|
|
viii | |
|
|
xi | |
Acknowledgements |
|
xiii | |
|
1 What is a successful speaker of English? |
|
|
1 | (32) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
1.2 Rationale for exploring successful spoken language |
|
|
2 | (2) |
|
1.3 Rationale for a focus on spoken language |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
1.4 Definitions of successful language: communicative competence |
|
|
4 | (10) |
|
1.4.1 A Hymes's theory of communicative competence |
|
|
4 | (2) |
|
1.4.2 Canale and Swains theory of communicative competence |
|
|
6 | (2) |
|
1.4.3 Canale's theory of communicative competence |
|
|
8 | (2) |
|
1.4.4 Bachman and Palmer's model of language use and performance |
|
|
10 | (4) |
|
1.5 Towards a definition of successful spoken language: communicative competence |
|
|
14 | (2) |
|
1.6 Linking communication, communicative competence and learner success to the CEFR |
|
|
16 | (3) |
|
1.7 Measuring successful spoken language in this book |
|
|
19 | (9) |
|
|
28 | (5) |
|
|
33 | (45) |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
2.2 Definitions of linguistic competence |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
34 | (2) |
|
|
36 | (4) |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
37 | (2) |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
2.5 Linguistic competence at B1-C1 levels |
|
|
40 | (5) |
|
|
45 | (10) |
|
|
47 | (5) |
|
|
52 | (3) |
|
|
55 | (10) |
|
|
58 | (4) |
|
|
62 | (3) |
|
2.8 Most frequent lexical chunks |
|
|
65 | (7) |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
|
69 | (3) |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
|
73 | (5) |
|
|
78 | (31) |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
3.2 Definitions of strategic competence and communication strategies |
|
|
78 | (2) |
|
|
80 | (3) |
|
|
83 | (2) |
|
3.5 Strategic competence at B1-C1 levels |
|
|
85 | (20) |
|
3.5.1 Preliminary analysis of CEFR strategies in Bl, B2 and CI speech |
|
|
87 | (5) |
|
3.5.2 Comparison of CEFR strategy realisation in B1, B2 and CI speech |
|
|
92 | (2) |
|
3.5.3 Production strategies: correction |
|
|
94 | (5) |
|
3.5.4 Interaction strategies: inviting others into the discussion and seeking clarification |
|
|
99 | (6) |
|
|
105 | (4) |
|
|
109 | (25) |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
4.2 Definitions of discourse competence |
|
|
109 | (3) |
|
4.2.1 Definitions of spoken discourse markers |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
|
114 | (3) |
|
4.5 Discourse competence at B1-C1 levels |
|
|
117 | (6) |
|
4.6 The frequency and functions of common discourse markers used to achieve discourse competence |
|
|
123 | (8) |
|
|
125 | (2) |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
4.6.3 I think er and I think it |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
129 | (2) |
|
|
131 | (3) |
|
|
134 | (25) |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
5.2 Definitions of pragmatic competence |
|
|
135 | (7) |
|
|
137 | (2) |
|
|
139 | (2) |
|
5.2.3 Formulaic language and developing pragmatic competence |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
142 | (2) |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
5.5 Pragmalinguistic features of successful request language |
|
|
144 | (5) |
|
5.6 Pragmalinguistic features of successful apology language |
|
|
149 | (4) |
|
5.7 Sociopragmatic features of successful request and apology language |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
|
154 | (5) |
|
|
159 | (14) |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
|
159 | (7) |
|
6.2.1 Linguistic competence |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
6.2.2 Strategic competence |
|
|
160 | (2) |
|
6.2.3 Discourse competence |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
6.2.4 Pragmatic competence |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
|
163 | (3) |
|
6.3 Implications for research |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
6.4 Implications for teaching |
|
|
167 | (2) |
|
|
169 | (4) |
Index |
|
173 | |