From Plato to Plantinga, from Aristotle to Ayer, and from Socrates to Singer, this text brings the power of both ancient and modern philosophy to students of the twenty-first century! This seventh edition ofThe Study of Philosophy presents a comprehensive treatment of the major fields and figures of philosophy alongside primary readings to fuel debate and further study.
New chapters in this edition feature:- A substantive account of philosophical theology
- A reorganized treatment of early modern rationalism and empiricism
- A discussion of the major highlights of twentieth- and twenty-first-century philosophy
- A survey of major contemporary moral problems
Recenzijas
Maintaining superb readability, the seventh edition adds key ingredients: more contemporary philosophy, impressive selections of primary sources, and excellent choices of additions within the chapters. There is much to commend in this newest edition. -- Dominic Prianti, Gannon University The seventh edition of The Study of Philosophy is a great new version. In addition to offering a new chapter on contemporary moral problems, the authors have revised their work on logic, metaphysics, and the philosophy of religion. Lively and engaging, The Study of Philosophy should remain an important resource for every undergraduate. -- William P. Haggerty, Gannon University The new edition of The Study of Philosophy retains the impressive coverage of topics of earlier editionsalong with the excellent chapters on logic (including a superb treatment of the informal fallacies), and the student-friendly narrativeand adds many new, well-chosen topical readings, and a whole chapter on contemporary moral problems. The best introductory philosophy textbook on the market just got better! -- Michael Latzer, Gannon University
PART I PHILOSOPHY AND ITS BEGINNINGS
Chapter 1: The Nature and Scope of Philosophy
How Philosophy and Science Differ
How Philosophy and Religion Differ
Philosophys Three Main Subject Areas
Philosophys Main Method
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Reading: The Philosopher within YouAndrew Pessin
Chapter 2: It Began Here: The Pre-Socratics
The Problem of Being
·Thales
·Anaximander
·Anaximenes
The Problem of Becoming
·Parmenides
·Zeno
·Heraclitus
The Theory of Atomism: A Synthesis
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Reading: Ionian Science before SocratesF. M. Cornford
Reading: On the Nature of ThingsLucretius
Chapter 3: Socrates and Plato
The Sophists
Socrates the Man
Life in Athens and Conquest by Sparta
Socrates Chronicler: Plato
The Dialogues: Socrates Trial and Death
·Euthyphro
·Apology
·Crito
·Phaedo
Platos Forms
·What Exactly Are Forms?
·Forms are Neither Perceivable, Changeable, Nor Even Here
·How Many Forms Are There?
·One More Important Implication
·Why Should We Believe in the Existence of Forms?
Philosophers and Cave-Persons
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Reading: ApologyPlato
PART II PHILOSOPHYS METHOD
Chapter 4: Aristotle and the Science of Logic
Aristotle
The Sophists Again
The Science of Logic
Logic as the Study of Argument
Distinguishing Arguments From Non-Arguments
Eliminating Verbiage
Supplying Missing Components
Distinguishing Deductive and Inductive Arguments
Evaluating Arguments: Truth, Validity, and Soundness
·Some Classic Examples of Valid Deductive Arguments
·Evaluating Arguments: Strategy
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Reading: What the Tortoise Said to AchillesLewis Carroll
Reading: Newcombs Problem and Two Principles of ChoiceRobert Nozick
Chapter 5: Common Fallacies
The Fallacies of Ambiguity
·Amphiboly
·Accent
·Equivocation
The Fallacies of Presumption
·Overlooking the Facts
·Evading the Facts
·Distorting the Facts
Fallacies of Relevance
·Genetic Fallacy
·Abusive ad Hominem
·Circumstantial ad Hominem
·Tu Quoque
·Poisoning the Well
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Reading: A Mad Tea-PartyLewis Carroll
PART III PHILOSOPHYS MAIN QUESTIONS
Chapter 6: Ethics: What Are We Like, and What Should We Do?
Aristotles Ethics
·Goodness and Happiness
·Moral Virtues
·Intellectual Virtues
Kants Ethics
·A Good Will
·The Categorical Imperative
·The Role of Reason
The Utilitarian Theory
·Jeremy Bentham
·John Stuart Mill
Some Criticisms of Utilitarianism
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Reading: Nicomachean EthicsAristotle
Reading: Santa and ScroogeAndrew Pessin
Reading: Of what sort of Proof the Principle of Utility is SusceptibleJohn
Stuart Mill
Reading: The Experience MachineRobert Nozick
Chapter 7: Religion: The Nature and Existence of God
A Brief History of Philosophical Theology, 427 B.C.E.1600 C.E.
Proofs for the Existence of God
·St. Anselms Ontological Argument
·St. Thomas Aquinass Cosmological Arguments
·William Paleys Biological Teleological Argument
·Immanuel Kants Moral Argument
·Blaise Pascals Prudential Argument
Gods Nature
·Gods Power
·Gods Knowledge
·Gods Goodness, and the Problem of Evil
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Reading: That God truly existsAnselm
Reading: From Natural Theology; or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes
of the DeityWilliam Paley
Reading: From City of GodAugustine
Reading: From Abridgement of the Argument Reduced to Syllogistic FormG. W.
Leibniz
Chapter 8: Epistemology and Metaphysics: The Rationalists
Brief Overview of Early Modern Philosophy
René Descartes
·Descartes Dualism
·Descartes Theory of Mind
·Descartes Theory of Matter
Baruch Spinoza
·Spinozas Pantheism and Monism
·Spinozas Necessitarianism, Determinism, and Ethics
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
·Leibnizs Monads and Pre-Established Harmony
·The Truth Argument for Pre-Established Harmony
Rationalism, Intelligibility, and Causation
·Rationalist Debates on the Nature of Causation
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Reading: From Meditations on First PhilosophyRené Descartes
Reading: The Most Dangerous Error of the Philosophy of the AncientsNicolas
Malebranche
Reading: From Dialogues on Metaphysics and ReligionNicolas Malebranche
Reading: New System of Nature and Clarification of the Difficulties Which
Mr. Bayle Has Found in the New System of the Union of Soul and BodyG.W.
Leibniz
Chapter 9: Epistemology and Metaphysics: The Empiricists and Kant
John Locke
·Lockes Attack on Nativism
·The Structure and Contents of the Mind, and Substance
·The Distinction Between Primary and Secondary Qualities
George Berkeley
·Three Lines of Argument Against Materialism and For Idealism
·Idealism, Materialism, and Common Sense
·Some Problems For Idealism
David Hume
·Relations of Ideas and Matters of Fact
·Humes Critique of Causation
·Humes Critique of Inductive Reasoning
Immanuel Kant
·Three Ways to Frame the Discussion
·A First Pass through Kants Answer
·Four Kinds of Judgments
·Synthetic A Priori Judgments
·How is Mathematics Possible?
·How is Science Possible?
·Why Metaphysics is Impossible
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Reading: From First DialogueGeorge Berkeley
Reading: Sceptical Doubts concerning the Operations of the
UnderstandingDavid Hume
PART IV CONTEMPORARY DIRECTIONS
Chapter 10: 20th-21st Century Developments
Existentialism
·Sųren Kierkegaard and Religious Existentialism
·Friedrich Nietzsche and Nihilistic Existentialism
·Jean-Paul Sartre and Humanistic Existentialism
Some Developments in Ethics
·A. J. Ayer and Logical Positivism
Some Developments in Philosophy of Religion
·Alvin Plantinga on Science and Theism
Some Developments in Epistemology
·The Traditional Definition of Knowledge
·The Gettier Problem
Some Developments in Metaphysics
·The Attack on Descartes Dualism
·Consciousness and Dualism
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Reading: A Panegyric upon AbrahamSören Kierkegaard
Reading: From NauseaJean-Paul Sartre
Reading: Critique of Ethics and TheologyA. J. Ayer
Reading: Is Atheism Irrational?Alvin Plantinga
Reading: What Mary Didn't KnowFrank Jackson
Chapter 11: Contemporary Moral Problems, and Peter Singer
Peter Singer
·All Animals are Equal
·Is the Sanctity of Life Ethic Terminally Ill?
·The Life You Can Save: How to Do Your Part to End World Poverty
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Reading: Of Duties to Animals Immanuel Kant
Reading: Abortion and Infanticide and Taking Life: HumansPeter Singer
Reading: Life after God? The Ethics of Peter SingerPeter May
Glossary
Index
Andrew Pessin is professor of philosophy at Connecticut College. He is the author of Uncommon Sense, (R&L 2013), which was named a CHOICE Outstanding title for the year.
S. Morris Engel is professor emeritus at York University. Previously, he taught at the University of Southern California for twenty-five years.
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