| 1 The Human Body: An Orientation |
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1.1 Form (anatomy) determines function (physiology) |
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1.2 The body's organization ranges from atoms to the entire organism |
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1.3 What are the requirements for life? |
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1.4 Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback |
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1.5 Anatomical terms describe body directions, regions, and planes |
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1.6 Many internal organs lie in membrane-lined body cavities |
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| 2 Chemistry Comes Alive |
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2.1 Matter is the stuff of the universe and energy moves matter |
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2.2 The properties of an element depend on the structure of its atoms |
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2.3 Atoms bound together form molecules; different molecules can make mixtures |
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2.4 Three types of chemical bonds are ionic, covalent, and hydrogen |
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2.5 Chemical reactions occur when electrons are shared, gained, or lost |
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2.6 Inorganic compounds include water, salts, and many acids and bases |
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2.7 Organic compounds are made by dehydration synthesis and broken down by hydrolysis |
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2.8 Carbohydrates provide an easily used energy source for the body |
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2.9 Lipids insulate body organs, build cell membranes, and provide stored energy |
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2.10 Proteins are the body's basic structural material and have many vital functions |
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2.11 DNA and RNA store, transmit, and help express genetic information |
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2.12 ATP transfers energy to other compounds |
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The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for Biochemistry |
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| 3 Cells: The Living Units |
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3.1 Cells are the smallest unit of life |
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3.2 The plasma membrane is a double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins |
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3.3 Passive membrane transport is diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradient |
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3.4 Active membrane transport directly or indirectly uses ATP |
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3.5 Selective diffusion establishes the membrane potential |
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3.6 Cell adhesion molecules and membrane receptors allow the cell to interact with its environment |
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3.7 Cytoplasmic organelles each perform a specialized task |
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3.8 Cilia and microvilli are two main types of cellular extensions |
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3.9 The nucleus includes the nuclear envelope, the nucleolus, and chromatin |
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3.10 The cell cycle consists of interphase and a mitotic phase |
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3.11 Messenger RNA carries instructions from DNA for building proteins |
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3.12 Autophagy and proteasomes dispose of unneeded organelles and proteins; apoptosis disposes of unneeded cells |
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Developmental Aspects of Cells |
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The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Cell |
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| 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric |
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4.1 Tissue samples are fixed, sliced, and stained for microscopy |
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4.2 Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands |
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4.3 Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body |
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4.4 Muscle tissue is responsible for body movement |
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4.5 Nervous tissue is a specialized tissue of the nervous system |
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4.6 The cutaneous membrane is dry; mucous and serous membranes are wet |
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4.7 Tissue repair involves inflammation, organization, and regeneration |
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Developmental Aspects of Tissues |
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| 5 The Integumentary System |
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101 | (1) |
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5.1 The skin consists of two layers: the epidermis and dermis |
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5.2 The epidermis is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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5.3 The dermis consists of papillary dermis and reticular dermis |
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5.4 Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin determine skin color |
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5.5 Hair consists of dead, keratinized cells |
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5.6 Nails are scale-like modifications of the epidermis |
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5.7 Sweat glands help control body temperature, and sebaceous glands secrete sebum |
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5.8 First and foremost, the skin is a barrier |
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5.9 Skin cancer and burns are major challenges to the body |
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Developmental Aspects of the Integumentary System |
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The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Skin |
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113 | (2) |
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| 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues |
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6.1 Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage help form the skeleton |
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6.2 Bones perform several important functions |
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6.3 Bones are classified by their location and shape |
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6.4 The gross structure of all bones consists of compact bone sandwiching spongy bone |
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6.5 Bones develop either by intramembranous or endochondral ossification |
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126 | (3) |
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6.6 Bone remodeling involves bone deposition and removal |
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129 | (1) |
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6.7 Bone repair involves hematoma and callus formation, and remodelling |
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6.8 Bone disorders result from abnormal bone deposition and resorption |
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132 | (1) |
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Developmental Aspects of Bones |
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133 | (1) |
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The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Skeletal System |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (3) |
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135 | (1) |
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| 7 The Skeleton |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Part 1: The Axial Skeleton |
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7.1 The skull consists of 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones |
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7.2 The vertebral column is a flexible, curved support structure |
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149 | (4) |
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7.3 The thoracic cage is the bony structure of the chest |
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153 | (1) |
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Part 2: The Appendicular Skeleton |
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154 | (8) |
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7.4 Each pectoral girdle consists of a clavicle and a scapula |
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154 | (1) |
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7.5 The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, and hand |
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155 | (3) |
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7.6 The hip bones attach to the sacrum, forming the pelvic girdle |
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158 | (1) |
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7.7 The lower limb consists of the thigh, leg, and foot |
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158 | (3) |
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Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (3) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (3) |
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165 | (3) |
| 8 Joints |
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169 | (9) |
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169 | (1) |
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8.1 Joints are classified into three structural and three functional categories |
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Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial Joints |
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8.2 In fibrous joints, the bones are connected by fibrous tissue |
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170 | (1) |
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8.3 In cartilaginous joints, the bones are connected by cartilage |
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170 | (1) |
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8.4 Synovial joints have a fluid-filled joint cavity |
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8.5 Five examples illustrate the diversity of synovial joints |
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8.6 Joints are easily damaged by injury, inflammation, and degeneration |
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176 | (1) |
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Developmental Aspects of Joints |
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177 | (1) |
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The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Knee Joint |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (3) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (3) |
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181 | (3) |
| 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue |
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185 | (17) |
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185 | (1) |
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9.1 There are three types of muscle tissue |
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186 | (1) |
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9.2 A skeletal muscle is made up of muscle fibers, nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues |
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187 | (1) |
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9.3 Skeletal muscle fibers contain calcium-regulated molecular motors |
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188 | (3) |
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9.4 Motor neurons stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract |
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191 | (3) |
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9.5 Temporal summation and motor unit recruitment allow smooth, graded skeletal muscle contractions |
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194 | (2) |
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9.6 ATP for muscle contraction is produced aerobically or anaerobically |
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196 | (2) |
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9.7 The force, velocity, and duration of skeletal muscle contractions are determined by a variety of factors |
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198 | (1) |
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9.8 How does skeletal muscle respond to exercise? |
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198 | (1) |
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9.9 Smooth muscle is nonstriated involuntary muscle |
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199 | (1) |
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Developmental Aspects of Muscles |
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200 | (1) |
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The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for Skeletal Muscle Tissue |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (4) |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (3) |
| 10 The Muscular System |
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209 | (1) |
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10.1 For any movement, muscles can act in one of three ways |
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210 | (1) |
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10.2 How are skeletal muscles named? |
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211 | (1) |
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10.3 Fascicle arrangements help determine muscle shape and force |
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211 | (1) |
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10.4 Muscles acting with bones form lever systems |
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212 | (2) |
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10.5 A muscle's origin and insertion determine its action |
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231 | (2) |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (3) |
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233 | (3) |
| 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue |
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236 | (24) |
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237 | (16) |
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237 | (1) |
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11.1 The nervous system receives, integrates, and responds to information |
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238 | (1) |
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11.2 Neuroglia support and maintain neurons |
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239 | (1) |
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11.3 Neurons are the structural units of the nervous system |
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240 | (4) |
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244 | (4) |
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11.4 The resting membrane potential depends on differences in ion concentration and permeability |
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244 | (1) |
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11.5 Graded potentials are brief, short-distance signals within a neuron |
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244 | (1) |
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11.6 Action potentials are brief, long-distance signals within a neuron |
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244 | (4) |
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The Synapse and Postsynaptic Potentials |
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248 | (5) |
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11.7 Synapses transmit signals between neurons |
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248 | (1) |
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11.8 Postsynaptic potentials excite or inhibit the receiving neuron |
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248 | (3) |
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11.9 The effect of a neurotransmitter depends on its receptor |
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251 | (1) |
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11.10 Neurons act together, making complex behaviors possible |
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251 | (2) |
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Developmental Aspects of Neurons |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (4) |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (3) |
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257 | (3) |
| 12 The Central Nervous System |
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260 | (35) |
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261 | (25) |
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261 | (1) |
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12.1 Folding during development determines the complex structure of the adult brain |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (16) |
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12.2 The cerebral hemispheres consist of cortex, white matter, and the basal nuclei |
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263 | (1) |
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12.3 The diencephalon includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus |
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263 | (1) |
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12.4 The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
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263 | (1) |
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12.5 The cerebellum adjusts motor output, ensuring coordination and balance |
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263 | (9) |
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12.6 Functional brain systems span multiple brain structures |
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272 | (1) |
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12.7 The interconnected structures of the brain allow higher mental functions |
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273 | (3) |
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12.8 The brain is protected by bone, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and the blood brain barrier |
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276 | (2) |
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12.9 Brain injuries and disorders have devastating consequences |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (4) |
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12.10 The spinal cord is a reflex center and conduction pathway |
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279 | (3) |
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12.11 Neuronal pathways carry sensory and motor information to and from the brain |
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282 | (1) |
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Diagnostic Procedures for Assessing CNS Dysfunction |
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283 | (1) |
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Developmental Aspects of the Central Nervous System |
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284 | (1) |
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The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Nervous System |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (4) |
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286 | (3) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (5) |
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290 | (5) |
| 13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity |
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295 | (26) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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Part 1: Sensory Receptors And Sensation |
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297 | (3) |
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13.1 Sensory receptors are activated by changes in the internal or external environment |
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297 | (2) |
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13.2 Receptors, ascending pathways, and cerebral cortex process sensory information |
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299 | (1) |
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Part 2: Transmission Lines: Nerves And Their Structure And Repair |
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300 | (9) |
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13.3 Nerves are cord-like bundles of axons that conduct sensory and motor impulses |
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300 | (2) |
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13.4 There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves |
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302 | (3) |
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13.5 31 pairs of spinal nerves innervate the body |
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305 | (4) |
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Part 3: Motor Endings And Motor Activity |
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309 | (2) |
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13.6 Peripheral motor endings connect nerves to their effectors |
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309 | (1) |
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13.7 There are three levels of motor control |
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309 | (2) |
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311 | (4) |
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13.8 The reflex arc enables rapid and predictable responses |
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311 | (1) |
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13.9 Spinal reflexes are somatic reflexes mediated by the spinal cord |
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312 | (2) |
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Developmental Aspects of the Peripheral Nervous System |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (4) |
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315 | (2) |
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317 | (2) |
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319 | (2) |
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319 | (2) |
| 14 The Autonomic Nervous System |
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321 | (15) |
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322 | (9) |
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322 | (1) |
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14.1 The ANS differs from the somatic nervous system in that it can stimulate or inhibit its effectors |
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322 | (2) |
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14.2 The ANS consists of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions |
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324 | (1) |
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14.3 Long preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate in the craniosacral CNS |
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324 | (4) |
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14.4 Short preganglionic sympathetic fibers originate in the thoracolumbar CNS |
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328 | (1) |
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14.5 Visceral reflex arcs have the same five components as somatic reflex arcs |
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328 | (1) |
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14.6 Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are the major ANS neurotransmitters |
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328 | (1) |
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14.7 The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions usually produce opposite effects |
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328 | (1) |
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14.8 The hypothalamus oversees ANS activity |
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329 | (1) |
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14.9 Most ANS disorders involve abnormalities in smooth muscle control |
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330 | |
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Developmental Aspects of the ANS |
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300 | (31) |
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331 | (3) |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (2) |
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334 | (2) |
| 15 The Special Senses |
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336 | (29) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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Part 1: The Eye And Vision |
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338 | (8) |
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15.1 The eye has three layers, a lens, and humors and is surrounded by accessory structures |
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338 | (4) |
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15.2 The cornea and lens focus light on the retina |
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342 | (1) |
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15.3 Phototransduction begins when light activates visual pigments in retinal photoreceptors |
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343 | (2) |
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15.4 Visual information from the retina passes through relay nuclei to the visual cortex |
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345 | (1) |
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Part 2: The Chemical Senses: Smell And Taste |
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346 | (3) |
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15.5 Airborne chemicals are detected by olfactory receptors in the nose |
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346 | (1) |
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15.6 Dissolved chemicals are detected by receptor cells in taste buds |
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346 | (3) |
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Part 3: The Ear: Hearing And Balance |
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349 | (8) |
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15.7 The ear has three major areas |
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349 | (3) |
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15.8 Sound is a pressure wave that stimulates mechanosensitive cochlear hair cells |
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352 | (1) |
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15.9 Sound information is processed and relayed through brain stem and thalamic nuclei to the auditory cortex |
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353 | (1) |
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15.10 Hair cells in the maculae and cristae ampullares monitor head position and movement |
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353 | (1) |
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15.11 Ear abnormalities can affect hearing, equilibrium, or both |
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354 | (1) |
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Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses |
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355 | (1) |
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The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Special Senses |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (4) |
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357 | (2) |
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359 | (2) |
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361 | (4) |
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361 | (4) |
| 16 The Endocrine System |
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365 | (22) |
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366 | (15) |
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366 | (1) |
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16.1 The endocrine system is one of the body's two major control systems |
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367 | (1) |
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16.2 The chemical structure of a hormone determines how it acts |
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368 | (1) |
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16.3 Hormones act through second messengers or by activating specific genes |
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368 | (1) |
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16.4 Three types of stimuli cause hormone release |
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369 | (1) |
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16.5 Cells respond to a hormone if they have a receptor for that hormone |
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370 | (1) |
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16.6 The hypothalamus controls release of hormones from the pituitary gland in two different ways |
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371 | (1) |
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16.7 The thyroid gland controls metabolism |
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372 | (1) |
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16.8 The parathyroid glands are primary regulators of blood calcium levels |
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373 | (1) |
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16.9 The adrenal glands produce hormones involved in electrolyte balance and the stress response |
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374 | (1) |
|
16.10 The pineal gland secretes melatonin |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
16.11 The pancreas, gonads, and most other organs secrete hormones |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
16.6-16.11 Major Endocrine Glands |
|
|
375 | (5) |
|
Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Endocrine System |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
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381 | (4) |
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381 | (2) |
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|
383 | (2) |
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385 | (2) |
|
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|
385 | (2) |
| 17 Blood |
|
387 | (23) |
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388 | (15) |
|
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388 | (1) |
|
17.1 The functions of blood are transport, regulation, and protection |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
17.2 Blood consists of plasma and formed elements |
|
|
389 | (2) |
|
17.3 Erythrocytes play a crucial role in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport |
|
|
391 | (2) |
|
17.4 Leukocytes defend the body |
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
17.5 Platelets are cell fragments that help stop bleeding |
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
17.6 Hemostasis prevents blood loss |
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
17.7 Transfusion can replace lost blood |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
17.8 Blood tests give insights into a patient's health |
|
|
399 | (2) |
|
Developmental Aspects of Blood |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Blood |
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
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403 | (3) |
|
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403 | (2) |
|
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405 | (1) |
|
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406 | (4) |
|
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|
406 | (4) |
| 18 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart |
|
410 | (25) |
|
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411 | (17) |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
|
18.1 The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits |
|
|
412 | (1) |
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18.2 Heart valves make blood flow in one direction |
|
|
412 | (2) |
|
18.3 Blood flows from atrium to ventricle, and then to either the lungs or the rest of the body |
|
|
414 | (3) |
|
18.4 Intercalated discs connect cardiac muscle fibers into a functional syncytium |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
18.5 Pacemaker cells trigger action potentials throughout the heart |
|
|
418 | (4) |
|
18.6 The cardiac cycle describes the mechanical events associated with blood flow through the heart |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
18.7 Stroke volume and heart rate are regulated to alter cardiac output |
|
|
424 | (3) |
|
Developmental Aspects of the Heart |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
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428 | (3) |
|
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428 | (2) |
|
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430 | (1) |
|
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431 | (4) |
|
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|
431 | (4) |
| 19 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels |
|
435 | (35) |
|
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Part 1: Blood Vessel Structure And Function |
|
|
437 | (4) |
|
19.1 Most blood vessel walls have three layers |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
19.2 Arteries are pressure reservoirs, distributing vessels, or resistance vessels |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
19.3 Capillaries are exchange vessels |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
19.4 Veins are blood reservoirs that return blood toward the heart |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
19.5 Anastomoses are special interconnections between blood vessels |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Part 2: Physiology Of Circulation |
|
|
441 | (7) |
|
19.6 Blood flows from high to low pressure against resistance |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
19.7 Blood pressure decreases as blood flows from arteries through capillaries and into veins |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
19.8 Blood pressure is regulated by short- and long-term controls |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
19.9 Intrinsic and extrinsic controls determine blood flow through tissues |
|
|
444 | (2) |
|
19.10 Slow blood flow through capillaries promotes diffusion of nutrients and gases, and bulk flow of fluids |
|
|
446 | (2) |
|
Part 3: Circulatory Pathways: Blood Vessels Of The Body |
|
|
448 | (14) |
|
19.11 The vessels of the systemic circulation transport blood to all body tissues |
|
|
448 | (12) |
|
Developmental Aspects of Blood Vessels |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Cardiovascular System |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
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|
462 | (5) |
|
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462 | (3) |
|
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465 | (2) |
|
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|
467 | (3) |
|
|
|
467 | (3) |
| 20 The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs And Tissues |
|
470 | (13) |
|
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|
471 | (8) |
|
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
20.1 The lymphatic system includes lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymph nodes |
|
|
471 | (2) |
|
20.2 Lymphoid cells and tissues are found in lymphoid organs and in connective tissue of other organs |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
20.3 Lymph nodes cleanse lymph and house lymphocytes |
|
|
474 | (2) |
|
|
|
476 | (2) |
|
20.4 The spleen removes bloodborne pathogens and aged red blood cells |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
20.5 MALT guards the body's entryways against pathogens |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
20.6 T lymphocytes mature in the thymus |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
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|
479 | (2) |
|
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|
479 | (1) |
|
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|
480 | (1) |
|
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|
481 | (2) |
|
|
|
481 | (2) |
| 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses |
|
483 | (24) |
|
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
|
485 | (4) |
|
21.1 Surface barriers act as the first line of defense to keep invaders out of the body |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
21.2 Innate internal defenses are cells and chemicals that act as the second line of defense |
|
|
486 | (3) |
|
Part 2: Adaptive Defenses |
|
|
489 | (13) |
|
21.3 Antigens are substances that trigger the body's adaptive defenses |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
21.4 B and T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells are cells of the adaptive immune response |
|
|
490 | (3) |
|
21.5 In humoral immunity, antibodies are produced that target extracellular antigens |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
21.6 Cellular immunity consists of T lymphocytes that direct adaptive immunity or attack cellular targets |
|
|
494 | (4) |
|
21.7 Insufficient or overactive immune responses create problems |
|
|
498 | (2) |
|
Developmental Aspects of the Immune System |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Immune System |
|
|
500 | (2) |
|
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
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|
504 | (3) |
|
|
|
504 | (3) |
| 22 The Respiratory System |
|
507 | (31) |
|
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
Part 1: Functional Anatomy |
|
|
509 | (9) |
|
22.1 The upper respiratory system warms, humidifies, and filters air |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
22.2 The lower respiratory system consists of conducting and respiratory zone structures |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
22.3 Each multilobed lung occupies its own pleural cavity |
|
|
510 | (8) |
|
Part 2: Respiratory Physiology |
|
|
518 | (12) |
|
22.4 Volume changes cause pressure changes, which cause air to move |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
22.5 Measuring respiratory volumes, capacities, and flow rates helps us assess ventilation |
|
|
519 | (2) |
|
22.6 Gases exchange by diffusion among the blood, lungs, and tissues |
|
|
521 | (3) |
|
22.7 Oxygen is transported by hemoglobin, and carbon dioxide is transported in three different ways |
|
|
524 | (2) |
|
22.8 Respiratory centers in the brain stem control breathing with input from chemoreceptors and higher brain centers |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
22.9 Exercise and high altitude bring about respiratory adjustments |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
22.10 Respiratory diseases are major causes of disability and death |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Respiratory System |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
|
|
530 | (4) |
|
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|
530 | (2) |
|
|
|
532 | (2) |
|
|
|
534 | (4) |
|
|
|
534 | (4) |
| 23 The Digestive System |
|
538 | (30) |
|
|
|
539 | (2) |
|
|
|
539 | (2) |
|
Part 1: Overview Of The Digestive System |
|
|
541 | (4) |
|
23.1 What major processes occur during digestive system activity? |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
23.2 The GI tract has four layers and is usually surrounded by peritoneum |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
23.3 The GI tract has its own nervous system called the enteric nervous system |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
Part 2: Functional Anatomy Of The Digestive System |
|
|
545 | (11) |
|
23.4 Ingestion occurs only at the mouth |
|
|
545 | (3) |
|
23.5 The pharynx and esophagus move food from the mouth to the stomach |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
23.6 The stomach temporarily stores food and begins protein digestion |
|
|
548 | (2) |
|
23.7 The liver secretes bile; the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
23.8 The small intestine is the major site for digestion and absorption |
|
|
550 | (3) |
|
23.9 The large intestine absorbs water and eliminates feces |
|
|
553 | (3) |
|
Part 3: Physiology Of Digestion And Absorption |
|
|
556 | (5) |
|
23.10 Digestion hydrolyzes food into nutrients that are absorbed across the gut epithelium |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
23.11 How is each type of nutrient processed? |
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
Developmental Aspects of the Digestive System |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Digestive System |
|
|
559 | (2) |
|
|
|
561 | (3) |
|
|
|
561 | (2) |
|
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
|
|
564 | (4) |
|
|
|
564 | (4) |
| 24 Nutrition, Metabolism, And Body Temperature Regulation |
|
568 | (26) |
|
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
|
570 | (3) |
|
24.1 Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins supply energy and are used as building blocks |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
24.2 Most vitamins act as coenzymes; minerals have many roles in the body |
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
|
|
573 | (11) |
|
24.3 Metabolism is the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
24.4 Carbohydrate metabolism is the central player in ATP production |
|
|
574 | (4) |
|
24.5 Lipid metabolism is key for long-term energy storage and release |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
24.6 Amino acids are used to build proteins or for energy |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
24.7 Energy is stored in the absorptive state and released in the postabsorptive state |
|
|
579 | (4) |
|
24.8 The liver metabolizes, stores, and detoxifies |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
|
584 | (3) |
|
24.9 Neural and hormonal factors regulate food intake |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
24.10 Thyroxine is the major hormone that controls basal metabolic rate |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
24.11 The hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
Developmental Aspects of Nutrition and Metabolism |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
|
587 | (4) |
|
|
|
587 | (2) |
|
|
|
589 | (2) |
|
|
|
591 | (3) |
|
|
|
591 | (3) |
| 25 The Urinary System |
|
594 | (25) |
|
|
|
595 | (17) |
|
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
25.1 The kidneys have three distinct regions and a rich blood supply |
|
|
596 | (2) |
|
25.2 Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney |
|
|
598 | (3) |
|
25.3 Overview: Filtration, absorption, and secretion are the key processes of urine formation |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
25.4 Urine formation, step 1: The glomeruli make filtrate |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
25.5 Urine formation, step 2: Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
25.6 Urine formation, step 3: Certain substances are secreted into the filtrate |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
25.7 The kidneys create and use an osmotic gradient to regulate urine concentration and volume |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
25.8 Renal function is evaluated by analyzing blood and urine |
|
|
606 | (2) |
|
25.9 The ureters, bladder, and urethra transport, store, and eliminate urine |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System |
|
|
609 | (2) |
|
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Urinary System |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
|
612 | (3) |
|
|
|
612 | (2) |
|
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
|
615 | (4) |
|
|
|
615 | (4) |
| 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance |
|
619 | (18) |
|
|
|
620 | (12) |
|
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
26.1 Body fluids consist of water and solutes in three main compartments |
|
|
620 | (3) |
|
26.2 Both intake and output of water are regulated |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
26.3 Sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate levels are tightly regulated |
|
|
624 | (2) |
|
26.4 Chemical buffers and respiratory regulation rapidly minimize pH changes |
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
26.5 Renal regulation is a long-term mechanism for controlling acid-base balance |
|
|
628 | (2) |
|
26.6 Abnormalities of acid-base balance are classified as metabolic or respiratory |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
Developmental Aspects of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
|
|
632 | (2) |
|
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
|
|
634 | (3) |
|
|
|
634 | (3) |
| 27 The Reproductive System |
|
637 | (26) |
|
|
|
639 | (2) |
|
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
27.1 The male and female reproductive systems share common features |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
Part 1: Anatomy Of The Male Reproductive System |
|
|
641 | (3) |
|
27.2 The testes are enclosed and protected by the scrotum |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
27.3 Sperm travel from the testes to the body exterior through a system of ducts |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
27.4 The penis is the copulatory organ of the male |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
27.5 The male accessory glands produce the bulk of semen |
|
|
642 | (2) |
|
Part 2: Physiology Of The Male Reproductive System |
|
|
644 | (4) |
|
27.6 The male sexual response includes erection and ejaculation |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
27.7 Spermatogenesis is the sequence of events that leads to formation of sperm |
|
|
645 | (2) |
|
27.8 Male reproductive function is regulated by hypothalamic, anterior pituitary, and testicular hormones |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
Part 3: Anatomy Of The Female Reproductive System |
|
|
648 | (3) |
|
27.9 Immature eggs develop in follicles in the ovaries |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
27.10 The female duct system includes the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
27.11 The external genitalia of the female include those structures that lie external to the vagina |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
27.12 The mammary glands produce milk |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
Part 4: Physiology Of The Female Reproductive System |
|
|
651 | (3) |
|
27.13 Oogenesis is the sequence of events that leads to the formation of ova |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
27.14 The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase and the luteal phase |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
27.15 Female reproductive function is regulated by hypothalamic, anterior pituitary, and ovarian hormones |
|
|
652 | (2) |
|
27.16 The female sexual response is more diverse and complex than that of males |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Part 5: Sexually Transmitted Infections |
|
|
654 | (3) |
|
27.17 Sexually transmitted infections cause reproductive and other disorders |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Reproductive System |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
|
657 | (3) |
|
|
|
657 | (2) |
|
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
|
660 | (3) |
|
|
|
660 | (3) |
| 28 Pregnancy and Human Development |
|
663 | (22) |
|
|
|
664 | (13) |
|
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
28.1 Fertilization combines the sperm and egg chromosomes, forming a zygote |
|
|
664 | (2) |
|
28.2 Embryonic development begins as the zygote undergoes cleavage and forms a blastocyst en route to the uterus |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
28.3 Implantation occurs when the embryo burrows into the uterine wall, triggering placenta formation |
|
|
667 | (2) |
|
28.4 Embryonic events include gastrula formation and tissue differentiation, which are followed by rapid growth of the fetus |
|
|
669 | (5) |
|
28.5 During pregnancy, the mother undergoes anatomical, physiological, and metabolic changes |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
28.6 The three stages of labor are the dilation, expulsion, and placental stages |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
28.7 An infant's extrauterine adjustments include taking the first breath and closure of vascular shunts |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
28.8 Lactation is milk secretion by the mammary glands in response to prolactin |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
28.9 Assisted reproductive technology may help an infertile couple have offspring |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
|
|
677 | (4) |
|
|
|
677 | (2) |
|
|
|
679 | (2) |
|
|
|
681 | (4) |
|
|
|
681 | (4) |
| 29 Heredity |
|
685 | (14) |
|
|
|
686 | (8) |
|
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
29.1 Genes are the vocabulary of genetics |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
29.2 Genetic variation results from independent assortment, crossing over, and random fertilization |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
29.3 Several patterns of inheritance have long been known |
|
|
688 | (3) |
|
29.4 Environmental factors may influence or override gene expression |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
29.5 Factors other than nuclear DNA sequence can determine inheritance |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
29.6 Genetic screening is used to detect genetic disorders |
|
|
692 | (2) |
|
|
|
694 | (2) |
|
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
|
|
696 | (3) |
|
|
|
696 | (3) |
| Epilogue: A Day in the Life |
|
699 | (9) |
| Appendix: Answers |
|
708 | |
