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xi | |
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xii | |
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xiii | |
Introduction |
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1 | (3) |
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Stereotypes: a ubiquitous construct |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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1 Stereotypes as a research focus |
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4 | (22) |
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Stereotypes: the origins of the construct |
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4 | (1) |
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Stereotypes as an interdisciplinary construct |
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5 | (1) |
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Issues in research on stereotypes |
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6 | (8) |
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Definitions and approaches |
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6 | (2) |
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Stereotype content: country and national stereotypes |
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8 | (1) |
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Stereotype formation: internal and external processes |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (2) |
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Individual and consensual stereotypes |
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13 | (1) |
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An overview of methodological approaches in research on stereotypes |
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14 | (5) |
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Exploring stereotype content: structured and unstructured approaches |
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15 | (1) |
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Structured approaches: check-lists and percentage estimates |
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15 | (1) |
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Unstructured approaches: the free-response technique |
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16 | (1) |
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Measuring stereotypes: criteria for consensus |
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17 | (1) |
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Assessing stereotype valence and salience |
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17 | (2) |
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Research on country stereotypes in applied linguistics |
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19 | (3) |
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Research focus, aims, methodologies and gaps in studies on stereotypes held by language learners |
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19 | (3) |
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22 | (4) |
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2 Motivation, attitudes and stereotypes in L2 research: connecting the dots |
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26 | (14) |
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Motivation in applied linguistics research: an overview of literature |
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26 | (5) |
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Goal setting in language learning: instrumental and integrative orientations |
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28 | (3) |
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The construct of attitude in psychology and applied linguistics |
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31 | (2) |
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Attitude: etymology and definitions |
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31 | (1) |
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Research on attitudes in the field of applied linguistics |
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32 | (1) |
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Stereotypes, attitudes and L2 motivation: connecting the dots |
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33 | (3) |
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How applied linguistics research can contribute to the scholarship on stereotypes |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (4) |
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3 A mixed-methods approach to link country stereotypes and L2 motivation |
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40 | (15) |
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The aim of the study, its research questions and research design |
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40 | (2) |
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The need for mixed-methods approaches in research on country stereotypes, language attitudes and L2 motivation |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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The closed-ended items to measure L2 motivation |
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43 | (1) |
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Sampling method and the participants |
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44 | (1) |
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Data collection and organization |
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45 | (1) |
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Analysis of the qualitative data |
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45 | (3) |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (1) |
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The assessments of stereotype salience and accuracy |
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48 | (1) |
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Analysis of the quantitative data |
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48 | (5) |
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The calculation of mean valence (MV) |
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49 | (1) |
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The calculation of composite mean valence (CompMV) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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The analysis of L2 motivation: exploratory factor analysis (EFA) |
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51 | (1) |
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The reliability analysis: Cronbach's alpha |
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51 | (1) |
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The correlation analysis: Spearman correlation test |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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4 Findings on language learners' country stereotypes and their relationships with L2 motivation |
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55 | (33) |
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Language learners' mental images of the target language countries |
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55 | (29) |
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Language learners' mental images of China |
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55 | (1) |
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Consensual stereotypes of China |
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55 | (1) |
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Categories of images of China |
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56 | (3) |
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Language learners' mental images of Japan |
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59 | (1) |
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Consensual stereotypes of Japan |
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60 | (1) |
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Categories of images of Japan |
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60 | (4) |
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Language learners' mental images of Korea |
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64 | (1) |
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Consensual stereotypes of Korea |
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64 | (2) |
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Categories of images of Korea |
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66 | (3) |
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Language learners' mental images of Myanmar |
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69 | (1) |
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Consensual stereotypes of Myanmar |
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70 | (1) |
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Categories of images of Myanmar |
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70 | (3) |
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Language learners' mental images of Thailand |
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73 | (1) |
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Consensual stereotypes of Thailand |
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73 | (1) |
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Categories of images of Thailand |
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74 | (2) |
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Language learners' mental images of Vietnam |
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76 | (1) |
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Consensual stereotypes of Vietnam |
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76 | (1) |
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Categories of images of Vietnam |
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77 | (2) |
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A discussion of the findings on the language learners' mental images of the target language countries |
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79 | (1) |
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Findings from the analysis of the stereotype content |
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79 | (4) |
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Finding on the attitudes embedded in the mental images of the target language countries |
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83 | (1) |
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Findings from the statistical analysis: relationships between the country stereotypes and L2 motivation |
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84 | (2) |
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Dimensions of the students' L2 motivation: results from the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) |
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84 | (1) |
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Findings from the correlation analysis |
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84 | (2) |
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Findings from the regression analysis |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (2) |
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5 Wider implications and conclusions |
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88 | (7) |
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Summary of the main findings |
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88 | (1) |
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Methodological, theoretical and pedagogical implications |
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89 | (4) |
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Directions for future research and practice |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (2) |
Appendix 1 Questionnaire on country images and L2 motivation |
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95 | (3) |
Appendix 2 Findings on language learners' country stereotypes |
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98 | (12) |
Appendix 3 SPSS codes for the regression analysis |
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110 | (6) |
Glossary |
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116 | (2) |
Index |
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118 | |