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Strategic Planning for Public Relations 4th Revised edition [Mīkstie vāki]

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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 560 pages, height x width: 235x187 mm, weight: 975 g, illustrations
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Feb-2013
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 041550676X
  • ISBN-13: 9780415506762
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 560 pages, height x width: 235x187 mm, weight: 975 g, illustrations
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Feb-2013
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 041550676X
  • ISBN-13: 9780415506762
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
This innovative and popular text provides a clear pathway to understanding public relations campaigns and other types of strategic communication. Implementing the pragmatic, in-depth approach of the previous editions, author Ronald D. Smith presents a step-by-step unfolding of the strategic campaign process used in public relations practice. Drawing from his experience in professional practice and in the classroom, Smith walks readers through the critical steps for the formative research, strategic and tactical planning, and plan evaluation phases of the process

Offering clear explanations, relevant examples, and practical exercises, this text identifies and discusses the decision points and options in the development of a communication program. The cases and examples included here explore classic public relations situations as well as current, timely events. This fourth edition includes updated case studes and additional international case studies. The robust companion website contains PowerPoint slides, Test Bank, Case Analysis Worksheets, Chapter Recaps, Glossary, and Career and Internet Resources

As a classroom text or a resource for professional practice, this volume provides a model that can be adapted to fit specific circumstances and used to improve effectiveness and creativity in communication planning. It serves as an accessible and understandable guide to field-tested procedures, offering practical insights that apply to public relations campaigns and case studies coursework

This innovative and popular text provides a clear pathway to developing public relations campaigns and other types of strategic communication. Implementing the pragmatic, in-depth approach of the previous editions, author Ronald D. Smith presents a step-by-step unfolding of the strategic campaign process used in public relations practice. Drawing from his experience in professional practice and in the classroom, Smith walks readers through the critical steps for the formative research, strategic and tactical planning, and plan evaluation phases of the process.

Offering clear explanations, relevant examples, and practical exercises, this text identifies and discusses the decision points and options in the development of a communication program. The cases and examples included here explore classic real-world public relations situations as well as current, timely events. This fourth edition highlights the results of new research studies on opinions and practices within the discipline, and adds overviews of several award-winning public relations campaigns.

As a classroom text or a resource for professional practice, this volume provides a model that can be adapted to fit specific circumstances and used to improve effectiveness and creativity in communication planning. It serves as an accessible and understandable guide to field-tested procedures, offering practical insights that apply to public relations campaigns and case studies coursework.

Preface xvii
New to This Fourth Edition xvii
Note to Students xvii
Note to Public Relations Practitioners xviii
Note to Instructors xviii
Who Uses This Book? xix
Acknowledgments xx
Personal Dedication xx
An Invitation xxi
About the Author xxii
Cases and Examples xxiii
Introduction 1(18)
Organizational Process
2(3)
Strategic Communication
5(1)
Integrated Communication
6(6)
Advertising
12(1)
Strategic Public Relations
13(4)
Phase 1 Formative Research
15(1)
Phase 2 Strategy
16(1)
Phase 3 Tactics
16(1)
Phase 4 Evaluative Research
17(1)
Effective Creativity
17(2)
Phase One FORMATIVE RESEARCH
19(74)
Step 1 Analyzing the Situation
21(20)
Public Relations Situation
21(4)
Obstacles into Opportunities
22(2)
Finding Consensus
24(1)
Issues Management
25(2)
Background of Issues Management
26(1)
Risk Management
27(3)
Crisis Management
30(6)
Unpredicted, but Predictable
32(4)
Public Relations and Ethics
36(1)
What's Next?
37(1)
Planning Example 1 Analyzing the Situation
38(1)
Checklist 1 The Public Relations Situation
38(3)
Step 2 Analyzing the Organization
41(16)
Internal Environment
43(2)
Performance
43(1)
Niche
44(1)
Structure
44(1)
Ethical Base
45(1)
Internal Impediments
45(1)
Public Perception
45(2)
Visibility
45(1)
Reputation
45(2)
External Environment
47(2)
Supporters
47(1)
Competitors
47(1)
Opponents
48(1)
External Impediments
49(1)
What s Next?
49(1)
Planning Example 2 Analyzing the Organization
49(2)
Checklist 2A Internal Environment
51(2)
Checklist 2B Public Perception
53(1)
Checklist 2C External Environment
54(3)
Step 3 Analyzing the Publics
57(36)
Public
57(8)
Public, Market, Audience and Stakeholder
57(3)
Characteristics of Publics
60(1)
Categories of Publics
61(4)
Intercessory Public and Opinion Leader
65(2)
Key Public
67(2)
Planning Example 3A Identifying Publics
69(3)
Checklist 3A Publics
72(2)
Analyzing Key Publics
74(4)
Stages of Development
74(2)
Key Characteristics
76(2)
Stereotype
78(6)
Cultural Context
84(2)
Saving Face
84(2)
Rethinking Your Publics
86(1)
Benefit Statement
87(1)
What s Next?
87(1)
Planning Example 3B Analyzing Key Publics
88(1)
Checklist 3B Key Publics
89(4)
Phase Two STRATEGY
93(132)
Step 4 Establishing Goals and Objectives
95(18)
Positioning
95(2)
Positioning Ethics
97(1)
Goal
97(3)
Objective
100(9)
Elements of Objectives
101(3)
Hierarchy of Objectives
104(2)
Developing Objectives
106(1)
Writing Objectives
107(2)
What's Next?
109(1)
Planning Example 4 Establishing Goals and Objectives
110(1)
Checklist 4 Goals and Objectives
111(2)
Step 5 Formulating Action and Response Strategies
113(59)
Proactive Strategy 1 Action
113(17)
Organizational Performance
114(1)
Audience Engagement
115(2)
Special Event
117(3)
Alliance and Coalition
120(1)
Sponsorship
121(2)
Strategic Philanthropy
123(5)
Activism
128(2)
Proactive Strategy 2 Communication
130(14)
Publicity
130(3)
Generating News
133(4)
Newsworthy Information
137(3)
Transparent Communication
140(2)
Media Theory and Public Relations
142(2)
Reactive Public Relations Strategies
144(1)
Reactive Strategy 1 Pre-emptive Action
145(2)
Prebuttal
145(2)
Reactive Strategy 2 Offensive Response
147(3)
Attack
147(1)
Embarrassment
148(1)
Shock
148(2)
Threat
150(1)
Reactive Strategy 3 Defensive Response
150(3)
Denial
150(1)
Excuse
151(1)
Justification
151(1)
Reversal
152(1)
Reactive Strategy 4 Diversionary Response
153(3)
Concession
153(1)
Ingratiation
154(1)
Disassociation
154(1)
Relabeling
155(1)
Reactive Strategy 5 Vocal Commiseration
156(6)
Concern
156(1)
Condolence
156(1)
Regret
156(1)
Apology
157(5)
Reactive Strategy 6 Rectifying Behavior
162(2)
Investigation
162(1)
Corrective Action
162(1)
Restitution
162(1)
Repentance
162(2)
Reactive Strategy 7 Deliberate Inaction
164(4)
Strategic Silence
164(1)
Strategic Ambiguity
165(1)
Strategic Inaction
165(1)
Weighing Options
166(2)
What's Next?
168(1)
Planning Example 5 Formulating Action and Response Strategies
168(1)
Checklist 5 Action and Response Strategies
169(3)
Step 6 Developing the Message Strategy
172(53)
Communication Process
172(1)
Information: Flow of Communication
173(1)
Persuasion: Attempts to Influence
173(1)
Dialogue: Quest for Understanding
173(3)
Rhetorical Tradition
176(2)
Ethos: Selecting Message Sources
178(1)
Credibility: Power to Inspire Belief
178(3)
Charisma: Power of Personal Charm
181(1)
Control: Power of Command
182(1)
Organizational Spokespeople
183(1)
Celebrity Spokespersons
183(4)
Company Spokespeople
187(1)
Spokespeople and Ethics
188(1)
Planning Example 6A Selecting Message Sources
189(1)
Checklist 6A Message Sources
190(1)
Logos: Appealing to Reason
191(5)
Verbal Evidence
192(1)
Visual Supporting Evidence
193(1)
Errors of Logic
193(1)
Statistics
194(2)
Pathos: Appealing to Sentiment
196(5)
Positive Emotional Appeals
196(3)
Negative Emotional Appeals
199(2)
Planning Example 6B Determining Message Appeals
201(1)
Checklist 6B Message Appeals
202(2)
Verbal Communication
204(8)
Message Structure
204(2)
Message Content
206(6)
Nonverbal Communication
212(5)
Visual Communication
214(3)
Planning Example 6C Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
217(1)
Checklist 6C Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
218(1)
Branding the Strategic Message
219(4)
Language of Branding
220(1)
Lessons about Branding
221(2)
What's Next?
223(2)
Phase Three TACTICS
225(104)
Step 7 Selecting Communication Tactics
227(77)
Conventional Communication Tactics
227(2)
Strategic Communication Tactics
229(1)
Interpersonal Communication Techniques
230(12)
Strategy for Interpersonal Communication
231(2)
Personal Involvement
233(1)
Information Exchange
234(1)
Special Events
235(6)
Planning Special Events
241(1)
Planning Example 7A Selecting Interpersonal Communication Tactics
242(1)
Checklist 7A Interpersonal Communication Tactics
243(2)
Organizational Media Tactics
245(16)
Strategy for Organizational Media
245(1)
Publications
245(5)
Direct Mail
250(1)
Electronic Media
251(2)
Digital Media
253(2)
Social Media
255(6)
Planning Example 7B Selecting Organizational Media Tactics
261(1)
Checklist 7B Organizational Media Tactics
262(2)
News Media Tactics
264(23)
Strategy for News Media
264(2)
Newspaper
266(4)
Magazine
270(1)
Radio
271(1)
Television
272(2)
Media Information Needs
274(2)
Direct Information Subsidy
276(5)
Indirect Information Subsidy
281(1)
Opinion Subsidy
282(1)
Interactive Media Engagement
283(4)
Planning Example 7C Selecting News Media Tactics
287(1)
Checklist 7C News Media Tactics
288(1)
Advertising and Promotional Media Tactics
289(12)
Strategy for Advertising and Promotional Media
289(2)
Print Advertising
291(1)
Electronic Media Advertising
292(6)
Out-of-Home Advertising
298(2)
Promotional Items
300(1)
What's Next?
301(1)
Planning Example 7D Selecting Advertising and Promotional Tactics
301(1)
Checklist 7D Advertising and Promotional Tactics
302(2)
Step 8 Implementing the Strategic Plan
304(25)
Packaging Communication Tactics
304(4)
Thinking Creatively
305(1)
Putting the Program Together
306(2)
Planning Example 8A Packaging the Communication Tactics
308(1)
Checklist 8A Packaging Communication Tactics
309(1)
Campaign Plan Book
310(2)
Example: Tactics for Open House
311(1)
Campaign Schedule
312(3)
Frequency of Tactics
312(2)
Timeline of Tasks
314(1)
Campaign Budget
315(11)
Budget Items
316(2)
Approaches to Budgeting
318(3)
Budget Management
321(3)
Full-Cost Budgeting
324(1)
How Much Success Is Necessary?
325(1)
What's Next?
326(1)
Planning Example 8B Implementing the Strategic Plan
326(2)
Checklist 8B Implementing the Strategic Plan
328(1)
Phase Four EVALUATIVE RESEARCH
329(30)
Step 9 Evaluating the Strategic Plan
331(28)
What to Evaluate
331(4)
Design Questions
332(1)
Evaluation Criteria
332(3)
When to Evaluate
335(4)
Implementation Report
335(1)
Progress Report
335(1)
Final Report
336(1)
Research Design
336(3)
How to Evaluate
339(11)
Judgmental Assessment
339(1)
Communication Outputs
340(3)
Awareness Objectives
343(3)
Acceptance Objectives
346(2)
Action Objectives
348(2)
Data Analysis and Reports
350(2)
Ultimate Evaluation: Value-Added Public Relations
352(3)
Public Relations Metrics
353(1)
Game Changer for Public Relations Evaluation
354(1)
What's Next?
355(1)
Planning Example 9 Evaluating the Strategic Plan
356(1)
Checklist 9 Evaluation Plan
357(2)
APPENDIXES
359(105)
Appendix A Applied Research
361(49)
Academic Research and Applied Research
361(1)
Research Topics
362(1)
Do-It-Yourself Research
363(1)
Research Ethics
363(1)
Ethical Treatment of People
363(3)
Sampling
366(1)
Nonprobability Sampling
367(2)
Probability Sampling
369(2)
Sampling Error and Size
371(1)
Secondary Research
372(1)
Types of Secondary Information
373(4)
Interview
377(1)
Interview Questions
377(2)
Listening During an Interview
379(1)
Focus Group
379(1)
Focus Group Process
380(2)
Conducting a Focus Group
382(3)
Case Study
385(2)
Conducting a Case Study
387(2)
Survey Research
389(1)
Response Rate
389(1)
Survey Administration
390(3)
Questionnaire
393(4)
Types of Responses
397(4)
Content Analysis
401(1)
Using Content Analysis
402(1)
Pro and Con
403(1)
Doing Content Analysis
403(7)
Appendix B Ethical Standards
410(11)
Public Relations Society of America (PRSA)
410(1)
Member Code of Ethics
410(1)
PRSA Member Statement of Professional Values
411(1)
PRSA Code Provisions
411(4)
PRSA Member Code of Ethics Pledge
415(1)
Canadian Public Relations Society
415(1)
Declaration of Principles
415(1)
International Public Relations Association
416(1)
IPRA Code of Conduct
416(2)
American Marketing Association
418(1)
Statement of Ethics
418(1)
Ethical Norms
418(1)
Ethical Values
419(2)
Appendix C Sample Campaigns
421(22)
Text4Baby: Going Mobile with Pregnancy Education
423(3)
DeVry University: Getting an Education on Reputation Building
426(4)
Connecting Army and America
430(4)
Coca-Cola's Expedition 206:365 Days, 206 Countries, 1 Mission
434(5)
Philips Norelco: Deforest Yourself, Reforest the World
439(4)
Appendix D Effective Media Engagement
443(21)
Reputation and Media Relations
444(1)
Reputation and Performance
445(1)
Reputation as a Strategic Tool
445(1)
Reputation Management
445(1)
Reputation and News Media
445(1)
Reputation as a Participant Activity
446(1)
Headlines and Bottom Lines
446(1)
Media Relations
447(1)
Media Relations -- from the Media Side
447(1)
Media Relations -- from the Organization Side
447(1)
Media Relations -- from Both Sides
448(1)
Reputational Bumps and Bruises
448(1)
Twelve Principles of Effective Media Relations
448(1)
Points for Consideration
449(1)
Credibility
450(1)
Interview Setting
450(1)
If You Are Asked for an Interview
451(1)
Dress for Interview Success
451(1)
Interview Posture
452(1)
Interview Planning
452(1)
Preparing for the Interview
453(1)
Be-Attitudes for Interview Success
454(1)
Interview Attitude
454(1)
Communicating during the Interview
455(1)
Problem Interviews
455(1)
After the Interview
456(1)
Crisis Communication
457(1)
Types of Crises
457(2)
Six Principles for Crisis Communication
459(1)
Crisis Strategy
460(1)
Crisis Messaging
461(1)
Preparing for Crisis
462(1)
Flow of Information during a Crisis
462(2)
Glossary 464(31)
Citations and Recommended Readings 495(11)
Index 506
Ronald D. Smith is Professor of Public Communication and former Chair of the Communication Department at Buffalo State (SUNY). He currently serves as interim Associate Dean of the School of Arts and Humanities. He is an accredited member of the Public Relations Society of America.