| Preface |
|
xi | |
| Chapter 1 Medical Sciences in the Age of Synthesis |
|
1 | (38) |
|
1.1 Professional Practice and Stochastic Medical Reasoning |
|
|
1 | (18) |
|
1.1.1 Synthesis in medical sciences |
|
|
1 | (4) |
|
1.1.2 Environmental health and geomedicine |
|
|
5 | (4) |
|
1.1.3 On ancient Greek and Chinese medicine |
|
|
9 | (3) |
|
1.1.4 Decision-making in conditions of in situ uncertainty |
|
|
12 | (2) |
|
1.1.5 A brief note on logical thinking in ancient Greece and China |
|
|
14 | (2) |
|
1.1.6 Enter stochastic medical reasoning |
|
|
16 | (3) |
|
1.2 Health: The Fundamental Roles of Space-Time and Uncertainty |
|
|
19 | (4) |
|
1.3 Abstract and Concrete Modes of Thinking |
|
|
23 | (2) |
|
1.4 Issues of Sound Medical Decision-Making |
|
|
25 | (11) |
|
1.4.1 Key elements of a medical investigation |
|
|
26 | (4) |
|
1.4.2 Reflection, recognition primed decision and robust' decision methods |
|
|
30 | (3) |
|
1.4.3 Algorithmic medical decision-making methods |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
1.4.4 Does expert knowledge translate into expert judgment? |
|
|
34 | (2) |
|
1.5 Medical Dialectics and Knowledge Synthesis: An Outline |
|
|
36 | (3) |
| Chapter 2 Reasoning Amidst Uncertainty |
|
39 | (102) |
|
2.1 When "To Know" Means "To Be Uncertain Of" |
|
|
39 | (8) |
|
2.1.1 Common medical reasoning errors |
|
|
39 | (3) |
|
2.1.2 Physician's language and metalanguage |
|
|
42 | (2) |
|
2.1.3 The notion of knowledge base |
|
|
44 | (3) |
|
2.2 The Space-Time Domain of Stochastic Medical Reasoning |
|
|
47 | (6) |
|
2.2.1 Location-time coordinates and metric |
|
|
47 | (4) |
|
2.2.2 The spatiotemporal random field model |
|
|
51 | (2) |
|
2.3 In Situ Logic and Uncertain Mind States |
|
|
53 | (26) |
|
2.3.1 How much a health care provider does not know: Ontic and epistemic uncertainty |
|
|
54 | (2) |
|
2.3.2 Appreciating case individuality and legal disputes |
|
|
56 | (2) |
|
2.3.3 Case communication uncertainty: Entitled to their own opinions but not to their own facts |
|
|
58 | (2) |
|
2.3.4 Formal vs. in situ logic |
|
|
60 | (3) |
|
2.3.5 From state of nature to state of mind (assertion) |
|
|
63 | (8) |
|
2.3.6 Ranking of assertion forms |
|
|
71 | (3) |
|
2.3.7 The Three Qs of the triadic case formula |
|
|
74 | (2) |
|
2.3.8 Uncertainty factors: A review |
|
|
76 | (3) |
|
2.4 SMR's View of Medical Connectives: Beyond Drug Digestion |
|
|
79 | (6) |
|
2.4.1 Conversational (dialogical) connective interpretation |
|
|
80 | (3) |
|
2.4.2 Content-dependent vs. content-independent connectives |
|
|
83 | (2) |
|
2.5 Natural Laws and Scientific Models |
|
|
85 | (14) |
|
2.5.1 Infectious disease and human exposure modeling |
|
|
86 | (3) |
|
2.5.2 Medical syllogism and the justification of professional assertions |
|
|
89 | (5) |
|
2.5.3 Reconstructing Chinese arguments in terms of Greek syllogisms |
|
|
94 | (2) |
|
2.5.4 Revisiting content-dependent and content-independent assertions |
|
|
96 | (3) |
|
2.6 Substantive Conditionals in Medical Thinking |
|
|
99 | (22) |
|
2.6.1 The notion of content-dependent conditional |
|
|
100 | (5) |
|
2.6.2 Paradoxes of mainstream logic |
|
|
105 | (9) |
|
2.6.3 Conditionals and metalanguage |
|
|
114 | (3) |
|
2.6.4 Conditionals and natural laws |
|
|
117 | (2) |
|
2.6.5 Over-extending and extrapolating |
|
|
119 | (2) |
|
2.7 The Object Language-Metalanguage Connection |
|
|
121 | (20) |
|
2.7.1 Relations between states |
|
|
122 | (9) |
|
2.7.2 Combinations of medical inferences and derivative assertions |
|
|
131 | (2) |
|
2.7.3 Levels of justification and uncertainty |
|
|
133 | (5) |
|
2.7.4 Does postmodern decision analysis make sense? |
|
|
138 | (3) |
| Chapter 3 The Role of Probability |
|
141 | (108) |
|
3.1 How Much Understanding is Sufficient in Medical Investigations? |
|
|
141 | (7) |
|
3.1.1 Medical assertions and partial understanding |
|
|
141 | (3) |
|
3.1.2 On rationality and belief |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
3.1.3 Knowledge theory revisited: Platonism, context and continuity in medical thinking |
|
|
145 | (2) |
|
3.1.4 Concerning medical expertise |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
3.2 Space-Time Probabilities of Medical Cases |
|
|
148 | (16) |
|
3.2.1 Common probability interpretations in health care practice |
|
|
148 | (4) |
|
3.2.2 Probability of a case assertion (mind state) |
|
|
152 | (3) |
|
3.2.3 Basic probability rules |
|
|
155 | (2) |
|
3.2.4 Probability interpretations in object language and metalanguage |
|
|
157 | (4) |
|
3.2.5 Body of evidence and medical interventions |
|
|
161 | (3) |
|
3.3 Probabilities of Medical Conditionals |
|
|
164 | (22) |
|
3.3.1 Standard logical relations and inference rules |
|
|
164 | (2) |
|
3.3.2 Choosing a conditional probability form |
|
|
166 | (10) |
|
3.3.3 Stochastic truth tables: A second look |
|
|
176 | (5) |
|
3.3.4 More on probability calculation: Is there a probameter? |
|
|
181 | (5) |
|
3.4 Stochastic Medical Inferences |
|
|
186 | (19) |
|
3.4.1 From standard to stochastic syllogisms |
|
|
187 | (12) |
|
3.4.2 Premise strengthening, internally consistent and uninformative inferences |
|
|
199 | (6) |
|
3.5 Probability, Uncertainty and Information of Diagnoses or Prognoses Sets |
|
|
205 | (6) |
|
3.6 Diagnosis Ranking and Symptom Confirmation Strength |
|
|
211 | (6) |
|
3.6.1 Quantitative case parameters |
|
|
212 | (3) |
|
3.6.2 Principles of medical practice and their quantitative expressions |
|
|
215 | (2) |
|
3.7 The Trouble with Medical Probability |
|
|
217 | (5) |
|
3.8 Translating Medical Assertions into Probabilistic Terms |
|
|
222 | (7) |
|
3.9 Space-Time Reasoning Dynamics |
|
|
229 | (11) |
|
3.9.1 Changes in assertions and substantive conditionals |
|
|
229 | (6) |
|
3.9.2 Probability dynamics and hypothesis confirmation |
|
|
235 | (3) |
|
3.9.3 The case of non-monotonic medical reasoning |
|
|
238 | (2) |
|
3.10 Medical Syllogisms Involving Likelihood Ratios |
|
|
240 | (2) |
|
3.11 Summing Up: Checking the Validity of Medical Arguments |
|
|
242 | (2) |
|
3.12 Self-Referential Medical Assertions and Cognitive Favorability |
|
|
244 | (3) |
|
3.13 Not Just a Set of Guidelines |
|
|
247 | (2) |
| Chapter 4 Space-Time Medical Mapping and Causation Modeling |
|
249 | (44) |
|
4.1 Techniques With a "Health Warning" |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
4.2 Space-Time Disease Mapping |
|
|
250 | (14) |
|
4.2.1 Objealves of medical mapping |
|
|
251 | (2) |
|
4.2.2 The fundamental mapping equations |
|
|
253 | (3) |
|
4.2.3 The insight behind the BME-SIR equations |
|
|
256 | (2) |
|
4.2.4 A study of French flu |
|
|
258 | (6) |
|
4.3 Modeling Space-Time Infectious Disease Spread |
|
|
264 | (4) |
|
4.4 Space-Time Causation Revisited |
|
|
268 | (3) |
|
4.5 Medical Causation in the SMR Inference Setting |
|
|
271 | (18) |
|
4.5.1 Defining the problem |
|
|
272 | (5) |
|
4.5.2 The role of KB and the interpretation of probabilistic causation |
|
|
277 | (3) |
|
4.5.3 Causation: Epistemic vs. non-epistemic |
|
|
280 | (3) |
|
4.5.4 Some remarks regarding the form of the causation conditional |
|
|
283 | (2) |
|
4.5.5 Stochastic causal inferences |
|
|
285 | (2) |
|
4.5.6 The role of secondary case attributes |
|
|
287 | (2) |
|
4.6 Causation in Terms of Integrative Space-Time Prediction |
|
|
289 | (2) |
|
4.7 Causation Justification and the Dualistic Opposition |
|
|
291 | (2) |
| Chapter 5 Looking Ahead |
|
293 | (22) |
|
5.1 An Ibsenian Transformation |
|
|
293 | (3) |
|
5.2 SMR and Divergence of Rationality in Medical Thinking |
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
5.3 Challenges Emerging from the Incompleteness Principle and Unanticipated Knowledge |
|
|
298 | (4) |
|
5.4 Information Technology-Based Medical Reasoning |
|
|
302 | (2) |
|
5.5 Social and Cultural Dimensions of Medical Thinking |
|
|
304 | (4) |
|
|
|
308 | (7) |
| Bibliography |
|
315 | (16) |
| Index |
|
331 | |
More info about World Scientific e-books