| Foreword |
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ix | |
| A Word About This Book |
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xi | |
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Setting the Scene - using Statistics in nursing and healthcare |
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1 | (6) |
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Monitoring bed use in hospital |
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2 | (1) |
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Hip replacement by keyhole surgery |
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3 | (1) |
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The effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy |
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3 | (1) |
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Supporting older people in their own homes |
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4 | (1) |
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Judging if a body temperature is normal |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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The uptake of cervical smear tests |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Levels of Measurement - using numbers to measure qualities that vary |
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7 | (18) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (3) |
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Collecting data, a practical example |
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12 | (4) |
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16 | (3) |
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Some measurements in healthcare |
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19 | (6) |
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Populations and Samples - using sampling techniques to generate data |
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25 | (9) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (4) |
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Other sampling procedures |
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31 | (2) |
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How big should a sample be? |
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33 | (1) |
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Presenting Data - using tables and diagrams to summarise and display |
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34 | (25) |
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35 | (6) |
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41 | (13) |
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Graphical presentations: informing or misleading? |
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54 | (5) |
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Summarising Data - using numbers to represent key features of data sets |
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59 | (15) |
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The key summary statistics |
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60 | (1) |
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Central location: mode, median and mean |
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61 | (5) |
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Dispersion: ranges, variance and standard deviation |
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66 | (6) |
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Parameters and statistics |
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72 | (1) |
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Sufficient levels of measurement |
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73 | (1) |
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Distributions and their Curves - using z-scores and the standard normal curve |
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74 | (20) |
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Frequency curves from histograms |
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75 | (1) |
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Describing frequency curves |
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76 | (5) |
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81 | (3) |
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84 | (10) |
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Is it Likely? - using ideas of probability and significance testing |
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94 | (17) |
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95 | (4) |
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99 | (4) |
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Probabilities from z-scores |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (4) |
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109 | (2) |
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Estimating with Confidence - using sample data to estimate the mean of a population |
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111 | (11) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (2) |
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The distribution of sample means |
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115 | (2) |
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Confidence intervals for population means |
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117 | (1) |
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Calculating a confidence interval for a population mean |
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117 | (5) |
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Normal or Not? - using z-scores and t-scores to test if samples come from known populations |
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122 | (16) |
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A sample-of-one: is it normal? |
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123 | (3) |
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Differences between groups of people |
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126 | (3) |
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Testing if a `large' sample comes from a known population |
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129 | (2) |
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Testing if `large' samples come from the same population |
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131 | (4) |
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Testing if a `small' sample comes from a known normal population |
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135 | (1) |
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Two-tailed tests and one-tailed tests |
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136 | (2) |
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Different or Not? - using t-scores and ANOVA to compare samples, and techniques to judge clinical significance |
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138 | (14) |
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Small paired samples: are they significantly different? |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (2) |
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Comparing more than two samples at a time - ANOVA |
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143 | (4) |
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Other tests for differences between samples |
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147 | (1) |
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Deciding on clinically important differences: effect size |
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148 | (2) |
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Deciding on clinically important differences: confidence intervals |
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150 | (2) |
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The Significance of Proportions - using contingency tables and the chi-squared (χ2) test to compare proportions |
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152 | (11) |
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153 | (4) |
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Calculating the χ2-score from a contingency table |
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157 | (2) |
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Applying the chi-squared test (χ2) for proportions |
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159 | (2) |
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Improving the result from a χ2 test |
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161 | (2) |
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The Strength of Relationships - using scatter diagrams, correlation and regression to quantify relationships between variables |
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163 | (16) |
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164 | (1) |
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Showing correlation graphically |
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164 | (2) |
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Correlation is not causation |
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166 | (2) |
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Calculating the level of correlation |
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168 | (3) |
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The significance of a correlation level |
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171 | (1) |
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Another way to calculate a level of correlation |
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171 | (3) |
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174 | (5) |
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Large Numbers of Variables - using multivariate methods of analysis |
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179 | (30) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (1) |
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Appendix 1 Further Recommended Reading |
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185 | (3) |
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Books which include introductions to general statistical concepts and techniques |
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185 | (1) |
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Books which discuss statistical techniques in the context of nursing and healthcare |
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186 | (1) |
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Papers containing specific research which is referred to in the text |
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186 | (2) |
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Appendix 2 Those Greek Symbols... |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (10) |
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Appendix 4 The ANOVA Estimates for Variance |
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199 | (1) |
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The within-sample estimate for σ2 |
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199 | (1) |
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The between-sample estimate for σ2 |
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199 | (1) |
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Appendix 5 Statistical Tables |
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200 | (9) |
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201 | (1) |
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The standard normal distribution |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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The chi-squared (χ2) distribution |
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204 | (1) |
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Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) |
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205 | (1) |
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Spearman's rank-correlation coefficient (ρ) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
| Index |
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209 | |
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