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Sun and Space Weather Second Edition 2007 [Hardback]

  • Formāts: Hardback, 315 pages, height x width: 235x155 mm, weight: 673 g, XIII, 315 p., 1 Hardback
  • Sērija : Astrophysics and Space Science Library 347
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Jun-2007
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • ISBN-10: 1402056036
  • ISBN-13: 9781402056031
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Sun and Space Weather Second Edition 2007Palielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 315 pages, height x width: 235x155 mm, weight: 673 g, XIII, 315 p., 1 Hardback
  • Sērija : Astrophysics and Space Science Library 347
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Jun-2007
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • ISBN-10: 1402056036
  • ISBN-13: 9781402056031
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781402056031.html
Keywords:
The field of solar physics and solar--terrestrial relation, now called space weather, is evolving rapidly. As in the first edition, it is assumed that it is inevitable for the reader to get some basic knowledge in solar physics since the Sun is the main driver for space weather The term space weather itself has been gaining more and more attention during the past years as our society becomes more and more dependent on satellites, which are vulnerable to varying conditions in space. Space weather efforts and investigations are being made all over the world and more and more is known about the complex relations of processes on the Sun and the Earth and its space environment. The term space climate nowadays includes the long-term variations caused mainly by the Sun on the Earth and the interplanetary space. As in the first edition of the book, this edition also covers these topics but new chapters have been introduced, e. g. , a chapter on real-time space weather forecasts and some main space weather data sources. All the chapters have updated information, taking into account the results of new satellite missions and telescopes. The book also includes a great amount of new literature (more than 340 original citations) so that the reader is able to go into more details, if required in the respective chapters.
Preface xiii
1 Introduction, What is Space Weather?
1
1.1 Definition of Space Weather
1
1.2 The Triggers of Space Weather
2
1.2.1 Examples
3
1.3 Who are the Users of Space Weather?
4
1.4 Organization of the Book
5
2 The Sun a Typical Star
7
2.1 The Sun and Stars
7
2.1.1 Location of the Sun
7
2.1.2 Properties of Stars
8
2.1.3 Stellar Spectra, the Hertzsprung-Russell-Diagram
9
2.1.4 Stellar Evolution
12
2.1.5 Spectral Classes
13
2.2 The Sun
14
2.2.1 Basic Properties
14
2.2.2 Basic Equations
15
2.2.3 Energy Generation in the Sun
16
2.2.4 Convection Zone
18
2.2.5 Model: Internal Structure of the Sun
18
2.3 Observing the Sun
19
2.3.1 General Remarks
19
2.3.2 Examples of Telescopes
20
2.3.3 Some Recent Satellite Missions
23
2.3.4 Solar Polarimetry
26
2.3.5 Solar Radio Astronomy
28
2.4 Neutrinos-Testing the Solar Interior
29
2.4.1 General Properties
29
2.4.2 Solar Neutrinos
30
2.4.3 Solar Neutrino Detectors
31
2.4.4 Testing the Standard Solar Model
33
2.4.5 Solution of the Neutrino Problem
34
2.5 Helioseismology-Solar Oscillations
36
2.5.1 Observations of Oscillations
36
2.5.2 Modes of Oscillations
38
2.5.3 Theory of Solar Oscillations
41
2.5.4 Helioseismology and Internal Rotation
43
3 The Solar Atmosphere and Active Regions
47
3.1 Introduction
47
3.2 Phenomena in the Solar Photosphere
48
3.2.1 Radiation Transport
48
3.2.2 Granulation
49
3.2.3 Five Minutes Oscillations
54
3.2.4 Sunspots
55
3.2.5 Photospheric Faculae
62
3.3 The Chromosphere
64
3.3.1 Diagnostics
64
3.3.2 Radiative Transfer in the Chromosphere
65
3.3.3 Chromospheric Heating
68
3.3.4 Chromospheric Network, Supergranulation
70
3.4 Solar Flares
71
3.4.1 General Properties
71
3.4.2 Classification of Solar Flares
73
3.4.3 Where do Flares Occur?
75
3.4.4 Prominences
76
3.5 The Corona
78
3.5.1 Basic Facts
78
3.5.2 Observational Features in the Corona
79
3.5.3 Coronal Mass Ejections, CME
80
3.5.4 Heating of the Corona
82
3.6 Solar Wind and Interplanetary Magnetic field
84
3.6.1 Diagnostics of the Solar Wind
84
3.6.2 Solar Wind and Interplanetary Magnetic Fields
87
3.6.3 High Speed Solar Wind
90
3.6.4 Heliospheric Current Sheet
90
3.7 Variations of the Solar Diameter
91
3.7.1 Relation Solar Diameter-Solar Dynamo
91
3.7.2 Ground Based Measurements
93
3.7.3 Satellite Measurements
94
4 MHD and the Solar Dynamo
97
4.1 Solar Magnetohydrodynamics
97
4.1.1 Basic Equations
97
4.1.2 Some Important MHD Effects
100
4.1.3 Magnetic Reconnection
102
4.1.4 Fluid Equations
103
4.1.5 Equation of State
104
4.1.6 Structured Magnetic Fields
105
4.1.7 Potential Fields
106
4.1.8 3 D Reconstruction of Active Regions
106
4.1.9 Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields
107
4.1.10 MHD Waves
111
4.1.11 Magnetic Fields and Convection
112
4.2 The Solar Dynamo
113
4.2.1 The Solar Dynamo and Observational Features
113
4.2.2 The α — ω Dynamo
113
4.2.3 Mathematical Description
115
4.2.4 Solar Activity Prediction
119
4.3 Stellar Activity
120
4.3.1 Detection and Observation of Stellar Activity
120
4.3.2 Stellar Activity Cycles
121
5 The Earth's Atmosphere and Climate
123
5.1 The Earth's Atmosphere
123
5.1.1 Structure of the Atmosphere
123
5.1.2 Composition
125
5.1.3 Paleoclimatology
127
5.1.4 Theory of Milankovich
130
5.1.5 Greenhouseffect
133
5.1.6 Ozone
134
5.1.7 The Structure of the Higher Atmosphere
137
5.2 Earth's History and Origin of the Atmosphere
139
5.2.1 History of the Earth
139
5.2.2 Origin of the Atmosphere
140
6 Space Weather and Climate
143
6.1 The Atmosphere's Response to Solar Irradiation
143
6.1.1 Introduction
143
6.1.2 UV Radiation
145
6.1.3 Energetic particles
145
6.1.4 Thermosphere and Exosphere
146
6.1.5 Mesosphere and Stratosphere
147
6.1.6 Troposphere
149
6.2 The Faint Young Sun
149
6.2.1 Evolution of the Solar Luminosity
149
6.2.2 Pre Main Sequence Sun
150
6.2.3 Albedo Variations
150
6.2.4 The CO2 Geochemical Cycle
152
6.2.5 Effects of the Biota
153
6.2.6 T Tauri and Post T Tauri Phase
154
6.3 Solar Variability
155
6.3.1 Total Solar Irradiance Measurements
156
6.3.2 Long Term Solar Variations
160
6.3.3 Solar Protons
164
6.4 Cosmic Rays
164
6.4.1 Origination of Cosmic Rays
164
6.4.2 The Heliosphere
167
6.4.3 Clouds, Cloud Formation Processes
168
6.5 What Causes the Global Warming'?
171
7 Space Weather and Radiation Damage
175
7.1 Radiation Damage on Living Organisms
175
7.1.1 Definitions
175
7.1.2 Radiation Damage on DNA
177
7.1.3 DNA Repair
178
7.1.4 Radiation Dose Limits for Astronauts
178
7.1.5 Genetic vs. Somatic Effects
179
7.1.6 The Solar Proton Event in August 1972
180
7.2 Solar UV Radiation Damage
181
7.2.1 General Remarks
181
7.2.2 UV Radiation and Materials
183
7.2.3 Effects on the Skin
184
7.2.4 Effects on the Eye
185
7.2.5 Immune System
185
7.2.6 UV Index
185
7.3 Radiation in Space
186
7.3.1 Space Environment
186
7.3.2 The Extravehicular Mobility Unit
187
7.3.3 Radiation Shielding
188
7.3.4 Radiation Risks of Manned Space Missions
189
8 Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, Space Weather
191
8.1 General Properties
191
8.1.1 The Magnetosphere
191
8.1.2 The Ionosphere
197
8.2 Solar Activity and Magnetosphere
199
8.2.1 Magnetic Storms
202
8.2.2 Particles and Particle Motion
203
8.2.3 Aurora
204
8.2.4 Geomagnetic Indices
207
8.2.5 Solar Indices
209
8.2.6 Navigation Systems
210
8.2.7 Radio Communication
211
8.2.8 Geomagnetically Induced Currents
213
8.2.9 Systems Affected by Solar or Geomagnetic Activity
214
8.2.10 The Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model
215
8.3 Satellites
216
8.3.1 Solar Panels
216
8.3.2 Power Sources for Spacecraft
218
8.3.3 Electron Damage to Satellites
220
8.3.4 Single Event Upsets
221
8.3.5 Solar Activity and Satellite Lifetimes
224
8.3.6 Case Study: KOMPSAT1
225
8.3.7 The Atmospheric Model
226
8.3.8 Special Events
229
8.4 Space Weather on Moon and Mars
230
8.4.1 Spaceweather on Moon
230
8.4.2 Record of Early Earth Evolution
231
8.4.3 Mars
231
9 Real-Time Space Weather and Forecasts
235
9.1 NOAA Space Weather Scales
235
9.1.1 Geomagnetic Storms
235
9.1.2 Solar Radiation Storms
237
9.1.3 Scale for Radio Blackouts
238
9.1.4 Summary
240
9.2 The Main Space Weather Sources
240
9.2.1 NOAA Environment Center
241
9.2.2 Solar-Terrestrial Dispatch
241
9.2.3 Australian Space Forecast Centre
242
9.3 Space Weather Forecasts
242
10 Asteroids, Comets, Meteroites 245
10.1 Asteroids
245
10.1.1 General Properties
245
10.1.2 Classification of Asteroids
246
10.2 Impacts by Asteroids
246
10.2.1 Potentially Hazardous Asteroids
246
10.2.2 Torino Impact Scale
247
10.2.3 NEOs
248
10.2.4 The Cretaceous-Tertiary Impact
250
10.3 Meteorites
252
10.3.1 General Properties
252
10.3.2 Classification
253
10.3.3 The Leonid Threat
254
10.4 Comets
255
10.4.1 General Properties
255
10.4.2 Cometary Activity
256
10.4.3 Oort Cloud and Kuiper Belt
256
10.4.4 Comets and Meteor Showers
257
11 Space Debris 261
11.1 Number of Space Debris
261
11.1.1 Orbits
261
11.1.2 Number of Objects
262
11.2 Detection of Space Debris
263
11.2.1 Radar Measurements
264
11.2.2 Telescopes
266
11.2.3 Catalogues
266
11.3 Shielding and Risk Assessments
266
11.3.1 Risk Assessments
266
11.3.2 Reentry of Orbital Debris
268
11.3.3 Orbital Debris Protection
268
11.3.4 Space Debris Models
271
11.3.5 Shielding
272
Bibliography 275
Internet 301
List of Tables 303
Index 305
Born 1959, research position at university of Graz since 1983. Research stay at the Kiepenheuer Institute für Sonnenphysik, Insituto de Astroficia de Canarias, Tatranska Lomnica and others. 3 times guest professor at the Universite de Toulouse, Obs. Pic du Midi, France. Since 2005 full time professor at University of Graz. Since 2002 president of JOSO, Joint Organisation for Solar Observations.