Preface to the Second Edition |
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xvii | |
Preface to the First Edition |
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xix | |
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Surfaces and Colloids: The Twilight Zone |
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1 | (7) |
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Introduction: The World of Neglected Dimensions |
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1 | (4) |
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An Historical Prospective |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Surfaces and Interfaces: General Concepts |
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8 | (13) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (10) |
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The Work of Cohesion and Adhesion |
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13 | (5) |
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Standard Reference States |
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18 | (1) |
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The Molecular Nature of the Interfacial Region |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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Surface Activity and Surfactant Structures |
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21 | (19) |
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Basic Structural Requirements for Surface Activity |
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21 | (2) |
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Surfactant Structures and Sources |
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23 | (11) |
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The Classification of Surfactants |
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24 | (1) |
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Building Blocks for Surfactant Molecules |
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25 | (4) |
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Surfactant Solubilizing Groups |
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29 | (1) |
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Common Surfactant Hydrophobic Groups |
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30 | (4) |
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The Economic Importance of Surfactants |
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34 | (2) |
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Surfactants in the Environment |
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36 | (2) |
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Biodegradation of Surfactants |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (39) |
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Chemical and Physical Interactions |
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40 | (1) |
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The Importance of Long-Range Physical Forces |
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41 | (1) |
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Classification of Physical Forces |
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42 | (13) |
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Coulombic or Electrostatic Interactions |
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43 | (2) |
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Other Interactions Involving Ions |
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45 | (10) |
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55 | (11) |
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Dipole-Dipole Interactions |
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55 | (2) |
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Angle-Averaged Dipolar Interactions |
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57 | (1) |
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Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions |
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57 | (1) |
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The London-van der Waals (Dispersion) Force |
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58 | (4) |
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Total van der Waals Interactions between Polar Molecules |
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62 | (2) |
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Effects of a Nonvacuum Medium |
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64 | (2) |
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Interactions between Surfaces and Particles |
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66 | (3) |
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Surface Interactions in Novacuum Media |
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67 | (1) |
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Dipole, Induced Dipole, and Hydrogen Bonding (Acid--Base) Interactions at Interfaces |
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68 | (1) |
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Lifshitz Theory: A Continuum Approach |
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69 | (5) |
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Some Shortcomings of the Hamaker and Lifshitz Theories |
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72 | (1) |
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Hard Sphere Diameter Effects |
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72 | (2) |
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Hydrodynamic Flow Effects in Interfacial Interactions |
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74 | (3) |
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77 | (2) |
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Electrostatic Forces and the Electrical Double Layer |
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79 | (18) |
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Sources of Interfacial Charge |
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79 | (4) |
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Differential Ion Solubility |
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81 | (1) |
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Direct Ionization of Surface Groups |
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81 | (1) |
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Substitution of Surface Ions |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Electrostatic Theory: Coulomb's Law |
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83 | (8) |
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Boltzman's Distribution and the Electrical Double Layer |
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84 | (1) |
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Double-Layer Thickness: The Debye Length |
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85 | (3) |
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Specific-Ion Adsorption and the Stern Layer |
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88 | (3) |
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91 | (5) |
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92 | (1) |
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Moving-Boundary Electrophoresis |
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93 | (1) |
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Gel (Zone) Electrophoresis |
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93 | (1) |
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Some Practical Comments on Electrokinetic Characteristics |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (28) |
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Fluid Properties and Dynamics |
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97 | (3) |
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100 | (1) |
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Capillary Driving Forces in Liquid--Fluid Systems |
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101 | (17) |
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Solid--Liquid--Fluid Systems: the Effect of Contact Angle |
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103 | (1) |
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Capillary Flow and Spreading Processes |
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104 | (3) |
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Geometric Considerations in Capillary Flow |
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107 | (2) |
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Measurement of Capillary Driving Forces |
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109 | (3) |
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Complications to Capillary Flow Analysis |
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112 | (5) |
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Rates and Patterns of Capillary Flow |
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117 | (1) |
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Some Practical Capillary Systems |
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118 | (5) |
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Wetting in Woven Fibers and Papers |
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118 | (3) |
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Waterproofing or Repellency Control |
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121 | (1) |
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Capillary Action in Detergency Processes |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (15) |
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Surface Mobility in Solids |
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125 | (4) |
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128 | (1) |
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``History'' and the Characteristics of Solid Surfaces |
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129 | (1) |
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Solid Surface Free Energy vs Surface Tension |
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130 | (2) |
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The Formation of Solid Surfaces |
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132 | (6) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (3) |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (39) |
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The Nature of a Liquid Surface: Surface Tension |
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140 | (7) |
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142 | (1) |
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Temperature Effects on Surface Tension |
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143 | (1) |
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The Effect of Surface Curvature |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (2) |
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Surface Tensions of Solutions |
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147 | (4) |
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Surfactants and the Reduction of Surface Tension |
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150 | (1) |
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Effects of Phase Densities |
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151 | (1) |
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Surfactant Adsorption and Gibbs Monolayers |
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151 | (7) |
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Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Surfactant Structure |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (4) |
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Insoluble Monomolecular Films |
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158 | (4) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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The Physical States of Monolayer Films |
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162 | (12) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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Some Factors Affecting the Type of Film Formed |
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167 | (3) |
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170 | (1) |
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Surface Films of Polymers and Proteins |
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171 | (1) |
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Monolayer Films at Liquid--Liquid Interfaces and on Nonaqueous Liquids |
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172 | (1) |
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Deposited Monolayers and Multilayer Films |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (5) |
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179 | (35) |
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179 | (7) |
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180 | (3) |
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The Gibbs Adsorption Equation |
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183 | (3) |
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Adsorption at the Solid--Vapor Interface |
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186 | (7) |
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Energetic Considerations: Physical Adsorption versus Chemisorption |
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187 | (3) |
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Chemisorption and Heterogeneous Catalysis |
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190 | (3) |
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Catalytic Promoters and Poisons |
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193 | (1) |
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Solid--Vapor Adsorption Isotherms |
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193 | (6) |
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Classification of Adsorption Isotherms |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (1) |
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The Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm |
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197 | (1) |
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The Brunauer--Emmett--Teller (BET) Isotherm |
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198 | (1) |
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Surface Areas from the BET Isotherm |
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198 | (1) |
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Adsorption at Solid--Liquid Interfaces |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (2) |
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Quantification of Surfactant Adsorption |
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202 | (9) |
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Adsorption Isotherms in Solid--Liquid Systems |
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202 | (2) |
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Adsorption and Modification of the Solid--Liquid Interface |
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204 | (1) |
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Adsorption and Nature of the Adsorbent Surface |
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204 | (4) |
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Environmental Effects on Adsorption |
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208 | (2) |
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Effects of Adsorption on the Nature of the Solid Surface |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (3) |
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Colloids and Colloidal Stability |
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214 | (39) |
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The Importance of Colloids and Colloidal Phenomena |
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214 | (1) |
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Colloids: A Working Definition |
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215 | (4) |
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216 | (2) |
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218 | (1) |
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Some Points of Nomenclature |
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218 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Colloid Formation |
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219 | (3) |
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Comminution or Dispersion Methods |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (1) |
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The ``Roots'' of Colloidal Behavior |
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222 | (1) |
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Ground Rules for Colloidal Stability |
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223 | (7) |
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225 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Stabilization |
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226 | (1) |
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A Review of Basic Intermolecular Forces |
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226 | (2) |
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Fundamental Interparticle Forces |
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228 | (1) |
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Attractive Interactions in Nonvacuum Media |
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229 | (1) |
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Sources of Colloidal Stability |
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230 | (3) |
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Charged Surfaces and the Electrical Double Layer |
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231 | (1) |
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Some Complicating Factors |
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231 | (2) |
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Steric or Enthalpic Stabilization |
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233 | (3) |
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The Mechanism of Steric Stabilization |
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234 | (2) |
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Solvent Effects in Steric Stabilization |
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236 | (1) |
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Effects of Polymer Molecular Weight |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | |
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236 | (12) |
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Kinetics of Particle Collisions: Fast Coagulation |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (2) |
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Critical Coagulation Concentration |
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243 | (1) |
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The Deryagin--Landau--Verwey--Overbeek (DLVO) Theory |
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244 | (3) |
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Reversible Flocculation and the Secondary Minimum |
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247 | (1) |
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The Complete Interaction Curve |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (5) |
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253 | (40) |
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Fundamental Concepts in Emulsion Science and Technology |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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Emulsions and the Liquid--Liquid Interface |
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255 | (4) |
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Classification of Emulsifiers and Stabilizers |
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256 | (2) |
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What Determines Emulsion Types? |
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258 | (1) |
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Adsorption at Liquid--Liquid Interfaces |
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259 | (2) |
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General Considerations of Emulsion Formation and Stability |
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261 | (1) |
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Some Mechanistic Details of Stabilization |
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262 | (16) |
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Polymeric Emulsifiers and Stabilizers |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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Surfactant Structure and Emulsion Performance |
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265 | (1) |
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Liquid Crystals and Emulsion Stability |
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266 | (1) |
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Mixed Surfactant Systems and Interfacial Complexes |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (2) |
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The Hydrophile--Lipophile Balance (HLB) |
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270 | (3) |
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Cohesive Energies and the Solubility Parameter |
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273 | (5) |
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Solubility Parameters, Surfactants, and Emulsions |
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278 | (3) |
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The Relationship between HLB and Solubility Parameter |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (6) |
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Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) |
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283 | (1) |
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Application of HLB and PIT in Emulsion Formulation |
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284 | (2) |
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Some Other Factors Affecting Stability |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (5) |
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Nomenclature for Multiple Emulsions |
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289 | (1) |
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Preparation and Stability of Multiple Emulsions |
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289 | (2) |
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Primary Emulsion Breakdown |
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291 | (2) |
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The Surfactants and Phase Components |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (24) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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Basic Properties of Foams |
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297 | (1) |
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Foam Stability or Persistence |
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298 | (5) |
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Thermodynamic Conditions for Stability |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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Practical Control of Foamability and Persistence |
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303 | (4) |
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Monomeric Surfactant Stabilization |
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306 | (1) |
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Polymers and Foam Stabilization |
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306 | (1) |
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Foam Formation and Surfactant Structure |
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307 | (2) |
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Liquid Crystals and Foam Stability |
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309 | (1) |
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The Effects of Additives on Surfactant Foaming Properties |
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310 | (2) |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (3) |
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317 | (22) |
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The Importance of Aerosols |
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317 | (1) |
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Colloidal Properties of Aerosols |
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318 | (5) |
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Dynamics of the Aerosol Movement |
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319 | (2) |
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Colloidal Interactions in Aerosols |
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321 | (2) |
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Liquid Aerosols: Mists and Fogs |
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323 | (8) |
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Spraying and Related Mechanisms of Mist and Fog Formation |
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324 | (1) |
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Inertial Processes for Drop Formation |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (1) |
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Aerosol Formation by Condensation |
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328 | (3) |
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Solid Aerosols: Dust and Smoke |
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331 | (2) |
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The Destruction of Aerosols |
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333 | (4) |
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337 | (2) |
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339 | (19) |
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The Solubility of Macromolecules |
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339 | (2) |
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Statistics of Polymer Chain Conformations in Solution |
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340 | (1) |
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Problems with Random Walks |
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341 | (1) |
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Adsorption of Polymers at Interfaces |
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341 | (3) |
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Polymer-Surfactant Interactions |
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344 | (12) |
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Mechanisms of Polymer-Surfactant Complex Formation |
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346 | (8) |
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Polymers, Surfactants, and Solubilization |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (2) |
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356 | (2) |
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Association Colloids: Micelles, Vesicles, and Membranes |
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358 | (39) |
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Surfactant Solubility, Krafft Temperature, and Cloud Point |
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359 | (3) |
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Surfactant Liquid Crystals |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (10) |
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Manifestations of Micelle Formation |
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366 | (3) |
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Classic Thermodynamics of Micelle Formation |
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369 | (2) |
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Free Energy of Micellization |
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371 | (2) |
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Molecular Geometry and the Formation of Association Colloids |
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373 | (5) |
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Some Correlations between Surfactant Structure, Environment, and Micellization |
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378 | (12) |
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378 | (2) |
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The Critical Micelle Concentration |
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380 | (4) |
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384 | (3) |
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Micelle Formation in Mixed-Surfactant Systems |
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387 | (1) |
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Micelle Formation in Nonaqueous Media |
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388 | (2) |
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Vesicles and Bilayer Membranes |
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390 | (3) |
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391 | (1) |
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Polymerized Vesicles and Lipid Bilayers |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (2) |
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Membrane Surfactants or Lipids |
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393 | (2) |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (2) |
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Solubilization, Micellar Catalysis, and Microemulsions |
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397 | (18) |
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397 | (8) |
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The ``Geography'' of Solubilization |
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398 | (2) |
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The Solubilization Process |
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400 | (1) |
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Generalizations on Surfactant Structure and Solubilizing Power |
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401 | (1) |
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Solubilization and the Nature of the Additive |
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402 | (1) |
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The Effect of Temperature on Solubilization |
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402 | (1) |
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402 | (1) |
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The Effects of Added Electrolyte |
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403 | (1) |
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Miscellaneous Factors Affecting Solubilization |
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404 | (1) |
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Solubilization and Nutrition |
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405 | (1) |
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406 | (3) |
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Catalysis in Aqueous Solvent |
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407 | (2) |
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Catalysis in Nonaqueous Solvents |
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409 | (1) |
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409 | (4) |
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Micelle, Microemulsion, or Macroemulsion? |
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410 | (2) |
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Negative Interfacial Tensions |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (2) |
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415 | (33) |
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415 | (8) |
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Contact Angle Measurement Techniques |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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The Effects of Surface Roughness on Contact Angles and Wetting |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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Kinetic Aspects of Hysteresis |
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422 | (1) |
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The Thermodynamics of Wetting |
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423 | (7) |
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Young's Equation (Again!) |
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423 | (2) |
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The Spreading Coefficient |
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425 | (1) |
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Classification of Wetting Processes |
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426 | (2) |
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Additional Useful Thermodynamic Relationships for Wetting |
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428 | (2) |
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Contact Angles and Calculation of Solid Surface Energies |
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430 | (5) |
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The Critical Surface Tension of Wetting |
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432 | (2) |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (3) |
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Factors Affecting Dynamic Wetting Phenomena |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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Effects of Surfactants on Wetting Processes |
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439 | (6) |
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Surfactant Effects on Nonpolar Surfaces |
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441 | (1) |
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Surfactants and Wetting on Polar Surfaces |
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442 | (3) |
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445 | (3) |
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Friction, Lubriation, and Wear |
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448 | (28) |
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448 | (3) |
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Friction and the Nature of the Surface |
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451 | (5) |
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452 | (1) |
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Crystals with Relatively Isotropic Structures |
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453 | (1) |
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Anisotropic or Layered Crystalline Materials |
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453 | (2) |
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Polymeric (Amorphous) Materials |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (13) |
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Mechanisms of Lubrication |
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457 | (10) |
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Some Final Comments on Lubrication |
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467 | (2) |
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469 | (5) |
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470 | (2) |
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472 | (1) |
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473 | (1) |
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474 | (2) |
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476 | (13) |
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476 | (1) |
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Thermodynamic or Ideal Adhesion |
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477 | (1) |
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478 | (3) |
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Some Conditions for ``Good'' Adhesion |
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481 | (4) |
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485 | (2) |
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Importance of Failure Identification |
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485 | (1) |
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The Role of Joint Flaws in Adhesive Failure |
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486 | (1) |
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487 | (2) |
Bibliography |
|
489 | (6) |
Index |
|
495 | |