Preface |
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xvii | |
New to This Fourth Edition |
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xvii | |
Note to Students |
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xvii | |
Note to Public Relations Practitioners |
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xviii | |
Note to Instructors |
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xviii | |
Who Uses This Book? |
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xix | |
Acknowledgments |
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xx | |
Personal Dedication |
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xx | |
An Invitation |
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xxi | |
About the Author |
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xxii | |
Cases and Examples |
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xxiii | |
Introduction |
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1 | (18) |
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2 | (3) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (6) |
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12 | (1) |
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Strategic Public Relations |
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13 | (4) |
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Phase 1 Formative Research |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Phase 4 Evaluative Research |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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Phase One FORMATIVE RESEARCH |
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19 | (74) |
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Step 1 Analyzing the Situation |
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21 | (20) |
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Public Relations Situation |
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21 | (4) |
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Obstacles into Opportunities |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (2) |
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Background of Issues Management |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (3) |
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30 | (6) |
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Unpredicted, but Predictable |
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32 | (4) |
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Public Relations and Ethics |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Planning Example 1 Analyzing the Situation |
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38 | (1) |
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Checklist 1 The Public Relations Situation |
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38 | (3) |
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Step 2 Analyzing the Organization |
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41 | (16) |
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43 | (2) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (2) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Planning Example 2 Analyzing the Organization |
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49 | (2) |
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Checklist 2A Internal Environment |
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51 | (2) |
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Checklist 2B Public Perception |
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53 | (1) |
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Checklist 2C External Environment |
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54 | (3) |
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Step 3 Analyzing the Publics |
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57 | (36) |
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57 | (8) |
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Public, Market, Audience and Stakeholder |
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57 | (3) |
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Characteristics of Publics |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (4) |
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Intercessory Public and Opinion Leader |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (2) |
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Planning Example 3A Identifying Publics |
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69 | (3) |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (4) |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (6) |
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84 | (2) |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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Planning Example 3B Analyzing Key Publics |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (4) |
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93 | (132) |
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Step 4 Establishing Goals and Objectives |
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95 | (18) |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (3) |
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100 | (9) |
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101 | (3) |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (1) |
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Planning Example 4 Establishing Goals and Objectives |
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110 | (1) |
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Checklist 4 Goals and Objectives |
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111 | (2) |
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Step 5 Formulating Action and Response Strategies |
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113 | (59) |
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Proactive Strategy 1 Action |
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113 | (17) |
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Organizational Performance |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (3) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (5) |
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128 | (2) |
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Proactive Strategy 2 Communication |
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130 | (14) |
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130 | (3) |
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133 | (4) |
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137 | (3) |
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Transparent Communication |
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140 | (2) |
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Media Theory and Public Relations |
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142 | (2) |
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Reactive Public Relations Strategies |
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144 | (1) |
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Reactive Strategy 1 Pre-emptive Action |
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145 | (2) |
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145 | (2) |
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Reactive Strategy 2 Offensive Response |
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147 | (3) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (1) |
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Reactive Strategy 3 Defensive Response |
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150 | (3) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Reactive Strategy 4 Diversionary Response |
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153 | (3) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Reactive Strategy 5 Vocal Commiseration |
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156 | (6) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (5) |
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Reactive Strategy 6 Rectifying Behavior |
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162 | (2) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
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Reactive Strategy 7 Deliberate Inaction |
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164 | (4) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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Planning Example 5 Formulating Action and Response Strategies |
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168 | (1) |
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Checklist 5 Action and Response Strategies |
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169 | (3) |
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Step 6 Developing the Message Strategy |
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172 | (53) |
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172 | (1) |
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Information: Flow of Communication |
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173 | (1) |
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Persuasion: Attempts to Influence |
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173 | (1) |
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Dialogue: Quest for Understanding |
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173 | (3) |
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176 | (2) |
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Ethos: Selecting Message Sources |
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178 | (1) |
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Credibility: Power to Inspire Belief |
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178 | (3) |
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Charisma: Power of Personal Charm |
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181 | (1) |
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Control: Power of Command |
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182 | (1) |
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Organizational Spokespeople |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (4) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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Planning Example 6A Selecting Message Sources |
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189 | (1) |
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Checklist 6A Message Sources |
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190 | (1) |
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Logos: Appealing to Reason |
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191 | (5) |
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192 | (1) |
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Visual Supporting Evidence |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (2) |
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Pathos: Appealing to Sentiment |
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196 | (5) |
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Positive Emotional Appeals |
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196 | (3) |
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Negative Emotional Appeals |
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199 | (2) |
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Planning Example 6B Determining Message Appeals |
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201 | (1) |
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Checklist 6B Message Appeals |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (8) |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (6) |
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212 | (5) |
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214 | (3) |
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Planning Example 6C Verbal and Nonverbal Communication |
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217 | (1) |
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Checklist 6C Verbal and Nonverbal Communication |
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218 | (1) |
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Branding the Strategic Message |
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219 | (4) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (104) |
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Step 7 Selecting Communication Tactics |
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227 | (77) |
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Conventional Communication Tactics |
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227 | (2) |
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Strategic Communication Tactics |
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229 | (1) |
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Interpersonal Communication Techniques |
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230 | (12) |
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Strategy for Interpersonal Communication |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (6) |
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241 | (1) |
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Planning Example 7A Selecting Interpersonal Communication Tactics |
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242 | (1) |
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Checklist 7A Interpersonal Communication Tactics |
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243 | (2) |
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Organizational Media Tactics |
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245 | (16) |
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Strategy for Organizational Media |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (5) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (6) |
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Planning Example 7B Selecting Organizational Media Tactics |
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261 | (1) |
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Checklist 7B Organizational Media Tactics |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (23) |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (4) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (2) |
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274 | (2) |
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Direct Information Subsidy |
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276 | (5) |
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Indirect Information Subsidy |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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Interactive Media Engagement |
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283 | (4) |
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Planning Example 7C Selecting News Media Tactics |
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287 | (1) |
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Checklist 7C News Media Tactics |
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288 | (1) |
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Advertising and Promotional Media Tactics |
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289 | (12) |
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Strategy for Advertising and Promotional Media |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (1) |
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Electronic Media Advertising |
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292 | (6) |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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Planning Example 7D Selecting Advertising and Promotional Tactics |
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301 | (1) |
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Checklist 7D Advertising and Promotional Tactics |
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302 | (2) |
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Step 8 Implementing the Strategic Plan |
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304 | (25) |
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Packaging Communication Tactics |
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304 | (4) |
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305 | (1) |
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Putting the Program Together |
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306 | (2) |
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Planning Example 8A Packaging the Communication Tactics |
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308 | (1) |
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Checklist 8A Packaging Communication Tactics |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (2) |
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Example: Tactics for Open House |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (3) |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (11) |
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316 | (2) |
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318 | (3) |
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321 | (3) |
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324 | (1) |
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How Much Success Is Necessary? |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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Planning Example 8B Implementing the Strategic Plan |
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326 | (2) |
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Checklist 8B Implementing the Strategic Plan |
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328 | (1) |
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Phase Four EVALUATIVE RESEARCH |
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329 | (30) |
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Step 9 Evaluating the Strategic Plan |
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331 | (28) |
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331 | (4) |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (3) |
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335 | (4) |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (3) |
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339 | (11) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (3) |
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343 | (3) |
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346 | (2) |
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348 | (2) |
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Data Analysis and Reports |
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350 | (2) |
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Ultimate Evaluation: Value-Added Public Relations |
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352 | (3) |
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353 | (1) |
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Game Changer for Public Relations Evaluation |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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Planning Example 9 Evaluating the Strategic Plan |
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356 | (1) |
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Checklist 9 Evaluation Plan |
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357 | (2) |
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359 | (105) |
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Appendix A Applied Research |
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361 | (49) |
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Academic Research and Applied Research |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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Ethical Treatment of People |
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363 | (3) |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (2) |
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369 | (2) |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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Types of Secondary Information |
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373 | (4) |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (2) |
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Listening During an Interview |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (2) |
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382 | (3) |
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385 | (2) |
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387 | (2) |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (3) |
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393 | (4) |
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397 | (4) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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403 | (7) |
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Appendix B Ethical Standards |
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410 | (11) |
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Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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PRSA Member Statement of Professional Values |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (4) |
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PRSA Member Code of Ethics Pledge |
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415 | (1) |
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Canadian Public Relations Society |
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415 | (1) |
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Declaration of Principles |
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415 | (1) |
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International Public Relations Association |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (2) |
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American Marketing Association |
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418 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (2) |
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Appendix C Sample Campaigns |
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421 | (22) |
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Text4Baby: Going Mobile with Pregnancy Education |
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423 | (3) |
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DeVry University: Getting an Education on Reputation Building |
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426 | (4) |
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Connecting Army and America |
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430 | (4) |
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Coca-Cola's Expedition 206:365 Days, 206 Countries, 1 Mission |
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434 | (5) |
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Philips Norelco: Deforest Yourself, Reforest the World |
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439 | (4) |
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Appendix D Effective Media Engagement |
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443 | (21) |
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Reputation and Media Relations |
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444 | (1) |
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Reputation and Performance |
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445 | (1) |
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Reputation as a Strategic Tool |
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445 | (1) |
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445 | (1) |
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Reputation and News Media |
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445 | (1) |
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Reputation as a Participant Activity |
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446 | (1) |
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Headlines and Bottom Lines |
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446 | (1) |
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447 | (1) |
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Media Relations -- from the Media Side |
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447 | (1) |
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Media Relations -- from the Organization Side |
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447 | (1) |
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Media Relations -- from Both Sides |
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448 | (1) |
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Reputational Bumps and Bruises |
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448 | (1) |
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Twelve Principles of Effective Media Relations |
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448 | (1) |
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449 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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If You Are Asked for an Interview |
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451 | (1) |
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Dress for Interview Success |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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Preparing for the Interview |
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453 | (1) |
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Be-Attitudes for Interview Success |
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454 | (1) |
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454 | (1) |
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Communicating during the Interview |
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455 | (1) |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (1) |
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457 | (1) |
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457 | (2) |
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Six Principles for Crisis Communication |
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459 | (1) |
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460 | (1) |
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461 | (1) |
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462 | (1) |
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Flow of Information during a Crisis |
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462 | (2) |
Glossary |
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464 | (31) |
Citations and Recommended Readings |
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495 | (11) |
Index |
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506 | |