocation |
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1 | (12) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 An Overview of Space Electronic Reconnaissance Geolocation Technology |
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3 | (6) |
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1.2.1 Geolocation of an Emitter on the Earth |
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3 | (5) |
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1.2.2 Tracking of an Emitter on a Satellite |
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8 | (1) |
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1.2.3 Geolocation by Near-Space Platforms |
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9 | (1) |
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1.3 Structure of a Typical SER System |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (2) |
2 Fundamentals of Satellite Orbit and Geolocation |
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13 | (34) |
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2.1 An Introduction to the Satellite and Its Orbit |
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13 | (5) |
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2.1.1 Kepler's Three Laws |
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13 | (2) |
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2.1.2 Classification of Satellite Orbits |
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15 | (3) |
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2.2 Orbit Parameters and State of Satellite |
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18 | (3) |
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2.2.1 Orbit Elements of a Satellite |
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18 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Definition of Several Arguments of Perigee and Their Correlations |
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20 | (1) |
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2.3 Definition of Coordinate Systems and Their Transformations |
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21 | (6) |
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2.3.1 Definition of Coordinate Systems |
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21 | (4) |
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2.3.2 Transformation between Coordinate Systems |
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25 | (2) |
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2.4 Spherical Model of the Earth for Geolocation |
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27 | (3) |
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2.4.1 Regular Spherical Model for Geolocation |
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27 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Ellipsoid Model of the Earth |
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27 | (3) |
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2.5 Coverage Area of a Satellite |
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30 | (3) |
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2.5.1 Approximate Calculation Method for the Coverage Area |
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30 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Examples of Calculation of the Coverage Area |
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31 | (2) |
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2.5.3 Side Reconnaissance Coverage Area |
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33 | (1) |
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2.6 Fundamentals of Geolocation |
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33 | (5) |
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2.6.1 Spatial Geolocation Plane |
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34 | (1) |
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2.6.2 Spatial Line of Position (LOP) |
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34 | (4) |
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2.7 Measurement Index of Geolocation Errors |
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38 | (6) |
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2.7.1 General Definition of Error |
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38 | (2) |
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2.7.2 Geometrical Dilution of Precision (GDOP) |
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40 | (1) |
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2.7.3 Graphical Representation of the Geolocation Error |
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40 | (1) |
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2.7.4 Spherical Error Probability (SEP) and Circular Error Probability (CEP) |
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41 | (3) |
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2.8 Observability Analysis of Geolocation |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
3 Single-Satellite Geolocation System Based on Direction Finding |
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47 | (32) |
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3.1 Direction Finding Techniques |
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47 | (10) |
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3.1.1 Amplitude Comparison DF Technique |
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48 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Interferometer DF Technique |
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49 | (6) |
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3.1.3 Array-Based DF Technique |
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55 | (2) |
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3.1.4 Other DF Techniques |
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57 | (1) |
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3.2 Single-Satellite LOS Geolocation Method and Analysis |
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57 | (7) |
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3.2.1 Model of LOS Geolocation |
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57 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Solution of LOS Geolocation |
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59 | (1) |
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3.2.3 CRLB of the LOS Geolocation Error |
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60 | (2) |
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3.2.4 Simulation and Analysis of the LOS Geolocation Error |
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62 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Geometric Distribution of the LOS Geolocation Error |
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63 | (1) |
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3.3 Multitimes Statistic LOS Geolocation |
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64 | (9) |
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3.3.1 Single-Satellite Multitimes Triangulation |
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65 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Average for Single-Satellite Multitimes Geolocation |
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66 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Weighted Average for Single-Satellite Multitimes Geolocation |
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67 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Simulation of Single-Satellite LOS Geolocation |
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67 | (6) |
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3.4 Single HEO Satellite LOS Geolocation |
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73 | (4) |
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3.4.1 Analysis of Single GEO Satellite LOS Geolocation |
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73 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Geosynchronous Satellite Multitimes LOS Geolocation |
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74 | (3) |
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77 | (2) |
4 Multiple Satellites Geolocation Based on TDOA Measurement |
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79 | (54) |
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4.1 Three-Satellite Geolocation Based on a Regular Sphere |
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80 | (8) |
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4.1.1 Three-Satellite Geolocation Solution Method |
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80 | (2) |
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4.1.2 Multisatellite TDOA Geolocation Method |
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82 | (3) |
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4.1.3 CRLB of a Multisatellite TDOA Geolocation Error |
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85 | (1) |
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4.1.4 Osculation Error of the Spherical Earth Model |
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86 | (2) |
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4.2 Three-Satellite Geolocation Based on the WGS-84 Earth Surface Model |
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88 | (14) |
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89 | (3) |
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4.2.2 Spherical Iteration Method |
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92 | (2) |
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4.2.3 Newton Iteration Method |
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94 | (2) |
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4.2.4 Performance Comparison among the Three Solution Methods |
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96 | (4) |
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4.2.5 Altitude Input Location Algorithm |
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100 | (2) |
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4.3 Ambiguity and No-Solution Problems of Geolocation |
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102 | (7) |
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4.3.1 Ambiguity Problem of Geolocation |
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102 | (4) |
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4.3.2 No-Solution Problem of Geolocation |
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106 | (3) |
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4.4 Error Analysis of Three-Satellite Geolocation |
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109 | (8) |
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4.4.1 Analysis of the Random Geolocation Error |
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109 | (3) |
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4.4.2 Analysis of Bias Caused by Altitude Assumption |
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112 | (2) |
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4.4.3 Influence of Change of the Constellation Geometric Configuration on GDOP |
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114 | (3) |
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4.5 Calibration Method of the Three-Satellite TDOA Geolocation System |
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117 | (13) |
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4.5.1 Four-Station Calibration Method and Analysis |
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117 | (8) |
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4.5.2 Three-Station Calibration Method |
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125 | (5) |
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130 | (3) |
5 Dual-Satellite Geolocation Based on TDOA and FDOA |
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133 | (44) |
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5.1 Introduction of TDOAFDOA Geolocation by a Dual-Satellite |
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133 | (3) |
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5.1.1 Explanation of Dual-Satellite Geolocation Theory |
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133 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Structure of Dual-Satellite TDOAFDOA Geolocation System |
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134 | (2) |
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5.2 Dual LEO Satellite TDOAFDOA Geolocation Method |
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136 | (8) |
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136 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Solution Method of Algebraic Analysis |
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138 | (3) |
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5.2.3 Approximate Analytical Method for Same-Orbit Satellites |
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141 | (2) |
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5.2.4 Method for Eliminating an Ambiguous Geolocation Point |
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143 | (1) |
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5.3 Error Analysis for TDOAFDOA Geolocation |
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144 | (8) |
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5.3.1 Analytic Method for the Geolocation Error |
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144 | (2) |
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5.3.2 GDOP of the Dual LEO Satellite Geolocation Error |
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146 | (5) |
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5.3.3 Analysis of Various Factors Influencing GDOP |
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151 | (1) |
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5.4 Dual HEO Satellite TDOAFDOA Geolocation |
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152 | (13) |
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5.4.1 Dual Geosynchronous Orbit Satellites TDOAFDOA Geolocation |
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152 | (3) |
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5.4.2 Calibration Method Based on Reference Sources |
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155 | (4) |
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5.4.3 Calibration Method Using Multiple Reference Sources |
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159 | (5) |
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5.4.4 Flow of Calibration and Geolocation |
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164 | (1) |
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5.5 Method of Measuring TDOA and FDOA |
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165 | (9) |
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5.5.1 The Cross-Ambiguity Function |
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165 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Theoretical Analysis on the TDOAFDOA Measurement Performance |
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166 | (2) |
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5.5.3 Segment Correlation Accumulation Method for CAF Computation |
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168 | (4) |
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5.5.4 Resolution of Multiple Signals of the Same Time and Same Frequency |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (3) |
6 Single-Satellite Geolocation System Based on the Kinematic Principle |
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177 | (26) |
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6.1 Single-Satellite Geolocation Model |
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177 | (2) |
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6.2 Single-Satellite Single-Antenna Frequency-Only Based Geolocation |
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179 | (4) |
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6.2.1 Frequency-Only Based Geolocation Method |
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179 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Analysis of the Geolocation Error |
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180 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Analysis of the Frequency-Only Based Geolocation Error |
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181 | (2) |
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6.3 Single-Satellite Geolocation by the Frequency Changing Rate Only |
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183 | (3) |
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6.3.1 Model of Geolocation by the Frequency Changing Rate Only |
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183 | (2) |
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6.3.2 CRLB of the Geolocation Error |
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185 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Geolocation Simulation |
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186 | (1) |
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6.4 Single-Satellite Single-Antenna TOA-Only Geolocation |
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186 | (6) |
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6.4.1 Model and Method of TOA-Only Geolocation |
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186 | (3) |
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6.4.2 Analysis of the Geolocation Error |
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189 | (3) |
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6.4.3 Geolocation Simulation |
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192 | (1) |
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6.5 Single-Satellite Interferometer Phase Rate of Changing-Only Geolocation |
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192 | (9) |
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192 | (3) |
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6.5.2 Geolocation Algorithm |
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195 | (1) |
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6.5.3 CRLB of the Geolocation Error |
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196 | (1) |
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6.5.4 Calculation Analysis of the Geolocation Error |
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197 | (4) |
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201 | (2) |
7 Geolocation by Near-Space Platforths |
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203 | (24) |
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7.1 An Overview of Geolocation by Near-Space Platforms |
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203 | (1) |
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7.1.1 Near-Space Platform Overview |
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203 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Geolocation by the Near-Space Platform |
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204 | (1) |
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7.2 Multiplatform Triangulation |
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204 | (7) |
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7.2.1 Theory of 2D Triangulation |
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204 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Error Analysis for Dual-Station Triangulation |
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205 | (2) |
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7.2.3 Optimal Geometric Configuration of Observers |
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207 | (4) |
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7.3 Multiplatform TDOA Geolocation |
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211 | (6) |
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7.3.1 Theory of Multiplatform TDOA Geolocation |
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211 | (1) |
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7.3.2 2D TDOA Geolocation Algorithm |
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212 | (3) |
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7.3.3 TDOA Geolocation Using the Altitude Assumption |
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215 | (1) |
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7.3.4 3D TDOA Geolocation Algorithm |
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215 | (2) |
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7.4 Localization Theory by a Single Platform |
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217 | (8) |
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7.4.1 Measurement Model of Localization |
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218 | (1) |
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7.4.2 A 2D Approximate Localization Method |
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219 | (2) |
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7.4.3 MGEKF (Modified Gain Extended Kalman Filter) Localization Method |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (2) |
8 Satellite-to-Satellite Passive Orbit Determination by Bearings Only |
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227 | (34) |
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227 | (1) |
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8.2 Model and Method of Bearings-Only Passive Tracking |
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227 | (8) |
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8.2.1 Mathematic Model in the Case of the Two-Body Problem |
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228 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Tracking Method in the Case of the Two-Body Model |
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229 | (3) |
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8.2.3 Mathematical Model Considering J2 Perturbation of Earth Oblateness |
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232 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Tracking Method Considering J2 Perturbation of Earth Oblateness |
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233 | (2) |
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8.3 System Observability Analysis |
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235 | (4) |
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8.3.1 Description Method for System Observability |
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235 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Influence of Factors on the State Equation |
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236 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Influence of Factors on the Measurement Equation |
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237 | (2) |
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8.4 Tracking Simulation and Analysis |
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239 | (19) |
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8.4.1 Simulation in the Case of the Two-Body Model |
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241 | (10) |
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8.4.2 Simulation Considering J2 Perturbation of Earth Oblateness |
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251 | (7) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
9 Satellite-to-Satellite Passive Tracking Based on Angle and Frequency Information |
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261 | (50) |
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9.1 Introduction of Passive Tracking |
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261 | (1) |
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9.2 Tracking Model and Method |
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262 | (6) |
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9.2.1 Mathematic Model in the Case of the Two-Body Model |
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262 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Tracking Method in the Case of the Two-Body Model |
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263 | (3) |
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9.2.3 Mathematical Models Considering J2 Perturbation of Earth Oblateness |
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266 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Tracking Method Considering J2 Perturbation of Earth Oblateness |
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267 | (1) |
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9.3 System Observability Analysis |
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268 | (9) |
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9.3.1 Influence of Factors of the State Equation |
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269 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Influence of Factors of the Measurement Equation |
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269 | (8) |
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9.4 Simulation and Its Analysis |
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277 | (31) |
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9.4.1 Simulation in the Case of the Two-Body Model |
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278 | (18) |
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9.4.2 Simulation Considering J2 Perturbation of Earth Oblateness |
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296 | (12) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (2) |
10 Satellite-to-Satellite Passive Orbit Determination Based on Frequency Only |
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311 | (38) |
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10.1 The Theory and Mathematical Model of Passive Orbit Determination Based on Frequency Only |
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313 | (4) |
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10.1.1 The Theory of Orbit Determination Based on Frequency Only |
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313 | (1) |
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10.1.2 The System Model in the Case of the Two-Body Model |
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313 | (2) |
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10.1.3 The System Model for J2 Perturbation of Earth Oblateness |
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315 | (2) |
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10.2 Satellite-to-Satellite Passive Orbit Determination Based on PSO and Frequency |
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317 | (3) |
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10.2.1 Introduction of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) |
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317 | (2) |
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10.2.2 Orbit Determination Method Based on the PSO Algorithm |
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319 | (1) |
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10.3 System Observability Analysis |
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320 | (9) |
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10.3.1 Simulation Scenario 1 |
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322 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Simulation Scenario 2 |
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323 | (2) |
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10.3.3 Simulation Scenario 3 |
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325 | (4) |
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10.4 CRLB of the Orbit Parameter Estimation Error |
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329 | (4) |
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10.5 Orbit Determination and Tracking Simulation and Its Analysis |
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333 | (15) |
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10.5.1 Simulation in the Case of the Two-Body Model |
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334 | (13) |
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10.5.2 Simulation in the Case of Considering the Perturbation |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
11 A Prospect of Space Electronic Reconnaissance Technology |
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349 | (2) |
Appendix Transformation of Orbit Elements, State and Coordinates of Satellites in Two-Body Motion |
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351 | (4) |
Index |
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355 | |