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E-grāmata: Study of Language

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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 02-Jan-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108606417
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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 02-Jan-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108606417
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This bestselling textbook provides an engaging and user-friendly introduction to the study of language. Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, Yule presents information in bite-sized sections, clearly explaining the major concepts in linguistics and all the key elements of language. This seventh edition has been revised and updated throughout, with substantial changes to the chapters on phonetics and semantics, and forty new study questions. To increase student engagement and to foster problem-solving and critical thinking skills, the book includes over twenty new tasks. An expanded and revised online study guide provides students with further resources, including answers and tutorials for all tasks, while encouraging lively and proactive learning. This is the most fundamental and easy-to-use introduction to the study of language.

Recenzijas

'With a wide array of illustrative examples, accessible explanations, and engaging activities, Yule excels in transforming his readers' inherent familiarity with language into explicit knowledge of linguistic concepts. In its seventh edition, The Study of Language thus retains its status as the pre-eminent text for introducing students to language as a field of study and guiding them through a broad range of linguistic analyses.' Kristy Beers Fagersten, Södertörn University, Sweden 'The Study of Language provides a solid overview of an impressively wide range of areas in linguistics, not only 'core' areas such as syntax and phonology, but also the origins of language, pragmatics, discourse analysis, historical linguistics and more. Each chapter succeeds in providing a thorough overview of its topic while remaining at a level appropriate to newcomers in the field. The book is written in a style accessible even to non-native English speakers. A great book for introductory undergraduate linguistics classes. The study questions and tasks at the end of each chapter are engaging and the discussion topics/projects are designed to push students beyond the material, and to use their own experiences and analytical skills to think about language.' Kathleen O'Connor, Université Charles-de-Gaulle Lille III ' the 7th edition of The Study of Language continues the charm of Yule's introductory method for student and instructor, offering intellectually manageable chunks of information to first-time learners of linguistics, with ample space for elaboration and practice in the classroom.' Aaron Smith, Illinois State University 'In this beautifully exemplified and coherently structured book, Yule guides readers through the various aspects of language study. This is an ideal introduction to linguistics for students and practitioners with a general interest in language. This edition is enriched with study questions and tasks which will be particularly useful to readers.' Sofia Lampropoulou, University of Liverpool ' an impeccably organized introduction to linguistics.' Geraldine Bard, Buffalo State College, State University of New York 'My students continue to rate this text highly for its depth, creativity, and accessibility. In my opinion, The Study of Language ought to be required reading for education majors and pre-service teachers; indeed, for any student who wishes to effectively use language as a tool in their profession.' Thomas Hunter, Martin Luther College, Minnesota 'This is unequivocally a best-selling, internationally acclaimed book that has proven to be ideal for beginners when it comes to an introduction to linguistics. Given the fact that this is the 7th edition of the book, it is clear it has impressed many minds across the world and will continue to shed light onto linguistics and inspiring more and more generations of students.' Claudia Sanchez, LINGUIST List 'This book is a textbook for introducing linguistics in general. The strongest aspect of this book is its exceptionally easily readable prose. It can be used both for teachers and self-learners. For teachers, this textbook is a guide for preparing introductory lessons for students who have never had any training in linguistics. Self-learners would find a solid foundation for their first steps into linguistics.' Adrią Torrens Urrutia, LINGUIST List

Papildus informācija

Easy to follow, simple to understand, broad yet concise this fundamental introduction now has more study questions and new tasks.
Preface xi
1 The Origins of Language 1(13)
The Divine Source
2(1)
The Natural Sound Source
3(1)
The "Bow-Wow" Theory
3(1)
The "Pooh-Pooh" Theory
3(1)
The Musical Source
4(1)
The Social Interaction Source
5(1)
The Physical Adaptation Source
5(2)
Teeth and Lips
6(1)
Mouth and Tongue
6(1)
Larynx and Pharynx
6(1)
The Tool-Making Source
7(1)
The Human Brain
7(1)
The Genetic Source
8(1)
The Innateness Hypothesis
8(1)
Study Questions
9(1)
Tasks
9(1)
Discussion Topics/Projects
10(1)
Further Reading
11(3)
2 Animals and Human Language 14(15)
Communication
14(1)
Properties of Human Language
14(4)
Displacement
15(1)
Arbitrariness
15(1)
Cultural Transmission
16(1)
Productivity
17(1)
Duality
18(1)
Talking to Animals
18(1)
Chimpanzees and Language
19(3)
Washoe
19(1)
Sarah and Lana
20(1)
The Controversy
21(1)
Kanzi
22(1)
Using Language
22(1)
Study Questions
23(1)
Tasks
23(1)
Discussion Topics/Projects
24(2)
Further Reading
26(3)
3 The Sounds of Language 29(16)
Phonetics
29(1)
Consonants
29(1)
Voiced and Voiceless Sounds
29(1)
Place of Articulation
30(3)
Familiar Symbols
31(1)
Unfamiliar Symbols
31(1)
Transcribing Sounds (Not Letters)
32(1)
Manner of Articulation
33(1)
A Consonant Chart
34(1)
Glottal Stops and Flaps
34(1)
Vowels
35(1)
Diphthongs
36(1)
American and British Diphthongs
37(1)
Subtle Individual Variation
37(1)
Study Questions
38(1)
Tasks
39(2)
Discussion Topics/Projects
41(1)
Further Reading
42(3)
4 The Sound Patterns of Language 45(14)
Phonology
45(1)
Phonemes
46(1)
Natural Classes
46(1)
Phones and Allophones
47(1)
Complementary Distribution
48(1)
Minimal Pairs and Sets
48(1)
Phonotactics
48(1)
Syllables
49(1)
Consonant Clusters
49(1)
Coarticulation Effects
50(2)
Assimilation
50(1)
Nasalization
50(1)
Elision
51(1)
Normal Speech
51(1)
Study Questions
52(1)
Tasks
52(3)
Discussion Topics/Projects
55(1)
Bob Belviso Translated
56(1)
Further Reading
56(3)
5 Word Formation 59(17)
Neologisms
59(1)
Etymology
59(1)
Borrowing
60(1)
Loan-Translation
60(1)
Compounding
61(1)
Blending
61(1)
Clipping
62(1)
Hypocorisms
62(1)
Backformation
62(1)
Conversion
63(1)
Coinage
64(1)
Acronyms
64(1)
Derivation
65(1)
Prefixes and Suffixes
65(1)
Infixes
65(1)
Multiple Processes
66(1)
Study Questions
67(1)
Tasks
68(4)
Discussion Topics/Projects
72(1)
Further Reading
73(3)
6 Morphology 76(17)
Morphology
76(1)
Morphemes
76(3)
Free and Bound Morphemes
77(1)
Lexical and Functional Morphemes
77(1)
Derivational Morphemes
78(1)
Inflectional Morphemes
78(1)
Morphological Description
79(1)
Morphs, Allomorphs and Special Cases
80(1)
Other Languages
81(2)
Kanuri
81(1)
Ganda
81(1)
Ilocano
82(1)
Tagalog
82(1)
Study Questions
83(1)
Tasks
84(5)
Discussion Topics/Projects
89(2)
Further Reading
91(2)
7 Grammar 93(20)
English Grammar
93(1)
Traditional Grammar
93(4)
The Parts of Speech
94(1)
Agreement
95(1)
Grammatical Gender
96(1)
Traditional Analysis
96(1)
The Prescriptive Approach
97(1)
Captain Kirk's Infinitive
97(1)
The Descriptive Approach
98(2)
Structural Analysis
98(1)
Constituent Analysis
99(1)
Subjects and Objects
100(1)
Word Order
101(1)
Language Typology
101(1)
Why Study Grammar?
102(1)
Study Questions
103(1)
Tasks
103(6)
Discussion Topics/Projects
109(1)
Further Reading
110(3)
8 Syntax 113(16)
Syntactic Rules
113(1)
A Generative Grammar
113(1)
Deep and Surface Structure
114(1)
Structural Ambiguity
114(1)
Syntactic Analysis
115(1)
Phrase Structure Rules
116(1)
Lexical Rules
116(1)
Tree Diagrams
117(2)
Tree Diagrams of English Sentences
118(1)
Just Scratching the Surface
119(1)
Study Questions
120(1)
Tasks
121(5)
Discussion Topics/Projects
126(2)
Further Reading
128(1)
9 Semantics 129(20)
Meaning
130(1)
Semantic Features
131(1)
Componential Analysis
131(1)
Words as Containers of Meaning
132(1)
Semantic Roles
132(2)
Agent and Theme
132(1)
Instrument and Experiencer
133(1)
Location, Source and Goal
133(1)
Lexical Relations
134(5)
Synonymy
134(1)
Antonymy
135(1)
Hyponymy
135(2)
Prototypes
137(1)
Homophones and Homonyms
137(1)
Polysemy
138(1)
Word Play
138(1)
Metonymy
139(1)
Collocation
139(2)
Concordance
140(1)
Study Questions
141(1)
Tasks
142(4)
Discussion Topics/Projects
146(1)
Further Reading
147(2)
10 Pragmatics 149(18)
Invisible Meaning
150(1)
Context
151(2)
Deixis
152(1)
Reference
153(2)
Inference
153(1)
Anaphora
154(1)
Presupposition
155(1)
Pragmatic Markers
155(1)
Politeness
156(1)
Negative and Positive Face
156(1)
Speech Acts
157(1)
Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
157(1)
Study Questions
158(1)
Tasks
159(4)
Discussion Topics/Projects
163(2)
Further Reading
165(2)
11 Discourse Analysis 167(17)
Discourse
168(1)
Interpreting Discourse
168(1)
Cohesion
169(1)
Coherence
170(1)
Conversation Analysis
171(3)
Turn-Taking
171(1)
Pauses and Filled Pauses
172(1)
Adjacency Pairs
172(1)
Insertion Sequences
173(1)
The Co-operative Principle
174(2)
Hedges
175(1)
Implicatures
175(1)
Background Knowledge
176(2)
Schemas and Scripts
177(1)
Study Questions
178(1)
Tasks
178(3)
Discussion Topics/Projects
181(1)
Further Reading
182(2)
12 Language and the Brain 184(17)
Neurolinguistics
185(1)
Language Areas in the Brain
185(3)
Broca's Area
186(1)
Wernicke's Area
186(1)
The Motor Cortex and the Arcuate Fasciculus
187(1)
The Localization View
187(1)
Tongue Tips and Slips
188(2)
The Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
188(1)
Slips of the Tongue
188(1)
Slips of the Brain
189(1)
Slips of the Ear
189(1)
Aphasia
190(2)
Broca's Aphasia
190(1)
Wernicke's Aphasia
191(1)
Conduction Aphasia
191(1)
Dichotic Listening
192(1)
Left Brain, Right Brain
193(1)
The Critical Period
193(2)
Genie
194(1)
Study Questions
195(1)
Tasks
195(2)
Discussion Topics/Projects
197(1)
Further Reading
198(3)
13 First Language Acquisition 201(18)
Acquisition
202(1)
Input
202(1)
Caregiver Speech
203(1)
The Acquisition Schedule
203(3)
Cooing
204(1)
Babbling
204(1)
The One-Word Stage
205(1)
The Two-Word Stage
205(1)
Telegraphic Speech
206(1)
The Acquisition Process
206(2)
Learning through Imitation?
207(1)
Learning through Correction?
207(1)
Developing Morphology
208(1)
Developing Syntax
209(2)
Forming Questions
209(1)
Forming Negatives
210(1)
Developing Semantics
211(2)
Later Developments
212(1)
Study Questions
213(1)
Tasks
213(3)
Discussion Topics/Projects
216(1)
Further Reading
217(2)
14 Second Language Acquisition/Learning 219(15)
Second Language Learning
220(2)
Acquisition and Learning
220(1)
Acquisition Barriers
221(1)
The Age Factor
221(1)
Affective Factors
222(1)
Focus on Teaching Method
222(2)
The Grammar-Translation Method
223(1)
The Audiolingual Method
223(1)
Communicative Approaches
223(1)
Focus on the Learner
224(3)
Transfer
224(1)
Interlanguage
225(1)
Motivation
225(1)
Input and Output
226(1)
Task-Based Learning
227(1)
Communicative Competence
227(1)
Study Questions
228(1)
Tasks
228(3)
Discussion Topics/Projects
231(1)
Further Reading
232(2)
15 Gestures and Sign Languages 234(13)
Gestures
235(1)
Iconics
235(1)
Deictics
235(1)
Beats
236(1)
Types of Sign Languages
236(1)
Oralism
237(1)
Signed English
237(1)
Origins of ASL
238(1)
The Structure of Signs
238(2)
Shape and Orientation
239(1)
Location
239(1)
Movement
239(1)
Primes
239(1)
Facial Expressions and Finger-Spelling
240(1)
Representing Signs
240(1)
The Meaning of Signs
241(1)
Sign Languages as Natural Languages
242(1)
Study Questions
243(1)
Tasks
243(1)
Discussion Topics/Projects
244(1)
Further Reading
245(2)
16 Written Language 247(15)
Writing
248(3)
Pictograms
248(1)
Ideograms
249(1)
Logograms
250(1)
Phonographic Writing
251(1)
The Rebus Principle
251(1)
Syllabic Writing
252(1)
Alphabetic Writing
253(1)
Written English
254(2)
English Orthography
255(1)
Study Questions
256(1)
Tasks
256(2)
Discussion Topics/Projects
258(2)
Further Reading
260(2)
17 Language History and Change 262(17)
Family Trees
263(1)
Indo-European
264(1)
Cognates
264(1)
Comparative Reconstruction
265(2)
Comparing Cognates
265(1)
Sound Reconstruction
266(1)
Word Reconstruction
266(1)
The History of English
267(2)
Old English
267(1)
Middle English
268(1)
Sound Changes
269(1)
Metathesis
269(1)
Epenthesis
270(1)
Prothesis
270(1)
Syntactic Changes
270(1)
Loss of Inflections
271(1)
Semantic Changes
271(1)
Broadening of Meaning
272(1)
Narrowing of Meaning
272(1)
Diachronic and Synchronic Variation
272(1)
Study Questions
273(1)
Tasks
273(3)
Discussion Topics/Projects
276(1)
Further Reading
277(2)
18 Regional Variation in Language 279(16)
The Standard Language
280(1)
Accent and Dialect
280(1)
Variation in Grammar
281(1)
Dialectology
281(3)
Regional Dialects
282(1)
Isoglosses
282(1)
Dialect Boundaries
283(1)
The Dialect Continuum
284(1)
Bilingualism
284(2)
Diglossia
285(1)
Language Planning
286(1)
Pidgins
287(1)
Creoles
288(1)
The Post-Creole Continuum
288(1)
Study Questions
289(1)
Tasks
289(3)
Discussion Topics/Projects
292(1)
Further Reading
292(3)
19 Social Variation in Language 295(16)
Sociolinguistics
296(3)
Social Dialects
296(1)
Education and Occupation
297(1)
Social Markers
298(1)
Speech Style and Style-Shifting
299(2)
Prestige 300 Speech Accommodation
300(1)
Convergence
300(1)
Divergence
301(1)
Register
301(1)
Jargon
301(1)
Slang
302(1)
Taboo Terms
302(1)
African American English
303(3)
Vernacular Language
303(1)
The Sounds of a Vernacular
304(1)
The Grammar of a Vernacular
304(2)
Study Questions
306(1)
Tasks
306(3)
Discussion Topics/Projects
309(1)
Further Reading
309(2)
20 Language and Culture 311(19)
Culture
312(1)
Categories
312(2)
Kinship Terms
313(1)
Time Concepts
313(1)
Linguistic Relativity
314(2)
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
314(1)
Against the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
315(1)
Snow
315(1)
Non-lexicalized Categories
316(1)
Cognitive Categories
316(1)
Classifiers
317(1)
Social Categories
317(2)
Address Terms
318(1)
Gender
319(3)
Gendered Words
319(1)
Gendered Structures
320(1)
Gendered Speech
320(1)
Same-Gender Talk
321(1)
Gendered Interaction
321(1)
Study Questions
322(1)
Tasks
322(4)
Discussion Topics/Projects
326(1)
Further Reading
327(3)
Glossary 330(15)
References 345(17)
Index 362
George Yule has taught linguistics at the University of Edinburgh, the University of Hawaii, Manoa, the University of Minnesota and Louisiana State University.