|
|
1 | (2) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
B Overview of Basic Principles |
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
II Elements of Spoliation |
|
|
3 | (8) |
|
A The Growth of the Spoliation Doctrine |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
|
3 | (4) |
|
1 Element one: The duty to preserve |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
2 Element two: Culpability |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
b Culpability necessary for adverse inference or sanctions |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
c Element three: Relevance/prejudice |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
C Culpability and Sanctions |
|
|
7 | (4) |
|
1 No set minimum culpability level for adverse inference sanctions in the Second Circuit |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
2 Circuits requiring bad faith before imposing adverse inference sanctions |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
3 Circuits that do not require bad faith before imposing adverse inference sanctions |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
4 States where mere negligence can support spoliation sanctions |
|
|
9 | (2) |
|
III Preventing Spoliation |
|
|
11 | (9) |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
B Creating, Implementing, and Auditing an Effective Document Retention Plan |
|
|
11 | (2) |
|
1 Creating a defensible document retention plan |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
2 Learn the IT infrastructure |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
3 Designing the document retention policy |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
4 Implementation of the document retention plan |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
a Formally train employees |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
C Implementing a Proper Legal Hold When Required |
|
|
13 | (3) |
|
|
13 | (2) |
|
2 Identifying items to preserve |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
D Disabling Auto-Delete and Retention Policies |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
E The Litigation Hold Notice |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
F Issuing the Litigation Hold Notice |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
G Monitoring Compliance With the Litigation Hold |
|
|
18 | (2) |
|
1 The don'ts of following up |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
2 The do's of following up |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
H Keeping Comprehensive Records of Every Preservation Step |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
|
I Plaintiff's Preservation Obligations |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
J What to Do If Things Go Wrong |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
K Examples of Cases Where the Court Refused to Grant Sanctions |
|
|
21 | (4) |
|
1 Calixto v. Watson Bowman Acme Corp. |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
2 Southeastern Mechanical Services, Inc. v. Brody |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
3 J.B. Hunt Transport, Inc. v. Adams |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
4 United States v. Maxxam, Inc. |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
5 Steuben Foods, Inc. v. Country Gourmet Foods, LLC |
|
|
23 | (2) |
|
IV Sources of Sanctions and Other Rules Addressing Spoliation |
|
|
25 | (16) |
|
A Sanctions for Litigation Misconduct |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
B Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(g) |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
C Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37 |
|
|
26 | (7) |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
a Examples of cases where sanctions were sought under FRCP 37(b)(2) |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
(1) Green v. Blitz U.S.A., Inc. |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
(2) Southern New England Telephone Co. v. Global Naps, Inc. |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
(4) Arista Records, L.L.C. v. Tschirhart |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
a Examples of cases under rule 37(e) |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
(2) Doe v. Norwalk Community College |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
3 Proposed updates to FRCP 37 |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
a A short history on the proposals re FRCP 37 |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
(1) Actions taken by the Discovery Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee on Civil Rules |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
(2) Congressional actions |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
b The Standing Committee's proposed amendments to FRCP 37(e) |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
(1) Details regarding the first round of proposed changes to FRCP 37(e) |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
(2) Comments gathered on the proposed rule changes |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
(3) Revisions to the proposed FRCP 37(e) |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
(4) Final steps in the rulemaking process |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
D Inherent Authority of the Court |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
|
37 | (4) |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
3 Attorneys' ethics rules |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
a ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
b Courts enforcing the ABA Model Rules |
|
|
39 | (2) |
|
V When Spoliation Is Suspected |
|
|
41 | (10) |
|
A The Limits of Preservation Discovery |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
B Making the Case for "Heightened" Preservation Discovery |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
C First Steps---Preservation Orders and Forensic Imaging |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
1 Standards for entering preservation orders |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
D Means of Discovery Into Spoliation |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
E Goals of Spoliation Discovery |
|
|
44 | (2) |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
2 Circumstances and magnitude of the loss |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
3 Mitigating loss: backup sources |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
F Overcoming Privilege and Work Product Concerns |
|
|
46 | (5) |
|
1 Privilege and work product doctrines in data preservation scenarios |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
a Examples of courts finding work product protection |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
b Examples of courts finding no privilege or work product protection |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
|
47 | (2) |
|
|
49 | (2) |
|
VI Seeking Sanctions or Other Consequences for Spoliation |
|
|
51 | (12) |
|
A Range of Sanctions Available |
|
|
51 | (10) |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
a Examples of cases where monetary sanctions were imposed as reimbursement for the injured party's expenses |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
(1) Cache La Poudre Feeds LLC v. Land O'Lakes, Inc. |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
(2) Mosaid Technologies Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
b Examples of cases in which punitive monetary sanctions were imposed |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
(1) United States v. Philip Morris USA, Inc. |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
(2) Passlogix, Inc. v. 2FA Technology, LLC |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
2 Preclusion from presenting evidence or arguments |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
a Examples of cases in which the court imposed preclusion sanctions |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
(1) Barsoum v. New York City Housing Authority |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
(2) Innis Arden Golf Club v. Pitney Bowes, Inc. |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
(3) Unigard Security Insurance Co. v. Lakewood Engineering & Manufacturing Corp. |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
3 Adverse inference instructions |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
a Examples of cases in which the court issued adverse inference instructions |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
(1) Zubulake v. UBS Warburg (Zubulake V) |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
(2) Rimkus Consulting Group, Inc. v. Cammarata |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
(3) Nursing Home Pension Fund v. Oracle Corp. |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
(4) In re NTL, Inc. Securities Litigation |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
4 Civil contempt sanctions |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
5 Partial or full default judgment or dismissal |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
a Examples of cases where default judgment was entered |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
(2) Century ML-Cable Corp. v. Conjugal Partnership |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
b Examples of cases that were dismissed |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
(1) Beers v. General Motors Corp. |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
(2) McMunn v. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
6 Cost shifting and restoration costs |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
VII Defending Against Charges of Spoliation |
|
|
63 | (38) |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
63 | (2) |
|
1 No prejudice when data and evidence still available |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
2 Importance of showing that missing evidence would aid the moving party or that evidence was intentionally destroyed |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
c Convolve, Inc. v. Compaq Computer Corp. |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
C Alternative Sources of Information |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
D Insufficient Culpability |
|
|
66 | (35) |
Practice Tools |
|
101 | |