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1 Introduction to Pricing |
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1 | (40) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Definitions and Notations |
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3 | (1) |
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1.3 High -and Low-price Strategies |
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4 | (1) |
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1.4 Adjustable Strategies |
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5 | (4) |
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1.4.1 Market Segmentation (or Price Discrimination) Strategy |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.4.4 Penetration Pricing |
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9 | (1) |
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1.4.5 Yield Management (Revenue Management) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.5 Margin, Price, and Selling Level |
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9 | (6) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (1) |
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1.5.4 Items Sold with Regard to Price (Margin Being Constant) |
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13 | (2) |
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1.6 Price Versus Sales Volume: the Selling Curve |
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15 | (5) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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1.6.4 Estimation Made by Experts |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (3) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (12) |
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1.7.1 Introduction and Definitions |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (5) |
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26 | (3) |
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1.7.4 Clustering for Market Segmentation |
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29 | (3) |
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1.8 Price Strategy in Oligopoly Markets |
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32 | (5) |
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1.8.1 Reactions of Competitors |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (3) |
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41 | (36) |
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41 | (2) |
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2.2 Time-dated Items: a Deterministic Model |
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43 | (6) |
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43 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Solving the Problem: Overall Approach |
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44 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Solving the Problem: Example for a Given Price Function |
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45 | (4) |
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49 | (1) |
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2.3 Dynamic Pricing for Time-dated Products: a Stochastic Model |
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49 | (11) |
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50 | (3) |
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2.3.2 Solution to the Problem |
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53 | (3) |
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2.3.3 Probability for the Number of Items at a Given Point in Time |
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56 | (3) |
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59 | (1) |
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2.4 Stochastic Dynamic Pricing for Items with Salvage Values |
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60 | (15) |
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60 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Price as a Function of Inventory Levels: General Case |
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61 | (10) |
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2.4.3 Price as a Function of Inventory Levels: a Special Case |
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71 | (4) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (32) |
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77 | (3) |
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80 | (2) |
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3.3 Vendor Selection and Evaluation Model |
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82 | (12) |
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82 | (6) |
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3.3.2 Solution Approaches |
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88 | (6) |
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3.4 Strategic Outsourcing |
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94 | (5) |
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95 | (3) |
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98 | (1) |
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3.5 Pros and Cons of Outsourcing |
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99 | (1) |
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3.6 A Country of Active Offshore Vendors: China |
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100 | (4) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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3.6.3 Chinese Strategy to Acquire Know-how and Technology |
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103 | (1) |
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3.7 Offshore Outsourcing: a Harmful Strategy? |
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104 | (2) |
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3.7.1 Introductory Remarks |
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104 | (1) |
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3.7.2 Risk of Introducing Innovations Abroad |
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105 | (1) |
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3.7.3 How Could Offshore Outsourcing Be Harmful to Some Groups? |
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105 | (1) |
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3.7.4 How Could Offshore Outsourcing Be Harmful to a Country? |
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105 | (1) |
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3.7.5 How Could Offshore Outsourcing Be Harmful to the World? |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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4 Inventory Management in Supply Chains |
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109 | (54) |
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109 | (4) |
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4.2 Inventories in Supply Chains |
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113 | (9) |
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4.2.1 Definition of a Supply Chain |
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113 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Inventory Problems in a Supply Chain |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (7) |
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4.3 Stochastic Inventory Problems |
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122 | (10) |
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4.3.1 Newsvendor (or Newsboy) Problem |
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122 | (3) |
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4.3.2 Finite-horizon Model with Stochastic Demand |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (3) |
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130 | (2) |
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4.4 Echelon Stock Policies |
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132 | (7) |
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4.4.1 Introductory Remarks |
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132 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Material Requirements Planning (MRP) |
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133 | (5) |
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4.4.3 Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP2) |
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138 | (1) |
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4.5 Production Smoothing: Lot-size Models |
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139 | (13) |
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4.5.1 Discrete Monoproduct Problem |
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140 | (5) |
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4.5.2 Continuous Monoproduct Problem |
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145 | (3) |
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4.5.3 Multiproduct Problem |
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148 | (3) |
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4.5.4 Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) |
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151 | (1) |
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4.6 Pull Control Strategies |
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152 | (5) |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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4.6.3 Constant Work-in-progress (CONWIP) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (3) |
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5 Radio-frequency Identification (RFID): Technology and Applications |
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163 | (32) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (4) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Parameters of Importance when Selecting Tags |
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168 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Auto-ID Center at MIT |
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169 | (1) |
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5.3 Succinct Guideline for RFID Deployment |
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169 | (2) |
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5.3.1 Choice of the Technology |
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169 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Analysis of Problems that May Happen |
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170 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Matching RFID with IT |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (9) |
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5.4.1 Application to Inventory Systems |
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171 | (3) |
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5.4.2 RFID Systems in Supply Chains |
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174 | (5) |
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5.4.3 Various Applications Related to Movement Tracking |
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179 | (1) |
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5.5 Some Industrial Sectors that Apply RFID |
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180 | (3) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Pharmaceutical Industry |
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181 | (1) |
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5.5.4 Automotive Industry |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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5.5.6 Finance and Banking Industry |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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5.5.8 Processed Food Industry |
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183 | (1) |
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5.6 Advantages when Applying RFID Technology to Supply Chains |
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183 | (2) |
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5.7 Expert Opinion on the Matter |
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185 | (1) |
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5.8 Economic Evaluation of the Use of RFID in Supply Chains |
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185 | (3) |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (2) |
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5.9.1 Main Privacy Concerns |
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188 | (1) |
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5.9.2 How to Protect Privacy? |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (3) |
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6 X-manufacturing Systems |
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195 | (42) |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (1) |
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6.3 Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) |
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197 | (6) |
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6.3.1 What Does Flexibility Means? |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (4) |
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6.3.3 Advantages and Limitations of FMS |
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202 | (1) |
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6.4 Agile Manufacturing Systems (AMS) |
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203 | (4) |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Agile Versus Flexible |
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205 | (1) |
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6.4.4 Cost Stability During the Life of an AMS |
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205 | (2) |
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6.5 Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems (RMS) |
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207 | (11) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (2) |
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6.5.3 Reconfiguration for Error Handling |
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210 | (1) |
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6.5.4 A Problem Related to RMS |
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211 | (7) |
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6.6 Lean Manufacturing Systems (LMS) |
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218 | (15) |
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218 | (1) |
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6.6.2 How to Eliminate Wastes? |
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219 | (1) |
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6.6.3 Six Core Methods to Implement Lean Manufacturing |
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220 | (13) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (3) |
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7 Design and Balancing of Paced Assembly Lines |
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237 | (40) |
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7.1 Simple Production Line (SPL) and Simple Assembly Line (SAL) |
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237 | (3) |
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7.2 Simple Assembly Line Balancing (SALB) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (14) |
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7.3.1 Common Sense Approach |
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241 | (3) |
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244 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Improvement of COMSOAL |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (3) |
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7.3.5 Kilbridge and Wester (KW)-like Heuristic |
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251 | (1) |
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7.3.6 Branch and Bound (B&B) Approaches |
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251 | (2) |
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7.3.7 Mathematical Formulation of a SALB-1 Problem |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (3) |
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7.4.1 Heuristic Algorithm |
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256 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Algorithm Based on Heuristics for SALB-1 |
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257 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Mathematical Formulation of Problem SALB-2 |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (12) |
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7.5.1 Simulated Annealing |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (9) |
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7.6 Properties and Evaluation of a Line-balancing Solution |
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270 | (3) |
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7.6.1 Relationship Cycle Time/Number of Stations/Throughput |
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270 | (1) |
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7.6.2 Evaluation of a Line-balancing Solution |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (3) |
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8 Advanced Line-balancing Approaches and Generalizations |
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277 | (50) |
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277 | (1) |
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8.2 Single Type of Product and Triangular Operation Times |
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278 | (6) |
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8.2.1 Triangular Density of Probability |
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278 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Generating a Random Value |
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280 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Assembly-line Balancing |
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280 | (4) |
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8.3 Particular Case: Gaussian Operation Times |
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284 | (6) |
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8.3.1 Reminder of Useful Properties |
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284 | (2) |
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8.3.2 Integration Using Tchebycheff's Polynomials |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (1) |
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8.4 Mixed-model Assembly Line with Deterministic Task Times |
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290 | (9) |
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290 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Ratios are Constant |
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291 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Ratios are Stochastic |
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291 | (8) |
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8.5 Mixed-model Line Balancing: Stochastic Ratio and Operation Times |
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299 | (5) |
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299 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Evaluation of an Operation Time |
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299 | (1) |
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8.5.3 ALB Algorithm in the Most General Case |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (3) |
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8.6 How to React when the Loads of Stations Exceed the Cycle Time by Accident? |
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304 | (2) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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8.7 Introduction to Parallel Stations |
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306 | (1) |
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8.8 Particular Constraints |
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307 | (4) |
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8.8.1 A Set of Operations Should be Assigned to the Same Station |
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308 | (1) |
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8.8.2 Two Operations Should be Assigned to Different Stations |
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308 | (1) |
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8.8.3 Line Balancing with Equipment Selection |
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308 | (3) |
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8.9 Specific Systems with Dynamic Work Sharing |
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311 | (13) |
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8.9.1 Bucket-brigade Assembly Lines |
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312 | (4) |
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8.9.2 U-shaped Assembly Lines |
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316 | (7) |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (3) |
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9 Dynamic Scheduling and Real-time Assignment |
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327 | (44) |
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9.1 Introduction and Basic Definitions |
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327 | (4) |
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331 | (14) |
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9.2.1 Reactive Scheduling: Priority (or Dispatching) Rules |
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331 | (6) |
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9.2.2 Predictive-reactive Scheduling |
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337 | (8) |
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9.3 Real-time Assignment with Fixed Previous Assignments |
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345 | (14) |
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9.3.1 Problem Formulation |
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346 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Case of a Linear Production |
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347 | (4) |
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9.3.3 Control of the Production Cycle |
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351 | (2) |
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9.3.4 Control of the Production Cycle and the WIP |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (5) |
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9.4 Real-time Assignment with Possible Limited Adjustment of Previous Assignments |
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359 | (8) |
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9.4.1 Setting the Problem |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (3) |
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9.4.3 Real-time Algorithm in the Case of Adjustment |
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363 | (1) |
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9.4.4 Case of a Linear Production |
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364 | (3) |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (2) |
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371 | (48) |
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371 | (1) |
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10.2 Static Facility Layouts |
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372 | (31) |
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10.2.1 Basic Layout Models |
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372 | (2) |
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10.2.2 Selection of a Type of Layout |
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374 | (2) |
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376 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Design of Manufacturing Entities |
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377 | (17) |
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10.2.5 Location of Manufacturing Entities on an Available Space |
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394 | (5) |
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10.2.6 Layout Inside Manufacturing Entities |
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399 | (3) |
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10.2.7 Balancing of the Manufacturing Entities |
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402 | (1) |
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10.3 Facility Layout in a Dynamic Environment |
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403 | (11) |
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10.3.1 Changes in the Needs of Manufacturing Systems |
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403 | (2) |
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405 | (5) |
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10.3.3 Dynamic Facility Layout |
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410 | (4) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (3) |
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11 Warehouse Management and Design |
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419 | (30) |
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419 | (1) |
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11.2 Warehouse Types and Usefulness |
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420 | (3) |
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11.2.1 Warehouse Taxonomies |
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420 | (2) |
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11.2.2 Warehouse Usefulness |
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422 | (1) |
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11.3 Basic Warehousing Operations |
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423 | (6) |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (4) |
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427 | (2) |
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11.4 Warehouse Management |
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429 | (2) |
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11.4.1 Warehouse Functions |
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429 | (2) |
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11.4.2 Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) |
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431 | (1) |
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11.5 Design: Some Remarks |
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431 | (9) |
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11.5.1 Warehouse Overview |
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431 | (4) |
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11.5.2 Storage in Unit-load Warehouse |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (4) |
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11.6 Warehouse -location Models |
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440 | (5) |
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440 | (1) |
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11.6.2 Single-flow Hierarchical Location Problem |
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441 | (3) |
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11.6.3 Multiflow Hierarchical Location Problem |
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444 | (1) |
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11.6.4 Remarks on Location Models |
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444 | (1) |
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445 | (1) |
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445 | (1) |
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446 | (3) |
A Simulated Annealing |
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449 | (10) |
B Dynamic Programming |
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459 | (24) |
C Branch-and-Bound Method |
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483 | (20) |
D Tabu Search Method |
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503 | (16) |
E Genetic Algorithms |
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519 | (12) |
Authors' Biographies |
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531 | (2) |
Index |
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533 | |