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Stonehenge for the Ancestors: Part 1: Landscape and Monuments [Mīkstie vāki]

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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 520 pages, height x width: 280x203 mm, 190fc/202bw
  • Sērija : The Stonehenge Riverside Project 1
  • Izdošanas datums: 28-Oct-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Sidestone Press
  • ISBN-10: 9088907021
  • ISBN-13: 9789088907029
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Stonehenge for the Ancestors: Part 1: Landscape and MonumentsPalielināt
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 520 pages, height x width: 280x203 mm, 190fc/202bw
  • Sērija : The Stonehenge Riverside Project 1
  • Izdošanas datums: 28-Oct-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Sidestone Press
  • ISBN-10: 9088907021
  • ISBN-13: 9789088907029
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9789088907029.html
For many centuries, scholars and enthusiasts have been fascinated by Stonehenge, the world’s most famous stone circle. In 2003 a team of archaeologists commenced a long-term fieldwork project for the first time in decades. The Stonehenge Riverside Project (2003-2009) aimed to investigate the purpose of this unique prehistoric monument by considering it within its wider archaeological context.

This is the first of four volumes which present the results of that campaign. It includes investigations of the monuments and landscape that pre-dated Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain as well as of excavation at Stonehenge itself. The main discovery at Stonehenge was of cremated human remains from many individuals, allowing their demography, health and dating to be established. With a revised radiocarbon-dated chronology for Stonehenge’s five stages of construction, these burials can now be considered within the context of the monument’s development. The different types of stone from which Stonehenge is formed – bluestones from Wales and sarsen silcretes from more local sources – are investigated both at Stonehenge and in its surroundings. These surrounding monuments include single standing stones, the Cuckoo Stone and the Tor Stone, as well as the newly discovered circle of Bluestonehenge at West Amesbury beside the River Avon. The ceremonial Stonehenge Avenue, linking Stonehenge to Bluestonehenge, is also included, based on a series of excavations along its length.

The working hypothesis behind the Stonehenge Riverside Project links Stonehenge with a complex of timber monuments upstream at the great henge of Durrington Walls and neighboring Woodhenge. While these other sites are covered in a later volume (Volume 3), this volume explores the role of the River Avon and its topographic and environmental evidence.

With contributions by:
Umberto Albarella, Michael Allen, Olaf Bayer, Wayne Bennett, Richard Bevins, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Chris Casswell, Andrew Chamberlain, Benjamin Chan, Rosamund Cleal, Gordon Cook, Glyn Davies, David Field, Charles French, Robert Ixer, Neil Linford, Peter Marshall, Louise Martin, Claudia Minniti, Doug Mitcham, Bob Nunn, Andy Payne, Mike Pitts, Rebecca Pullen, Julian Richards, David Robinson, Clive Ruggles, Jim Rylatt, Rob Scaife, Ellen Simmons, Charlene Steele, James Sugrue, Anne Teather, Sarah Viner, Tony Waldron, Katy Whitaker and Christie Willis

This is the first of four volumes which present the results of The Stonehenge Riverside Project, a long-term fieldwork project at Stonehenge for the first time in decades.

Recenzijas

This volume will undoubtedly become essential reading to serious students of Stonehenge and its landscape. [ ] They have set the bar high. * Prehistoric Society *

Preface 11(2)
Acknowledgements 13(2)
1 Introduction
15(20)
1.1 The Stonehenge Riverside Project
16(13)
1.2 Appendix
29(6)
2 Fourth millennium BC beginnings: monuments in the landscape
35(28)
2.1 The landscape of the fourth millennium BC
35(24)
2.1.1 Long barrows in the Early Neolithic landscape c. 3800--3400 BC
37(11)
2.1.2 Causewayed enclosures in the Early Neolithic landscape c. 3800--3400 BC
48(2)
2.1.3 The Wilsford Shaft
50(1)
2.1.4 The Early/Middle Neolithic cursus monuments c. 3500--3300 BC
51(6)
2.1.5 The first Stonehenge
57(1)
2.1.6 Conclusions
58(1)
2.2 Geophysical surveys of the Greater Cursus and Amesbury 42 long barrow
59(4)
3 Fourth millennium BC beginnings: the Greater Stonehenge Cursus, Amesbury 42 long barrow and Early Neolithic activity at Woodhenge
63(100)
3.1 The Greater Stonehenge Cursus
63(36)
3.1.1 History of investigation of the Greater Cursus
64(2)
3.1.2 Excavations of the Greater Cursus in 2007 and 2008
66(4)
3.1.3 The western terminal ditch of the Cursus
70(5)
3.1.4 The northern Cursus ditch and the cross-ditch
75(6)
3.1.5 The southern Cursus ditch beside the 1947 excavation
81(7)
3.1.6 Cuttings inside the Cursus
88(5)
3.1.7 The eastern terminal ditch of the Cursus
93(1)
3.1.8 Discussion
93(4)
3.1.9 Soil micromorphology of Greater Cursus ditch deposits
97(2)
3.2 Amesbury 42 long barrow
99(16)
3.2.1 The ditch
99(4)
3.2.2 The causewayed pits
103(1)
3.2.3 Features west of the causewayed pits
104(1)
3.2.4 Discussion
105(1)
3.2.5 Investigations of the buried soil beneath the mound of Amesbury 42
106(9)
3.3 Scientific and artefactual analyses
115(21)
3.3.1 Stonehenge Lesser Cursus, Stonehenge Greater Cursus and the Amesbury 42 long barrow: radiocarbon dating
115(2)
3.3.2 Antler artefacts from the Greater Cursus and Amesbury 42 long barrow
117(1)
3.3.3 Pottery from the Greater Cursus and Amesbury 42 long barrow
117(2)
3.3.4 A chalk artefact from the Greater Cursus
119(1)
3.3.5 Worked flint from stratified contexts of the Greater Cursus
120(9)
3.3.6 Worked flint from the ploughsoil of the Greater Cursus
129(3)
3.3.7 Worked flint from stratified contexts of Amesbury 42 long barrow
132(2)
3.3.8 Human remains from the Greater Cursus and Amesbury 42 long barrow
134(2)
3.3.9 Charred plant remains and wood charcoal from the Greater Cursus and Amesbury 42 long barrow
136(1)
3.4 Early Neolithic activity at Woodhenge
136(27)
3.4.1 The bank, buried soil and a tree-throw pit
137(5)
3.4.2 A tree-throw pit in the interior of Woodhenge
142(2)
3.4.3 Discussion
144(1)
3.4.4 Soil micromorphology of the buried soil profile beneath the Woodhenge bank
145(1)
3.4.5 Pottery from the Woodhenge tree-throw pits and buried soil
146(7)
3.4.6 Worked flint from the Woodhenge tree-throw pits and buried soil
153(6)
3.4.7 Faunal remains from Woodhenge tree-throw pit 058 and buried soil
159(1)
3.4.8 Charred plant remains and wood charcoal from Woodhenge tree-throw pit 058 and buried soil
159(4)
4 The Stonehenge bluestones
163(52)
4.1 The bluestones at Stonehenge -- a reappraisal
163(14)
4.1.1 The Aubrey Holes
164(5)
4.1.2 Positions of bluestones within Stonehenge's Stages 2--5
169(5)
4.1.3 Dressing of the bluestones
174(1)
4.1.4 Bluestones elsewhere in the Stonehenge landscape
175(2)
4.2 Aubrey Hole 7 at Stonehenge
177(15)
4.2.1 Previous excavations
177(1)
4.2.2 Research background and objectives
178(3)
4.2.3 The 2008 excavation
181(9)
4.2.4 Conclusion
190(1)
4.2.5 Worked flint from Aubrey Hole 7
191(1)
4.2.6 Sarsen and bluestone from Aubrey Hole 7
191(1)
4.3 Fargo bluestone scatter
192(17)
4.3.1 Research aims and objectives
193(1)
4.3.2 Fieldwork
193(2)
4.3.3 Lithics and other artefacts
195(1)
4.3.4 Ceramics
196(11)
4.3.5 Results
207(2)
4.4 Airman's Corner pit circle
209(3)
4.4.1 Research background
210(1)
4.4.2 Fieldwork
211(1)
4.4.3 Conclusion
211(1)
4.5 Bluestones and Stonehenge
212(3)
4.5.1 Dressed and undressed bluestones
212(1)
4.5.2 From Aubrey Holes (Stage 1) to Q and R Holes (Stage 2) to the outer bluestone circle (Stage 4)
213(1)
4.5.3 The distribution of bluestone fragments in the Stonehenge landscape
213(1)
4.5.4 Stone sockets of bluestone size in the Stonehenge landscape
213(2)
5 Bluestonehenge at West Amesbury: where the Stonehenge Avenue meets the River Avon
215(86)
5.1 Research background and objectives
215(3)
5.2 Investigations before excavation
218(6)
5.3 Excavation of Bluestonehenge stone circle within West Amesbury henge, and of the Stonehenge Avenue ditches
224(46)
5.4 Radiocarbon dating of Bluestonehenge and West Amesbury henge
270(4)
5.5 Neolithic and Beaker pottery from West Amesbury
274(5)
5.6 Worked flint dating to the Chalcolithic, Neolithic and earlier from stratified contexts at West Amesbury
279(16)
5.7 Other artefacts of stone, antler and bone from West Amesbury
295(3)
5.8 Faunal remains from West Amesbury
298(1)
5.9 Charred plant remains and wood charcoal from West Amesbury
298(1)
5.10 Bluestonehenge and Stonehenge
298(3)
6 Sarsens at Stonehenge
301(58)
6.1 Stonehenge reworked -- working the sarsens
301(4)
6.2 The sarsen-dressing area
305(27)
6.2.1 The sarsen layer
307(3)
6.2.2 Discussion
310(1)
6.2.3 Sarsen from the sarsen-dressing area in Trench 44 and the Stonehenge Avenue in Trench 45
311(18)
6.2.4 Worked flint from the sarsen-dressing area in Trench 44
329(3)
6.3 Sarsen-working at Stonehenge
332(22)
6.3.1 The Stonehenge hammerstone assemblage
332(1)
6.3.2 Previous analyses
333(3)
6.3.3 Stone-working tools
336(1)
6.3.4 Research aims and methodology
337(5)
6.3.5 Raw materials
342(2)
6.3.6 Expedient and strategic design
344(1)
6.3.7 Tool form, use-wear and context
345(6)
6.3.8 Conclusions
351(3)
6.4 Sarsen stones and the making of Stonehenge
354(5)
7 Sarsens in the Stonehenge landscape
359(50)
7.1 Sarsens in the landscape
359(3)
7.2 The Cuckoo Stone
362(32)
7.2.1 Geophysical surveys
363(1)
7.2.2 Lithics from the ploughsoil around the Cuckoo Stone
363(3)
7.2.3 Excavation around the Cuckoo Stone
366(5)
7.2.4 Discussion
371(2)
7.2.5 The Cuckoo Stone: radiocarbon dating
373(4)
7.2.6 Sarsen from around the Cuckoo Stone
377(1)
7.2.7 Worked flint dating to the Neolithic from stratified contexts around the Cuckoo Stone
377(6)
7.2.8 Antler artefacts from the Cuckoo Stone
383(1)
7.2.9 Faunal remains from Neolithic contexts around the Cuckoo Stone
383(7)
7.2.10 Charred plant remains from around the Cuckoo Stone
390(1)
7.2.11 Wood charcoal from around the Cuckoo Stone
391(3)
7.3 The Tor Stone, Bulford
394(10)
7.3.1 Geophysical survey
395(2)
7.3.2 Excavation around the Tor Stone, Bulford
397(4)
7.3.3 Sarsen from around the Tor Stone, Bulford
401(1)
7.3.4 Worked flint from Neolithic contexts around the Tor Stone, Bulford
401(3)
7.3.5 Charred plant remains and wood charcoal from around the Tor Stone, Bulford
404(1)
7.4 Local sarsen stones and the origins of Stonehenge
404(5)
8 The Stonehenge Avenue
409(66)
8.1 Research background and objectives
409(3)
8.1.1 Geophysical surveys
411(1)
8.2 The Stonehenge Avenue at Stonehenge (Trench 45)
412(19)
8.2.1 Research aims and objectives
412(3)
8.2.2 The excavation
415(14)
8.2.3 Soil micromorphology of soils within the Stonehenge Avenue (Trench 45)
429(1)
8.2.4 Geology, geomorphology and buried soils
430(1)
8.2.5 Discussion
431(1)
8.3 The Stonehenge Avenue bend (Trenches 46, 48, 57 and 58)
431(21)
8.3.1 Research background
431(4)
8.3.2 Trench 46: the Oblique Ditch
435(3)
8.3.3 Trench 48: on the Avenue bend
438(5)
8.3.4 Trench 57: the Oblique Ditch and Avenue
443(2)
8.3.5 Trench 58: the Avenue east of the bend
445(6)
8.3.6 Conclusion
451(1)
8.4 The Stonehenge Avenue's `northern branch' (Trench 56)
452(5)
8.4.1 The excavation
453(2)
8.4.2 Conclusion
455(2)
8.5 Scientific and artefactual analyses
457(6)
8.5.1 Radiocarbon dating of the Stonehenge Avenue
457(3)
8.5.2 Worked flint from the Avenue at Stonehenge (Trench 45)
460(1)
8.5.3 Worked flint from the Avenue bend and the Avenue's `northern branch'
460(2)
8.5.4 Lithics from the ploughsoil of the `northern extension'
462(1)
8.5.5 A chalk artefact from the Oblique Ditch (Trench 46)
462(1)
8.5.6 Charred plant remains and wood charcoal from the Stonehenge Avenue
463(1)
8.6 The orientation of the Stonehenge Avenue and its implications
463(2)
8.7 The Avenue's construction and purpose
465(10)
8.7.1 The date of the Stonehenge Avenue
465(1)
8.7.2 Did the Stonehenge Avenue originally include two parallel stone rows?
465(2)
8.7.3 The route of the Stonehenge Avenue
467(2)
8.7.4 Natural features associated with the Stonehenge Avenue
469(3)
8.7.5 The cultural significance of natural features associated with the Avenue
472(3)
9 The River Avon, Stonehenge and Durrington Walls
475(24)
9.1 Rivers and monumental architecture in the third millennium BC
475(2)
9.2 The Avon palaeo-channel
477(4)
9.2.1 The River Avon augering survey
477(3)
9.2.2 Palaeo-channel excavations
480(1)
9.2.3 Soil micromorphology
481(1)
9.3 Palynology of the Avon palaeo-channel
481(11)
9.3.1 The pollen data
483(1)
9.3.2 Borehole 15
483(6)
9.3.3 Borehole 8
489(1)
9.3.4 Patterns of vegetation change
489(2)
9.3.5 Conclusion
491(1)
9.4 Along the River Avon
492(5)
9.4.1 The Avon valley: from Durrington Walls to Lake Bottom
493(1)
9.4.2 Walking the Avenue: from the Avon to Stonehenge
494(1)
9.4.3 Walking Stonehenge Bottom: from Lake to the Greater Cursus
495(1)
9.4.4 Conclusion
496(1)
9.5 The River Avon: a journey from life to death?
497(2)
10 The people of Stonehenge
499(28)
10.1 Review of previously excavated human material
500(7)
10.2 The cremated bone assemblage from Aubrey Hole 7
507(15)
10.3 A primary cremation deposit adjacent to Aubrey Hole 7
522(5)
11 Radiocarbon dating of Stonehenge
527(20)
11.1 Research background
527(1)
11.2 The chronology of Stonehenge's stages of construction
527(1)
11.3 Human remains from Stonehenge: existing and new radiocarbon determinations
528(1)
11.4 Animal bone and antler from Stonehenge: existing and new radiocarbon determinations
528(2)
11.5 The radiocarbon determinations and chronological modelling: the Ditch
530(7)
11.6 The radiocarbon determinations and chronological modelling: the stone settings
537(1)
11.7 The radiocarbon determinations and chronological modelling: the cremated human remains from the Aubrey Holes
537(2)
11.8 Chronological modelling of burials at Stonehenge
539(4)
11.9 Discussion
543(4)
Bibliography 547(22)
List of Figures 569(10)
List of Tables 579(4)
Contributors 583(4)
Index 587
Mike Parker Pearson is Professor of British Later Prehistory at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. A distinguished prehistorian, he has been involved with many major projects, including leading the recent Stonehenge Riverside Project. Joshua Pollard is a Professor of Archaeology at the University of Southampton. He has wide-ranging research interests in the Neolithic period and has directed and co-directed major fieldwork projects in the Avebury and Stonehenge landscapes. Colin Richards is Professor of World Prehistory in the Deaprtment of Archaeology at the University of Manchester where he mainly specialises in Neolithic archaeology, architecture and monumentality and ethnoarchaeology, with specific interests in Orkney and Easter Island. Julian Thomas is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Manchester. He is a leading expert on Neolithic Britain, and has directed excavations in many parts of Britain from Scotland to southern England. His books include Understanding the Neolithic, Time, Culture and Identity, and The Birth of Neolithic Britain. Kate Welham is Professor of Archaeological Science at Bournemouth University. She has worked on projects in Britain, Kenya, Spain and Easter Island, and is a leading expert in geophysical survey as well as in archaeological materials. She is chair of the UK committee of archaeological heads of departments. She is co-author of Stonehenge: making sense of a prehistoric mystery.