1 Instruments for a Revolution |
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1 | |
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1 | |
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1.2 Yohkoh Detects Unrest on an Awesome Scale |
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7 | |
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1.3 Ulysses Moves into Unexplored Territory |
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11 | |
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1.4 Wind Investigates the Sun's Varying Input to Earth |
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16 | |
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1.5 The Sun Does Not Set for SOHO |
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20 | |
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1.6 ACE Measures the Composition of High-Energy Particles Bombarding Earth |
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28 | |
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1.7 TRACE Focuses on Fine Details of the High-Temperature Gas |
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30 | |
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1.8 High-Energy Solar Outbursts Observed with RHESSI |
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34 | |
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1.9 Hinode Observes How Varying Magnetic Fields Heat the Corona and Power Explosive Outbursts There |
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37 | |
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1.10 STEREO Observes Coronal Mass Ejections in Three Dimensions from the Sun to Earth |
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44 | |
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1.11 Summary Highlights: Modern Solar Space Missions |
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46 | |
2 Discovering Space |
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51 | |
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51 | |
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2.1.1 Auroras and Geomagnetic Storms from the Sun |
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51 | |
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2.1.2 The Main Ingredients of the Sun |
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53 | |
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2.1.3 The Hot Solar Atmosphere |
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55 | |
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2.1.4 Discovery of the Solar Wind |
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61 | |
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64 | |
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2.2.1 The First Direct Measurements of the Solar Wind |
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64 | |
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2.2.2 Properties of the Solar Wind at Earth's Orbit |
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66 | |
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68 | |
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2.4 Pervasive Solar Magnetism |
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72 | |
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2.4.1 Magnetic Fields in the Photosphere |
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72 | |
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2.4.2 The 11-Year Magnetic Activity Cycle |
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75 | |
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2.4.3 Magnetic Fields in the Corona |
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77 | |
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2.4.4 Interplanetary Magnetic Fields |
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80 | |
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83 | |
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2.6 Solar Outbursts Send Energetic Radiation and Particles into Space |
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89 | |
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89 | |
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2.6.2 Erupting Prominences |
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91 | |
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2.6.3 Coronal Mass Ejections |
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93 | |
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2.7 Summary Highlights: Discovery of Space |
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94 | |
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2.8 Key Events in the Discovery of Space |
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97 | |
3 Exploring Unseen Depths of the Sun |
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105 | |
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3.1 What Makes the Sun Shine? |
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105 | |
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3.1.1 The Sun's Size, Mass, and Temperature |
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105 | |
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3.1.2 Nuclear Reactions in the Sun's Central Regions |
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106 | |
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3.1.3 Solving the Solar Neutrino Problem |
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110 | |
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3.2 How the Energy Gets Out |
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116 | |
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3.3 Taking the Sun's Pulse |
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122 | |
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3.4 Looking Within the Sun |
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128 | |
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3.5 How the Sun Rotates Inside |
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131 | |
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3.6 Waves in the Sun's Core |
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135 | |
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137 | |
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3.7.1 Early Work and New Methods |
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137 | |
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139 | |
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139 | |
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3.7.4 Internal Changes Over the 11-year Cycle of Magnetic Activity |
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141 | |
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3.8 Three-Dimensional Views of Sunspots and Active Regions |
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142 | |
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3.8.1 Looking Beneath Sunspots |
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142 | |
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3.8.2 Swirling Flows Beneath Active Regions |
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143 | |
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3.8.3 Detecting Active Regions on the Far Side of the Sun |
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144 | |
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146 | |
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3.10 Summary Highlights: Exploring the Inside of the Sun |
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150 | |
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3.11 Key Events in the Understanding of the Internal Constitution of the Sun |
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152 | |
4 Solving the Sun's Heating Crisis |
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161 | |
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161 | |
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164 | |
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4.3 Heating Coronal Loops in Active Regions |
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170 | |
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4.4 Heating the "Quiet" Corona |
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177 | |
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4.4.1 Heat from Jets, Bright Points, Blinkers, Explosive Events, and Interacting, Non-Flaring Loops |
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177 | |
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182 | |
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4.4.3 The Magnetic Carpet |
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183 | |
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4.5 How Hot Is a Coronal Hole? |
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186 | |
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4.6 Summary Highlights: The Sun's Heating Crisis |
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188 | |
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4.7 Key Events in Coronal Heating |
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190 | |
5 Winds Across the Void |
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197 | |
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5.1 The Fullness of Space |
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197 | |
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201 | |
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5.3 Where Do the Sun's Winds Come From? |
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205 | |
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5.3.1 Source Regions of the Solar Winds Near Solar Activity Minimum |
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205 | |
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5.3.2 Source Regions of the Solar Winds Near Solar Activity Maximum |
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211 | |
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5.3.3 Fast Wind Sources in Coronal Holes |
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214 | |
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217 | |
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224 | |
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226 | |
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226 | |
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5.6.2 Unexpected Behavior |
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228 | |
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5.7 Ingredients of the Sun's Winds |
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231 | |
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5.7.1 Different Sources, Varying Ionization |
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232 | |
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233 | |
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5.7.3 Pick-Ups Near and Far |
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234 | |
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5.7.4 Super-Hot and Undemocratic |
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236 | |
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5.8 Edge of the Solar System |
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236 | |
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5.9 Summary Highlights: The Sun's Expanding Corona |
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240 | |
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5.10 Key Events in Studies of the Solar Wind |
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243 | |
6 Our Violent Sun |
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253 | |
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6.1 Solar Outbursts of Awesome Power |
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253 | |
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259 | |
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261 | |
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6.3.1 Soft X-Rays and Hard X-Rays from Solar Flares |
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261 | |
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6.3.2 A Model of Flaring X-Ray Emission |
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267 | |
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269 | |
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6.5 Gamma Rays from Solar Flares |
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271 | |
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276 | |
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6.7 Filaments Lift Off, Prominences Erupt |
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282 | |
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6.8 Coronal Mass Ejections |
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|
287 | |
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6.8.1 Coronagraph Observations of Coronal Mass Ejections |
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287 | |
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6.8.2 Physical Properties of Coronal Mass Ejections |
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289 | |
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296 | |
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6.9.1 Solar Flares Excite Coronal Loop Oscillations |
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|
296 | |
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298 | |
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6.9.3 Coronal Dimming After Coronal Mass Ejections |
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|
299 | |
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6.9.4 Large Flares Excite Global Waves |
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299 | |
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6.10 Explaining Why Solar Outbursts Happen |
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301 | |
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6.10.1 What We Do Not Know About Solar Outbursts |
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301 | |
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6.10.2 Magnetic Reconnection During Solar Flares |
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303 | |
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6.10.3 Extension of Magnetic Reconnection to Coronal Mass Ejections |
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309 | |
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6.10.4 Flares, Avalanches, and Earthquakes |
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313 | |
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|
314 | |
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6.11 Summary Highlights: Solar Flares, Erupting Prominences, and Coronal Mass Ejections |
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|
320 | |
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6.12 Key Events in Understanding Solar Outbursts |
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324 | |
7 Space Weather |
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337 | |
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7.1 The Space Weather Concept |
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337 | |
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7.2 Forecasting Space Weather |
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342 | |
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7.3 Solar Energetic Particles |
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|
345 | |
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7.3.1 Energetic Particles Accelerated by Solar Flares or Coronal Mass Ejection Shocks |
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|
345 | |
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7.3.2 Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections, Interplanetary Shocks, and Magnetic Clouds |
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|
349 | |
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7.3.3 Observations of Solar Energetic Particles with Contemporary Spacecraft |
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|
352 | |
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7.3.4 Two Classes of Solar Energetic Particles |
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353 | |
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7.4 Impacting Planet Earth |
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|
356 | |
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7.4.1 Our Protective Magnetic Cocoon |
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|
356 | |
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7.4.2 Earth's Magnetic Storms |
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|
359 | |
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7.4.3 The Auroras Cosmic Neon Signs |
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|
362 | |
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7.4.4 High-Flying Humans at Risk |
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|
364 | |
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7.4.5 Failing to Communicate |
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365 | |
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7.4.6 Satellites in Danger |
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366 | |
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7.4.7 Varying Solar Radiation and Earth's Changing Atmosphere |
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|
367 | |
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369 | |
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|
370 | |
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7.5.2 Solar Variability and Climate Change Over the Past 1,000 Years |
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|
374 | |
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7.5.3 The Earth's Rising Fever |
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|
377 | |
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7.5.4 Climate Change Over Millions and Billions of Years |
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|
381 | |
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7.6 Summary Highlights: Space Weather |
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|
386 | |
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7.7 Key Events in the Discovery of Solar-Terrestrial Interactions |
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|
391 | |
Appendix |
|
407 | |
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|
407 | |
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|
408 | |
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|
409 | |
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IV. Solar Observatories and Groups |
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|
409 | |
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|
409 | |
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|
409 | |
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|
410 | |
References |
|
411 | |
Author Index |
|
523 | |
Subject Index |
|
533 | |