| Preface to the second edition |
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xiii | |
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General introduction: Language and interlanguage |
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1 | (8) |
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Language, lects, and linguistics |
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1 | (1) |
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Comparing and contrasting languages |
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2 | (4) |
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Correspondences between languages |
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3 | (1) |
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Implications of the correspondences |
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3 | (3) |
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Interlanguage and sources of problems |
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6 | (2) |
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The limits of linguistics in language teaching |
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8 | (1) |
| Part One: Phonology |
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9 | (74) |
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Introduction to phonology |
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11 | (9) |
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Phonology vs. orthography |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (4) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Place and manner of articulation |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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Phonemes, allophones, and rules |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (22) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (8) |
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General comparison of consonant systems |
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20 | (1) |
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Consonants with different articulations: /t d/ |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Distincion, seseo, ceceo, ceseo: /s θ/ |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (4) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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Hiatus, syneresis, and the analysis of glides |
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30 | (2) |
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Linking (liaison, enlace) |
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32 | (1) |
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The combining of phonemes into syllables and words |
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32 | (3) |
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Phonemic vs. orthographic representation |
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35 | (7) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (4) |
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42 | (26) |
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Types of rules: Categorical and variable, general and dialectal |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (12) |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (3) |
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Spirantization of /b d g/ |
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50 | (1) |
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D-Deletion (or Fricative deletion) |
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51 | (1) |
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Other consonantal processes: /x n l r r t∫ f/ |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (5) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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Palatalization before Yod |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Order of difficulty: Ranking phonological problems |
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61 | (7) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (4) |
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68 | (15) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (6) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (3) |
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74 | (9) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (5) |
| Part Two: Grammar |
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83 | (208) |
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Basic notions of grammatical description |
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85 | (6) |
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85 | (1) |
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Morphology: Morphemes, allomorphs, and rules |
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85 | (1) |
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Syntax: Word order, constituency, and function |
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86 | (3) |
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89 | (2) |
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91 | (19) |
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Verb forms and their nomenclature |
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91 | (2) |
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Spanish finite verb forms |
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93 | (7) |
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Endings as slots for morphemes |
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93 | (1) |
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Stem changes: Regular or irregular? |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (3) |
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99 | (1) |
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English finite verb forms and modals |
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100 | (1) |
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Nonfinites and compound forms |
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101 | (3) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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103 | (1) |
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Perfects, progressives, passives |
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104 | (1) |
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Verb + verb and auxiliaries |
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104 | (6) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (3) |
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110 | (29) |
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Approaches to tense and mood |
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110 | (1) |
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The tense system of Spanish and English |
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110 | (11) |
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110 | (1) |
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Present perfect, present, future |
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111 | (1) |
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Past perfect, past, conditional |
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111 | (1) |
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Future perfect and conditional perfect |
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112 | (1) |
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Summary of the tense system |
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112 | (2) |
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Nonsystemic extensions: Present, future, conditional |
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114 | (1) |
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Aspect and tense: Preterite and imperfect |
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115 | (6) |
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The contributions of auxiliaries |
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121 | (3) |
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121 | (1) |
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``Secondary'' modifications: Perfect and progressive |
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122 | (2) |
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Mood: Indicative vs. subjunctive |
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124 | (15) |
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The tense system in the subjunctive |
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125 | (1) |
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The meaning of mood: Theories and approaches |
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126 | (1) |
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The subjunctive as a set of uses |
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126 | (1) |
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The subjunctive as a marker of meaning |
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127 | (5) |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (3) |
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Noun phrase syntax and morphology |
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139 | (29) |
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139 | (1) |
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Functions of noun phrases with verbs |
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139 | (6) |
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Subject and direct object |
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139 | (2) |
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Indirect object: The involved entity |
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141 | (1) |
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Variation between direct and indirect objects |
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142 | (1) |
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Different construction, ``reverse'' construction |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (7) |
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Number and the count/mass distinction |
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145 | (3) |
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148 | (4) |
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Modifiers in the noun phrase |
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152 | (7) |
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152 | (1) |
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Possession and other noun-to-noun relationships |
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153 | (3) |
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Articles, demonstratives, and other determiners |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (9) |
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Nominalization and pronominalization |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (3) |
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168 | (25) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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Variation in the pronoun system |
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170 | (3) |
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173 | (11) |
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Pseudo-reflexive or ``spurious'' se |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Meaning-changing and/or inchoative se |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (3) |
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Reflexive se of emotional reaction |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Passive and impersonal se |
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181 | (2) |
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So-called ``unplanned occurrences'' |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (9) |
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Pronominalizing with clitics |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (4) |
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Adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions |
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193 | (21) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Analysis and classification |
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195 | (6) |
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Classification by meaning and formation |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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Classification by position and function: The adverbial phrase |
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199 | (2) |
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201 | (5) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (1) |
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Lexically or grammatically fixed usage |
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206 | (2) |
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Relators that introduce adverbial idioms |
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206 | (1) |
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Relators that are functors |
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207 | (1) |
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More on the verb connection: Particles and direction/manner |
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208 | (6) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (3) |
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Word order and constituency |
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214 | (28) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (6) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (3) |
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NP complements and appositives |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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From deep to surface structure |
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220 | (6) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Transposed satellites and ``personal'' a |
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221 | (5) |
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The meaning of Spanish word order |
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226 | (16) |
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226 | (4) |
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Nouns with determiners and quantifiers |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (6) |
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Summary and generalization |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (4) |
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Questions, negations, passives, and commands |
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242 | (17) |
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Simple affirmative active declarative sentences |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (5) |
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243 | (1) |
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Information (Wh-) questions |
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244 | (3) |
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247 | (3) |
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Passive and related structures |
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250 | (3) |
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253 | (6) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (3) |
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259 | (32) |
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Compound vs. complex sentences |
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259 | (2) |
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Types of embedded clauses |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (11) |
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261 | (3) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (1) |
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With preferir, querer, intentar vs. prefer, want, try |
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266 | (1) |
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With mandar and impedir vs. order and prevent |
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267 | (1) |
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With hacer vs. make, have |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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Noun clauses that are questions |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (3) |
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272 | (1) |
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Subordinating conjunction + clause |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (6) |
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Relativization according to NP type |
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276 | (2) |
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Headless relatives and clefting |
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278 | (1) |
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Nonrestrictive relative clauses |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (4) |
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282 | (1) |
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The structure of comparative sentences |
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283 | (2) |
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Complex sentences: General summary |
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285 | (6) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (4) |
| Part Three: Beyond grammar |
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291 | (67) |
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Introduction to the study of words and usage |
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293 | (5) |
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What it means to know a word |
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293 | (1) |
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An example: The meaning of compadre |
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293 | (2) |
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The ranges of usage and meaning |
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295 | (3) |
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298 | (27) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (6) |
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299 | (3) |
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302 | (1) |
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Shortening: Clipping and acronyms |
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303 | (1) |
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Morphophonemics: Phonology in the lexicon |
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304 | (1) |
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Cognates: True friends, or false? |
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305 | (2) |
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Dialect differences in vocabulary |
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307 | (2) |
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Different lexicons, different meanings |
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309 | (8) |
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Differences in denotation and connotation |
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309 | (3) |
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Verbs of being: Ser vs. estar |
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312 | (5) |
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317 | (8) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (5) |
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Language knowledge and language use |
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325 | (33) |
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Linguistic and communicative competence |
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325 | (1) |
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The pragmatics of the speaker-hearer relation |
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326 | (8) |
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Address and reference, and tu vs. usted |
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326 | (3) |
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Style, style shifting, stylistics |
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329 | (2) |
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Words of group identity: Argot and slang |
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331 | (1) |
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Speaking strategies: Politeness and genderlect |
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332 | (2) |
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Proverbs and other cultural allusions |
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334 | (1) |
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Communicative functions in discourse |
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335 | (12) |
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336 | (1) |
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Accuracy and function in proficiency development |
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337 | (3) |
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340 | (2) |
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Speech acts and their verbal lubricants |
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342 | (5) |
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Aptitude and attitude in language learning and use |
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347 | (11) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (5) |
| Appendices |
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358 | (1) |
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1 English/Spanish glossary of linguistic terminology |
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358 | (5) |
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363 | |
| References |
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357 | (26) |
| General index |
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383 | |
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