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E-grāmata: Sustainable Landscaping: Principles and Practices

(Western Illinois University, Macomb, USA)
  • Formāts: 232 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 05-Oct-2020
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000195927
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  • Formāts: 232 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 05-Oct-2020
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000195927

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Sustainable landscaping involves a set of practices implemented by landscape practitioners to help solve environmental concerns. Continuing in the tradition of its predecessor, the second edition of Sustainable Landscaping: Principles and Practices examines underlying landscaping issues that adversely affect the environment and illustrates alternative methods that result in positive outcomes. This textbook examines all phases of landscaping in both residential and commercial environments, from design to construction and implementation to maintenance.

Firmly anchoring landscaping practices in the context of sustainability, this book explores topics including choosing appropriate plants and using plants for specific effects, such as shading, water quality and quantity, soil health and optimal preservation techniques, pesticide usage and its inherent dangers, energy consumption, and resource management and waste reduction. Sustainable Landscaping also provides a thorough grounding in pertinent issues and terminology for each topic, followed by practical solutions applied by landscape professionals.











Each chapter includes learning objectives and case studies of actual sustainable landscape activities.





Contains updated government statistics and data, graphs, tables, and color photographs throughout.





Provides background information and sustainable solutions for students, homeowners, and landscaping professionals to effectively design and manage landscapes.

Author

Dr. Marietta Loehrlein is a Professor Emeritus of Horticulture and Landscaping at Western Illinois University in Macomb, IL, USA. While there, she developed a new course, "Sustainable Landscaping," and wrote the first edition of this textbook, which was also the first of its kind to address the subject.
Preface xv
Author xvii
Chapter 1 Sustainable Landscaping
1(16)
Terms to Know
1(1)
What Is Sustainable Landscaping?
1(1)
History and Background
2(1)
Sustainable Sites Initiative
2(3)
Environmental Issues and Landscaping
5(5)
Global Climate Change
6(2)
Carbon Emissions
8(1)
Air Quality
8(1)
Water Issues
9(1)
Pesticide Use and Toxicity
9(1)
The Waste Stream
10(1)
Non-Renewable and Renewable Resources
10(1)
The Role of the Landscaping Industry in Sustainability
11(2)
Sustainability Audit
13(1)
How to Implement the Sustainability Audit
13(1)
Summary
13(2)
Review Questions
15(1)
Enrichment Activities
15(1)
Further Reading
15(2)
Chapter 2 Sustainability in the Plantscape
17(34)
Terms to Know
17(1)
Introduction
17(1)
Environment Aspects of Plants
18(2)
Carbon Sequestration
18(1)
Oxygen Release
19(1)
Cooling Effect of Plants
19(1)
Structural Effects of Plants
20(1)
Turfgrass
20(2)
Drought-tolerant Turf
20(1)
Salt-Tolerant Turf
21(1)
Weeds in Turf
21(1)
Aeration
21(1)
Mowing
21(1)
Woody Plants
22(1)
Pruning
22(1)
Invasive Plants
23(3)
Ecology and Plants
26(11)
Ecoregions of the United States
27(1)
Forests and Woodlands
27(2)
Prairies
29(1)
Meadows
30(2)
Riparian Zone Habitat
32(2)
Desert Ecosystems
34(3)
Ecological Landscaping
37(1)
Native and Non-Native Plant Selection
37(1)
Attracting Wildlife
38(7)
Native Pollinators
38(1)
Birds and Mammals
39(6)
Fire-wise Landscaping
45(1)
Programs for Habitat Development
45(2)
The Backyard Habitat
45(1)
The Golf Course Habitat
45(2)
Summary
47(1)
Review Questions
48(1)
Enrichment Activities
48(1)
Further Reading
48(3)
Chapter 3 The Sun and the Sustainable Landscape
51(22)
Terms to Know
51(1)
Introduction
52(1)
Studies Related to the Effects of the Sun on the Landscape
52(2)
Solar Energy
54(5)
Solar Heat Gain
56(1)
Reflecting and Absorbing Light
56(1)
Thermal Emissivity
56(1)
Heat Capacity
57(1)
Solar Reflectance Index
58(1)
Heat Loss and Heat Transfer
59(1)
Urban Heat Island
59(8)
Landscaping Practices to Mitigate the Urban Heat Island Effect
61(1)
Cooling Effect of Plants
62(3)
Shading Air Conditioners
65(1)
Green Roofs
65(1)
Cooling Paved Surfaces
65(2)
Other Considerations
67(1)
Structure Orientation
67(1)
Sun Exposure
67(1)
Reducing Heat Gain in Summer
67(1)
Increasing Heat Gain in Winter
68(1)
Optimizing Solar Incidence for Warmth in Winter
68(1)
Summary
68(1)
Review Questions
69(1)
Enrichment Activities
69(1)
Further Reading
69(4)
Chapter 4 The Wind and Energy Conservation
73(14)
Terms to Know
73(1)
Introduction
73(2)
Trapping Cold Air on a Slope
75(1)
Planting for Insulative Properties
75(1)
The Cooling Effects of Wind
75(2)
Windbreaks to Reduce Heat Loss
77(4)
Energy Usage in Winter
78(1)
Designing the Windbreak
79(1)
Height
79(1)
Shape and Size
80(1)
Plants for a Windbreak
80(1)
Wind in the Urban Landscape
81(2)
The Wind and Urban Pollution
82(1)
Summary
83(1)
Review Questions
84(1)
Activities
84(1)
Further Reading
84(3)
Chapter 5 Water Issues
87(22)
Terms to Know
87(1)
Introduction
88(1)
The Water Cycle
88(1)
Water Sources
88(2)
Potable Water
90(1)
Polluted Water
90(7)
Excessive Nutrients in Water
90(2)
Pesticides in Water
92(1)
Human and Environmental Effects of Pesticides in Water
93(1)
Contributions from Urban Areas
93(2)
Insecticides
95(1)
Herbicides
96(1)
Other Pollutants
97(1)
Preventing and Treating Contaminated Water
97(1)
Reducing Use of Pesticides in the Landscape
97(1)
Bioremediation and Phytoremediation
98(1)
Wetlands and Constructed Wetlands
98(7)
The Nature, Function, and Value of Wetlands
100(1)
Components of a Wetland
100(1)
Constructed Wetlands
100(1)
Constructed Wetlands Design
101(2)
Siting a Constructed Wetland
103(1)
Natural Components of a Constructed Wetland
103(1)
Water in a Wetland
103(1)
Substrates in a Wetland
104(1)
Plants in a Wetland
104(1)
Built Components of a Constructed Wetland
104(1)
Summary
105(1)
Review Questions
106(1)
Activities
106(1)
Further Reading
106(3)
Chapter 6 Water Conservation
109(22)
Terms to Know
109(1)
Introduction
109(1)
Precipitation
110(1)
Drought and Water Shortage
110(1)
Plant Water Requirements
111(1)
Rainwater Collection Systems
112(2)
Above-Ground Water Storage
112(1)
Below-Ground Water Storage
113(1)
Calculating Rainfall Amounts
114(1)
Irrigation and Water-Use Efficiency
114(2)
Drought-Tolerant Plants
116(1)
Water-Wise Gardening
116(3)
Mulch
119(2)
How to Apply Mulch
119(1)
Effectiveness of Different Mulches
120(1)
Gray-Water Use
121(1)
Timing of Gray-Water Usage
122(3)
Problems to Avoid
123(1)
Gray-Water Delivery
123(1)
Plant Safety Concerns
123(2)
Summary
125(1)
Review Questions
126(1)
Enrichment Activities
127(1)
References
127(4)
Chapter 7 Managing Excess Water in the Landscape
131(18)
Terms to Know
131(1)
Introduction
131(2)
Stormwater Runoff
133(2)
The Urban Water Cycle
135(1)
Solutions to Excess Water in the Landscape
135(9)
Drainage
136(1)
Landscape Swales
136(1)
Rain Gardens
136(1)
Siting a Rain Garden
137(1)
Calculating the Area Required for a Rain Garden
137(1)
How to Build a Rain Garden
138(1)
Plants for Rain Gardens
138(1)
Rainwater Collection
139(1)
Permeable Pavement Materials
140(1)
Green Roofs
141(2)
Green Roofs and Media Depth
143(1)
Green Roof Design
143(1)
Plants for Green Roofs
144(1)
Green Walls
144(1)
Summary
145(1)
Review Questions
146(1)
Enrichment Activities
146(1)
Further Reading
146(3)
Chapter 8 Soil Health
149(22)
Terms to Know
149(1)
Introduction
149(2)
Soils and Construction Activities
151(1)
Brownfields
152(1)
Soil Testing
153(7)
Physical Properties of Soil
154(1)
Soil Texture
154(2)
Soil Structure
156(2)
Chemical Properties of Soil
158(1)
Soil pH
158(1)
Cation Exchange Capacity
158(1)
Salinity and Deicers
159(1)
Addressing Problems with Soil Chemistry
160(1)
Soil Organic Matter
161(3)
Living Organisms in Soil
161(1)
Earthworms
161(1)
Nematodes
162(1)
Decomposers
162(1)
Symbionts
162(2)
Essential Plant Nutrients
164(1)
Improving Soil Health for Landscaping
164(3)
Correcting Compaction
165(1)
Preserving and Replacing Topsoil
165(1)
Reducing Subsoil at the Surface
165(1)
Providing Adequate Soil Quantity for Root Growth
166(1)
Amending with Organic Matter
166(1)
Composting
166(1)
Using Mulch
166(1)
Sustainable Fertilization
167(1)
Summary
167(1)
Review Questions
167(1)
Enrichment Activities
168(1)
Further Reading
168(3)
Chapter 9 Sustainable Fertilization
171(18)
Terms to Know
171(1)
Introduction
171(1)
Fertilizer
172(1)
Toxic Fertilizers
172(1)
Plant Fertilizer Requirements
173(2)
Nitrogen
173(1)
Phosphorus and Potassium
173(1)
Calcium and Magnesium
174(1)
Sulfur
174(1)
Iron
175(1)
Forms of Fertilizers
175(1)
Fertilizer Sources
175(11)
Mineral Fertilizers
176(1)
Nitrogen
176(1)
Phosphorus
176(2)
Potassium
178(1)
Effect of Inorganic Fertilizers on Soil Health
178(1)
Contamination of the Environment
178(1)
Reducing Nutrient Runoff and Leaching
178(1)
Organic Fertilizers
179(1)
Animal Manure
179(3)
Municipal Solid Waste
182(2)
Compost Solutions
184(1)
Other Organic Fertilizers
185(1)
Green Manure and Inter-Planting
185(1)
Summary
186(1)
Review Questions
187(1)
Enrichment Activities
187(1)
Further Reading
187(2)
Chapter 10 Improving Landscape Soils with Organic Matter
189(14)
Terms to Know
189(1)
Introduction
189(1)
Organic Matter in the Landscape
190(1)
Fate of Organic Matter
191(1)
Organic Matter and Soil Health
191(1)
Types of Organic Matter for Landscaped Areas
192(4)
Organic Amendments
192(1)
Mulch
192(2)
Mulch Materials
194(1)
How to Apply Mulch
195(1)
Problems with Mulch
196(1)
Organic Soil Amendments
196(3)
Peat Moss
197(1)
Compost
197(1)
How to Build a Compost Bin System
197(1)
What to Add to the Compost
197(1)
Carbon and Nitrogen: Finding the Right Balance
198(1)
Proper Conditions
198(1)
Moisture
199(1)
Turning
199(1)
Compost Solutions
199(1)
Grass Clippings
199(1)
Summary
199(1)
Review Questions
200(1)
Enrichment Activities
201(1)
Further Reading
201(2)
Chapter 11 Pesticides in the Landscape
203(22)
Terms to Know
203(1)
Introduction
204(1)
Pesticide Use in the Landscape
205(3)
Types of Pesticides
208(1)
Synthetic Pesticides
208(1)
Naturally Occurring Pesticides
209(1)
Pesticide Regulation
209(2)
FIFRA
210(1)
FFDCA
210(1)
The EPA and DDT
210(1)
Restricted Use Pesticides
211(1)
Human Health Hazards
211(5)
Epidemiology
212(2)
Acute and Chronic Effects
214(1)
Carcinogens
214(1)
Teratogenic Effects
215(1)
Endocrine Disrupters
215(1)
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
216(2)
Other Health Effects
218(1)
Environmental Hazards
218(1)
Pesticide Handling
219(2)
Safety Issues
219(1)
Storage and Disposal
220(1)
Summary
221(1)
Review Questions
222(1)
Enrichment Activities
222(1)
Further Reading
223(2)
Chapter 12 Integrated Pest Management
225(18)
Terms to Know
225(1)
Introduction
226(1)
Avoidance
227(1)
Cultural Practices
227(2)
Sanitation
228(1)
Proper Irrigation/Watering
228(1)
Soil Health and Compaction
229(1)
Genetically Improved Plants
229(1)
Treatment
230(4)
Determining Pest or Disease Presence
231(1)
Sticky Traps
232(1)
Pheromone Traps
233(1)
Branch Beating
234(1)
Phenology and Degree Days
234(2)
Action Thresholds
236(1)
Economic Thresholds
236(1)
Aesthetic Injury Level
237(1)
Alternative Pest Controls
237(1)
Biological Controls
237(4)
Botanicals
239(1)
Non-toxic Pesticides
239(1)
Insect Growth Regulators
240(1)
Summary
241(1)
Review Questions
241(1)
Activities
242(1)
Further Reading
242(1)
Chapter 13 Energy: Sources and Uses
243(18)
Terms to Know
243(1)
Introduction
244(1)
Energy Sources
245(1)
Scope of the Problem
245(2)
Non-renewable Resource
245(1)
Expense
245(1)
Emissions
245(2)
Other Pressures
247(1)
Government Support for Renewable Energy
247(1)
Energy for Electricity
248(10)
Generation of Electricity
248(1)
Non-renewable Fossil Fuel Energy
249(3)
Renewable Energy
252(2)
Fuel for Tools, Equipment, and Transportation
254(1)
Non-renewable
254(2)
Renewable
256(1)
Electric Vehicles
257(1)
Hydrogen Power
257(1)
Energy-Efficient Lighting
258(1)
Summary
258(1)
Review Questions
259(1)
Activities
259(1)
References
260(1)
Chapter 14 Tools and Equipment
261(14)
Terms to know
261(1)
Introduction
261(1)
Power Tools used in the Landscape
262(1)
Types of Engines
263(1)
Sustainability Issues Concerning Landscape Tools and Equipment
264(3)
Air Pollution from Landscape Tools and Equipment
264(2)
Fugitive Dust and Particulate Matter
266(1)
Noise from Landscape Tools and Equipment
266(1)
Solutions
267(4)
Reducing Emissions
268(1)
Other Technological Advances
268(1)
Reducing Noise
269(1)
Sidewalk Vacuum
269(1)
Reducing use of Power Tools
269(1)
Transportation Efficiencies
269(1)
Landscape Design
270(1)
Landscape Maintenance
271(1)
Summary
271(1)
Review Questions
272(1)
Activities
272(1)
Further Reading
273(2)
Chapter 15 Sustainable Landscape Materials and Products
275(14)
Key Terms
275(1)
Introduction
275(1)
Landscape Construction Materials
276(2)
Recycled Materials for Landscape Products
278(1)
Life Cycle Assessment
278(1)
Waste Management
279(1)
Recycled Materials
280(3)
Plastic Lumber
280(1)
Rubber
280(1)
Crumb Rubber
281(1)
Concrete and Asphalt
282(1)
Glass
282(1)
Renewable Resources
283(2)
Sustainably Harvested Lumber
283(2)
Salvaged Materials
285(1)
Urban Wood
285(1)
Local Materials
285(1)
Summary
286(1)
Review Questions
287(1)
Activities
287(1)
References
288(1)
Appendix A Sustainability Audit 289(8)
Appendix B Important Websites Used as Resources in this Book 297(2)
Index 299
Dr. Marietta Loehrlein is Professor Emeritus of Horticulture and Landscaping at Western Illinois University in Macomb, Illinois.

While there, she developed a new course, Sustainable Landscaping, for which there were no textbooks at the time. So, she undertook the project to write a textbook that would be immediately pertinent to the topic. She didnt want to simply address the how-to of sustainable landscaping, but also to examine the related issues, such as: energy sources, landscape tools, equipment, and materials, and soil- and water-related environmental issues.

Her half-acre backyard is a showcase of sustainable landscaping practices: she has reduced what had been an all-turf lawn area by planting a small prairie, a small woodland, and many species of native trees and shrubs. The stream that runs through the property supports a riparian community that facilitates spring bird migration. The native garden areas support a large number of wildlife species, some of which are never seen, as they are nocturnal and/or live subterranean habitats. However, ground-dwelling bees and at least a dozen species of songbirds are regularly seen. It is both a pollinator-friendly area, and also a certified wildlife habitat by the National Wildlife Federation.

Dr. Loehrlein previously published Home Horticulture: Principles and Practices (Cengage). She is an Evansville, Indiana native, earned her college degrees at the University of Arizona (B.S., M.S.) and The Pennsylvania State University (Ph. D.), and was a Research Associate in a fruit tree breeding program in central California for SunWorld, International. She holds a patent on the regal pelargonium Camelot.