| Preface |
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iii | |
| Figures |
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xi | |
| Tables |
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xiii | |
| Summary |
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xv | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxxi | |
| Abbreviations |
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xxxiii | |
| CHAPTER ONE Introduction |
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1 | (6) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (3) |
| CHAPTER TWO Korea's Main Economic Concerns About a Rising China |
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7 | (20) |
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Are China and Korea Competitive or Complementary? |
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7 | (2) |
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Can the Mutually Beneficial Korea-China Trade Relationship Be Sustained in the Long Run? |
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9 | (3) |
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Will Korea and China Be Increasingly Competitive in the Near Future? |
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12 | (4) |
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Was Korea Squeezed Out of Markets in Industrialized Countries While Gaining Market Share in China? |
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16 | (4) |
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Squeezed Out of the China Market? |
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20 | (1) |
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Is Korea's Manufacturing Sector Being Hollowed Out? |
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21 | (2) |
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The Threat May Have Been Covered lip by the Past Decade's World Economic Boom |
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23 | (2) |
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External Risk Factors: China's Overheated Economy |
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25 | (1) |
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Narrowing Technological Gap Between Korea and China |
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26 | (1) |
| CHAPTER THREE Current Technological Capability: S&T Indicators and Trends |
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27 | (28) |
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International Comparison of Technological Capabilities |
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27 | (9) |
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Country-Level Aggregate Indices of S&T Capabilities |
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28 | (3) |
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Korea Is Currently Ahead of China in Aggregate S&T Capability |
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31 | (1) |
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High R&D-to-GDP Ratio and High Gross Tertiary Science Enrollment Are the Major Contributors to Korea's High STCI Score |
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31 | (2) |
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Limitations of Aggregate Indices |
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33 | (1) |
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On an Absolute Scale, China Is Ahead in R&D Investment and Human Resources |
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34 | (2) |
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Major S&T Indicators for China |
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36 | (18) |
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Rapid Growth in R&D Investment |
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36 | (2) |
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Relatively Little Funding for Basic Research |
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38 | (1) |
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Scientific Paper Publication Outperforms Basic Research Investment |
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38 | (2) |
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Some Studies Assert That China Is Already a "Research Powerhouse" |
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40 | (2) |
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China Has an Absolute Advantage in Scientists and Engineers, and the Supply Is Abundant and Increasing |
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42 | (1) |
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Success in Educational Reform Further Strengthens China's Human Resource Advantage |
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43 | (2) |
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Patent Data Show China Has Limited Invention Capabilities |
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45 | (2) |
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The Chinese Industrial Sector Is Not the Major Player in Invention-Type Patents |
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47 | (1) |
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China Is Behind in Overseas Patent Activity |
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47 | (2) |
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Korea Is Relatively Strong in International Patent Activity |
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49 | (3) |
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The Increase in China's High-Tech Exports Is Mainly Due to Foreign-Invested Companies |
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52 | (2) |
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Limited R&D Capability with Increasing Potential |
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54 | (1) |
| CHAPTER FOUR China's National Innovation System and R&D Strategies |
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55 | (46) |
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China's National S&T Strategy |
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55 | (4) |
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China's Core Development Strategy: "Rejuvenating the Nation Through Science and Education" |
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56 | (1) |
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S&T and Education Are the Two Pillars of China's Economic Development |
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57 | (2) |
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China's National Innovation System |
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59 | (16) |
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Main Actors and Institutional Arrangement of the Chinese NIS |
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60 | (1) |
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The Key Universities and the Chinese Academy of Science Are Major Knowledge Creators |
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60 | (2) |
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The CAS As a Reformed Research Powerhouse |
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62 | (2) |
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Universities As Major R&D Performers |
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64 | (4) |
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The Chinese Indigenous Industrial Sector Is a Relatively Weak Link in the NIS |
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68 | (7) |
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China's S&T Policy Governance Structure |
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75 | (2) |
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Hierarchical and Centralized |
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75 | (1) |
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Comparison with Korea's New S&T Policy Governance |
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76 | (1) |
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China Promotes R&D in a Few Focused Areas |
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77 | (2) |
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Next-Generation Emerging Technologies in China: IT, Biotechnology, and New Materials |
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78 | (1) |
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Comparison with Korea's Focus on Future Technologies |
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79 | (1) |
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China's Major National R&D Programs |
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79 | (7) |
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The National Basic Research Program (973 Program) |
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81 | (1) |
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The National High-Technology R&D Program (863 Program) |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (2) |
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Interaction with the Foreign Sector |
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86 | (11) |
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FDI Contributed Significantly to China's Economic Development |
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86 | (1) |
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Education and Training by Foreign Invested Enterprises (FIEs) |
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87 | (1) |
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Technology Transfer from Foreign Sources: "Market for Technology" |
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88 | (2) |
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R&D Centers of Foreign Multinational Corporations in China |
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90 | (1) |
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Setting Technology Standards: The Large Domestic Market As Leverage |
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91 | (2) |
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Overseas M&A Activities by Chinese Companies |
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93 | (2) |
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Global Network of Overseas Chinese |
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95 | (1) |
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Impact of Foreign Competition |
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96 | (1) |
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A Stronger Industrial Sector with an Extensive Global Network |
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97 | (1) |
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Evaluation of China's NIS and the Direction of Its Strategy |
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97 | (4) |
| CHAPTER FIVE Future Prospects and Options for Korea |
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101 | (26) |
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Future Prospects for S&T Progress in Korea and China |
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102 | (10) |
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Where Is Korea Positioned in the Technology Race? |
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102 | (3) |
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How Does China Evaluate Its Global S&T Progress? |
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105 | (1) |
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Future Prospects for the Technology Gap Between Korea and China |
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106 | (2) |
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How Is Korea Paving Its Way to the Future? |
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108 | (3) |
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How Is China Preparing for Future Emerging Technologies? |
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111 | (1) |
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Korea and China Are Similar in Their Preparations for the Future |
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112 | (1) |
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Options for Korea and Their Policy Implications |
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112 | (2) |
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Fortify Strengths in R&D Intensity but Obtain R&D Efficiency Too |
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113 | (1) |
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The Government's Role in Future-Oriented Long-Term Research |
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114 | (3) |
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Next-Generation Technologies and Generic Technologies |
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114 | (1) |
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From an IT-Focused Strategy to Diversification into Biotechnology and Nanotechnology |
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115 | (1) |
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Accelerate the Pace of S&T Progress Through More Active Global Networking |
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116 | (1) |
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Should Korea Be More Engaged in the China Market? |
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117 | (1) |
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Engaging with China and Taking Advantage of China's Strength |
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117 | (1) |
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How Much Should Korea Focus on the China Market? |
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117 | (1) |
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Diversifying into Other Geographic Markets, Especially Advanced Countries with More Sophisticated Demand |
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118 | (1) |
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Education for Creativity and Innovative Thinking |
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119 | (2) |
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Reform the Formal Education System to Promote Creative Learning |
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119 | (1) |
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Develop Highly Qualified Scientists and Engineers by Supporting Broader Access to Higher Education |
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119 | (1) |
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Education to Overcome the Dichotomy of Growth and Distribution |
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120 | (1) |
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Investment Beyond Production and Technology |
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121 | (3) |
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Understanding the Uses of Technology and the Subtleties of Customers' Needs |
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121 | (1) |
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Selling Knowledge Versus Selling Commodities |
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122 | (1) |
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Better Living Environments to Compete for, Maintain, and Recruit International Experts |
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123 | (1) |
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Openness May Have to Be Korea's Strategy No Less Than China's |
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124 | (1) |
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Summary of the Options and Their Linkage to the Next
Chapter |
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125 | (2) |
| CHAPTER SIX Future Scenarios |
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127 | (32) |
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Using Scenarios Analytically |
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127 | (2) |
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A Simple Model of Korea's National Economy |
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129 | (5) |
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The Role of China in Korea's Future |
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129 | (2) |
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The Need for Sustaining Technological Levels |
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131 | (2) |
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The Nature of the Korean Labor Force |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (5) |
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Analytical Models and Policy over the Long Term |
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134 | (2) |
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Four "Strategies" for Korea |
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136 | (3) |
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139 | (18) |
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Strategy Performance Under Different Assumptions |
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139 | (3) |
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Exploring the Implications of Uncertainty |
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142 | (3) |
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Toward Robust Strategies in the Face of Deep Uncertainty |
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145 | (4) |
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Challenges to Robustness and Characterizing Uncertainties |
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149 | (2) |
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Challenge Scenarios to Probe Robustness of Candidate Strategies |
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151 | (6) |
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Discussion and Conclusions |
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157 | (2) |
| CHAPTER SEVEN Conclusion |
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159 | (8) |
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161 | (2) |
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Support R&D Intensity but Obtain R&D Efficiency Too |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (4) |
| APPENDIX |
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A. Additional Specifications for the Model of the Korean National Economy |
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167 | (2) |
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B. Major National S&T Programs in China: Objectives and Resources |
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169 | (6) |
| References |
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175 | |
