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E-grāmata: Structure of Matter: An Introductory Course with Problems and Solutions

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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : UNITEXT for Physics
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Jun-2015
  • Izdevniecība: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319178974
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Structure of Matter: An Introductory Course with Problems and SolutionsPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : UNITEXT for Physics
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Jun-2015
  • Izdevniecība: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319178974
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An Introductory Course with Problems and Solutions.

This textbook, now in its third edition, provides a formative introduction to the structure of matter that will serve as a sound basis for students proceeding to more complex courses, thus bridging the gap between elementary physics and topics pertaining to research activities. The focus is deliberately limited to key concepts of atoms, molecules and solids, examining the basic structural aspects without paying detailed attention to the related properties. For many topics the aim has been to start from the beginning and to guide the reader to the threshold of advanced research. This edition includes four new chapters dealing with relevant phases of solid matter (magnetic, electric and superconductive) and the related phase transitions. The book is based on a mixture of theory and solved problems that are integrated into the formal presentation of the arguments. Readers will find it invaluable in enabling them to acquire basic knowledge in the wide and wonderful field of condensed matter and to understand how phenomenological properties originate from the microscopic, quantum features of nature.
1 Atoms: General Aspects
1(60)
1.1 Central Field Approximation
2(3)
1.2 Self-Consistent Construction of the Effective Potential
5(1)
1.3 Degeneracy from Dynamical Equivalence
6(1)
1.4 Hydrogenic Atoms: Illustration of Basic Properties
7(14)
1.5 Finite Nuclear Mass. Positron, Muonic and Rydberg Atoms
21(4)
1.6 Orbital and Spin Magnetic Moments and Spin-Orbit Interaction
25(7)
1.7 Spectroscopic Notation for Multiplet States
32(29)
Appendix 1.1 Electromagnetic Spectral Ranges and Fundamental Constants
36(1)
Appendix 1.2 Perturbation Effects in Two-Level Systems
37(4)
Appendix 1.3 Transition Probabilities and Selection Rules
41(17)
Specific References and Further Reading
58(3)
2 Typical Atoms
61(28)
2.1 Alkali Atoms
61(8)
2.2 Helium Atom
69(11)
2.2.1 Generalities and Ground State
69(4)
2.2.2 Excited States and the Exchange Interaction
73(7)
2.3 Pauli Principle, Determinantal Eigenfunctions and Superselection Rule
80(9)
Specific References and Further Reading
87(2)
3 The Shell Vectorial Model
89(32)
3.1 Introductory Aspects
89(2)
3.2 Coupling of Angular Momenta
91(14)
3.2.1 LS Coupling Model
91(4)
3.2.2 The Effective Magnetic Moment
95(2)
3.2.3 Illustrative Examples and the Hund Rules for the Ground State
97(8)
3.3 Jj Coupling Scheme
105(5)
3.4 Quantum Theory for Multiplets. Slater Radial Wavefunctions
110(4)
3.5 Selection Rules
114(7)
Specific References and Further Reading
120(1)
4 Atoms in Electric and Magnetic Fields
121(36)
4.1 Introductory Aspects
121(3)
4.2 Stark Effect and Atomic Polarizability
124(5)
4.3 Hamiltonian in Magnetic Field
129(7)
4.3.1 Zeeman Regime
130(2)
4.3.2 Paschen-Back Regime
132(4)
4.4 Paramagnetism of Non-interacting Atoms and Mean Field Interaction
136(4)
4.5 Atomic Diamagnetism
140(17)
Appendix 4.1 Electromagnetic Units and Gauss System
143(12)
Specific References and Further Reading
155(2)
5 Nuclear Moments and Hyperfine Interactions
157(36)
5.1 Introductory Generalities
157(2)
5.2 Magnetic Hyperfine Interaction---F States
159(7)
5.3 Electric Quadrupole Interaction
166(27)
Appendix 5.1 Fine and Hyperfine Structure in Hydrogen
172(19)
Specific References and Further Reading
191(2)
6 Spin Statistics, Magnetic Resonance, Spin Motion and Echoes
193(30)
6.1 Spin Statistics, Spin-Temperature and Fluctuations
193(8)
6.2 The Principle of Magnetic Resonance and the Spin Motion
201(7)
6.3 Spin and Photon Echoes
208(2)
6.4 Ordering and Disordering in Spin Systems: Cooling by Adiabatic Demagnetization
210(13)
Specific References and Further Reading
222(1)
7 Molecules: General Aspects
223(14)
7.1 Born-Oppenheimer Separation and the Adiabatic Approximation
224(4)
7.2 Classification of the Electronic States
228(9)
7.2.1 Generalities
228(1)
7.2.2 Schrodinger Equation in Cylindrical Symmetry
229(2)
7.2.3 Separated-Atoms and United-Atoms Schemes and Correlation Diagram
231(5)
Further Reading
236(1)
8 Electronic States in Diatomic Molecules
237(34)
8.1 Ht as Prototype of MO Approach
237(11)
8.1.1 Eigenvalues and Energy Curves
237(8)
8.1.2 Bonding Mechanism and the Exchange of the Electron
245(3)
8.2 Homonuclear Molecules in the MO Scenario
248(5)
8.3 H2 as Prototype of the VB Approach
253(4)
8.4 Comparison of MO and VB Scenarios in H2: Equivalence from Configuration Interaction
257(3)
8.5 Heteronuclear Molecules and the Electric Dipole Moment
260(11)
Specific References and Further Reading
268(3)
9 Electronic States in Selected Polyatomic Molecules
271(18)
9.1 Qualitative Aspects of NH3 and H2O Molecules
273(1)
9.2 Bonds Due to Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
274(4)
9.3 Delocalization and the Benzene Molecule
278(11)
Appendix 9.1 Ammonia Molecule in Electric Field and the Ammonia Maser
281(7)
Further Reading
288(1)
10 Nuclear Motions in Molecules and Related Properties
289(48)
10.1 Generalities and Introductory Aspects for Diatomic Molecules
289(2)
10.2 Rotational Motions
291(10)
10.2.1 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues
291(1)
10.2.2 Principles of Rotational Spectroscopy
292(3)
10.2.3 Thermodynamical Energy from Rotational Motions
295(1)
10.2.4 Orientational Electric Polarizability
296(1)
10.2.5 Extension to Polyatomic Molecules and Effect of the Electronic Motion in Diatomic Molecules
297(4)
10.3 Vibrational Motions
301(7)
10.3.1 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues
301(3)
10.3.2 Principles of Vibrational Spectroscopy and Anharmonicity Effects
304(4)
10.4 Morse Potential
308(2)
10.5 Roto-Vibrational Eigenvalues and Coupling Effects
310(6)
10.6 Polyatomic Molecules: Normal Modes
316(4)
10.7 Principles of Raman Spectroscopy
320(4)
10.8 Electronic Spectra and Franck---Condon Principle
324(3)
10.9 Effects of Nuclear Spin Statistics in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
327(10)
Specific References and Further Reading
335(2)
11 Crystal Structures
337(16)
11.1 Translational Invariance, Bravais Lattices and Wigner-Seitz Cell
338(5)
11.2 Reciprocal Lattice and Brillouin Cell
343(2)
11.3 Typical Crystal Structures
345(8)
Specific References and Further Readings
351(2)
12 Electron States in Crystals
353(38)
12.1 Introductory Aspects and the Band Concept
353(3)
12.2 Translational Invariance and the Bloch Orbital
356(2)
12.3 Role and Properties of k
358(3)
12.4 Periodic Boundary Conditions and Reduction to the First Brillouin zone
361(2)
12.5 Density of States, Dispersion Relations and Critical Points
363(2)
12.6 The Effective Electron Mass
365(3)
12.7 Models of Crystals
368(23)
12.7.1 Electrons in Empty Lattice
368(4)
12.7.2 Weakly Bound Electrons
372(3)
12.7.3 Tightly Bound Electrons
375(14)
Specific References and Further Reading
389(2)
13 Miscellaneous Aspects Related to the Electronic Structure
391(26)
13.1 Typology of Crystals
391(3)
13.2 Bonding Mechanisms and Cohesive Energies
394(7)
13.2.1 Ionic Crystals
394(2)
13.2.2 Lennard-Jones Interaction and Molecular Crystals
396(5)
13.3 Electron States of Magnetic Ions in a Crystal Field
401(4)
13.4 Simple Picture of the Electric Transport
405(12)
Appendix 13.1 Magnetism from Itinerant Electrons
409(6)
Specific References and Further Reading
415(2)
14 Vibrational Motions of the Ions and Thermal Effects
417(28)
14.1 Motions of the Ions in the Harmonic Approximation
417(2)
14.2 Branches and Dispersion Relations
419(1)
14.3 Models of Lattice Vibrations
419(9)
14.3.1 Monoatomic One-Dimensional Crystal
420(2)
14.3.2 Diatomic One-Dimensional Crystal
422(3)
14.3.3 Einstein and Debye Crystals
425(3)
14.4 Phonons
428(2)
14.5 Thermal Properties Related to Lattice Vibrations
430(5)
14.6 The Mossbauer Effect
435(10)
Specific References and Further Reading
444(1)
15 Phase Diagrams, Response Functions and Fluctuations
445(32)
15.1 Phase Diagrams, Thermodynamic Responses and Critical Points: Introductory Remarks
446(9)
15.2 Free Energy for Homogeneous Systems
455(2)
15.3 Non Homogeneous Systems and Fluctuations
457(3)
15.4 Time Dependence of the Fluctuations
460(3)
15.5 Generalized Dynamical Susceptibility and Experimental Probes for Critical Dynamics
463(14)
Appendix 15.1 From Single Particle to Collective Response
466(10)
Specific References and Further Reading
476(1)
16 Dielectrics and Paraelectric-Ferroelectric Phase Transitions
477(28)
16.1 Dielectric Properties of Crystals. Generalities
477(3)
16.2 Clausius-Mossotti Relation and the Onsager Reaction Field
480(1)
16.3 Dielectric Response for Model Systems
481(4)
16.4 The Ferroelectric Transition in the Mean Field Scenario
485(7)
16.5 The Critical Dynamics Driving the Transition
492(13)
Appendix 16.1 Pseudo-Spin Dynamics for Order-Disorder Ferroelectrics
494(4)
Appendix 16.2 Distribution of Correlation Times and Effects around the Transition
498(5)
Specific References and Further Reading
503(2)
17 Magnetic Orders and Magnetic Phase Transitions
505(34)
17.1 Introductory Aspects on Electronic Correlation
505(5)
17.2 Mechanisms of Exchange Interaction
510(3)
17.3 Antiferromagnetism, Ferrimagnetism and Spin Glasses
513(4)
17.4 The Excitations in the Ordered States
517(3)
17.5 Superparamagnetism and Frustrated Magnetism
520(19)
Appendix 17.1 Phase Diagram and Related Effects in 2D Quantum Heisenberg Antiferromagnets (2DQHAF)
524(6)
Appendix 17.2 Remarks on Scaling and Universality
530(8)
Specific References and Further Reading
538(1)
18 Superconductors, the Superconductive Phase Transition and Fluctuations
539(52)
18.1 Historical Overview and Phenomenological Aspects
539(6)
18.2 Microscopic Properties of the Superconducting State
545(6)
18.2.1 The Cooper Pair
545(2)
18.2.2 Some Properties of the Superconducting State
547(2)
18.2.3 The Particular Meaning of the Superconducting Wave Function
549(2)
18.3 London Theory and the Flux Expulsion
551(2)
18.4 Flux Quantization in Rings
553(1)
18.5 The Josephson Junction
554(3)
18.6 The SQUID Device
557(2)
18.7 Type II Superconductors
559(1)
18.8 High-Temperature Superconductors
560(4)
18.9 Ginzburg-Landau (GL) Theory
564(7)
18.9.1 The GL Functional
564(2)
18.9.2 The GL Equations
566(1)
18.9.3 Uniform and Homogeneous SC and No Magnetic Field
567(1)
18.9.4 Surface Effects (in Bulk SC and in the Absence of Field)
568(2)
18.9.5 The London Penetration Length
570(1)
18.10 The Parameter k and the Vortex
571(3)
18.11 Effects of Superconducting Fluctuations
574(6)
18.11.1 Introductory Remarks
574(3)
18.11.2 Paraconductivity and Fluctuating Diamagnetism
577(3)
18.12 Superconducting Nanoparticles and the Zero-Dimensional Condition
580(11)
Specific References and Further Reading
590(1)
Index 591
Pietro Carretta is Associate Professor of Condensed Matter Physics at the University of Pavia. He is a member of the CNISM (Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia) Scientific Committee and from 2011 to 2013 was vice-president of AIMagn (Italian Magnetism Society). Dr. Carretta is a reviewer for several international journals and has worked as an expert for AERES (Agence dévaluation de la recherche et de lenseignement supérieur). He has coordinated several national projects and promoted research programs such as the ESF Program on Highly Frustrated Magnetism. His research activity has focused especially on the experimental study of the physical properties of matter by combining magnetic resonance techniques, mainly NMR and SR, with techniques of complementary character such as magnetization and specific heat measurements.





Attilio Rigamonti is Emeritus Professor of the University of Pavia, Italy, having first been appointed full professor of Structure of Matter at the university in 1976. He is a former Director of the Institute of Physics and first Director of the Department of Physics A.Volta at the University of Pavia (1981-1985) and served as First Director of the Graduate School in Science and Technologies (2006-2009). Professor Rigamonti has given courses, lectures and seminars at many Universities in Europe and the United States. He has supervised international research projects and has been a member of academies and various scientific committees. He was a member of the advisory board of the Groupement AMPERE for two decades and of the MECO organization from 1971 to 2005 and was chairman of the program committee for CIMTEC in 2006 and 2010. He was a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Magnetic Resonance from 1978 to 1993 and is the author of more than 210 scientific papers in the most important journals and of textbooks. Rigamonti is presently a member of the Istituto Lombardo,Academy of Sciences and Letters.
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