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Sustainable Water Treatment: Advances and Interventions [Hardback]

Edited by (BITS Pilani Goa, India), Edited by (Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India), Edited by (CSIR-Indian Institute Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 688 pages, height x width x depth: 10x10x10 mm, weight: 454 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 24-Aug-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Scrivener
  • ISBN-10: 1119479983
  • ISBN-13: 9781119479987
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Sustainable Water Treatment: Advances and InterventionsPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 688 pages, height x width x depth: 10x10x10 mm, weight: 454 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 24-Aug-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Scrivener
  • ISBN-10: 1119479983
  • ISBN-13: 9781119479987
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781119479987.html
Keywords:
SUSTAINABLE WATER TREATMENT: ADVANCES AND INTERVENTIONS This outstanding new volume is a compendium of reference material which will cover most of the relevant and state-of-art approaches in the field of water treatment, focusing on technological advances for water treatment in four categories: advanced oxidation technologies, nanoparticles for water treatment, membrane separations, and other emerging technologies or processes.

Apart from this perspective, fundamental discussions on a wide variety of pollutants have also been included, such as acidic wastewater treatment, metallurgical wastewater, textile wastewater as well as groundwater. The editors have not only covered a wide range of water treatment techniques, but also focus on their applications, offering a holistic perspective on water treatment in general.

Covering all of the latest advances, innovations, and developments in practical applications for sustainable water treatment, this volume represents the most comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of the issues of the day and state of the art. Whether for the veteran engineer or scientist or a student, this volume is a must-have for any library.

Sustainable Water Treatment: Advances and Interventions covers:





Provides an insight into various sectors of water and wastewater treatment technologies, introducing key technical topics Is a comprehensive guide to technological interventions for water and wastewater treatment Is also a reference book for any elective course on water treatment for engineers, scientists, and students, at both the undergraduate and graduate levels Presents the most current and up-to-date advances in sustainable water treatment Covers key technical topics and gives readers a comprehensive understanding of the latest research findings Includes perspectives on future trends and challenges
Introduction xix
Section I Advanced Oxidation Processes
1(170)
1 Advanced Oxidation Processes: Fundamental, Technologies, Applications and Recent Advances
3(24)
Akshat Khandelwal
Saroj Sundar Baral
1.1 Introduction
4(1)
1.2 Background and Global Trend of Advanced Oxidation Process
5(3)
1.3 Advanced Oxidation Systems
8(7)
1.3.1 Ozone-Based AOP
9(1)
1.3.2 UV/H2O2
10(1)
1.3.3 Radiation
10(2)
1.3.4 Fenton Reaction
12(1)
1.3.5 Photocatalytic
13(1)
1.3.6 Electrochemical Oxidation
14(1)
1.4 Comparison and Challenges of AOP Technologies
15(4)
1.5 Conclusion and Perspective
19(8)
References
20(7)
2 A Historical Approach for Integration of Cavitation Technology with Conventional Wastewater Treatment Processes
27(30)
Bhaskar Bethi
G. B. Radhika
Shirish H. Sonawane
Shrikant Barkade
Ravindra Gaikwad
2.1 Introduction to Cavitation for Wastewater Treatment
28(2)
2.1.1 Mechanistic Aspects of Ultrasound Cavitation
28(1)
2.1.2 Mechanistic Aspects of Hydrodynamic Cavitation
29(1)
2.2 Importance of Integrating Water Treatment Technology in Present Scenario
30(1)
2.3 Integration Ultrasound Cavitation (UC) with Conventional Treatment Techniques
31(9)
2.3.1 Sonosorption (UC+ Adsorption)
32(6)
2.3.2 Son-Chemical Oxidation (UC + Chemical Oxidation)
38(1)
2.3.3 UC+Filtration
39(1)
2.4 Integration of Hydrodynamic Cavitation (HC) with Conventional Treatment Techniques
40(10)
2.4.1 Hydrodynamic Cavitation + Adsorption
40(2)
2.4.2 Hydrodynamic Cavitation + Biological Oxidation
42(1)
2.4.3 Hydrodynamic Cavitation + Chemical Treatment
43(7)
2.5 Scale-Up Issues with Ultrasound Cavitation Process
50(1)
2.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives: Hydrodynamic Cavitation as a Future Technology
50(7)
Acknowledgements
51(1)
References
51(6)
3 Hydrodynamic Cavitation: Route to Greener Technology for Wastewater Treatment
57(60)
Anupam Mukherjee
Ravi Teja
Aditi Mullick
Subhankar Roy
Siddhartha Moulik
Anirban Roy
3.1 Introduction
58(14)
3.2 Cavitation: General Perspective
72(16)
3.2.1 Phase Transition
72(1)
3.2.2 Types of Cavitation
73(1)
3.2.3 Hydrodynamic Cavitation
74(6)
3.2.4 Bubble Dynamics Model
80(1)
3.2.4.1 Rayleigh-Plesset Equation
80(1)
3.2.4.2 Bubble Contents
80(4)
3.2.4.3 Nonequilibrium Effects
84(1)
3.2.5 Physio-Chemical Effects
84(1)
3.2.5.1 Thermodynamic Effects
85(1)
3.2.5.2 Mechanical Effects
86(1)
3.2.5.3 Chemical Effects
87(1)
3.2.5.4 Biological Effects
88(1)
3.3 Hydrodynamic Cavitation Reactors
88(6)
3.3.1 Liquid Whistle Reactors
89(1)
3.3.2 High-Speed Homogenizers
89(1)
3.3.3 Micro-Fluidizers
90(1)
3.3.4 High-Pressure Homogenizers
90(1)
3.3.5 Orifice Plates Setup
91(1)
3.3.5.1 Effect of the Ratio of Total Perimeter to Total Flow Area
92(1)
3.3.5.2 Effect of Flow Area to the Cross-Sectional Area of the Pipe
92(1)
3.3.6 Venture Device Setup
92(1)
3.3.6.1 Effect of Divergence Angle
93(1)
3.3.6.2 Effect of the Ratio of Throat Diameter/Height to Length
94(1)
3.3.7 Vortex-Based HC Reactor
94(1)
3.4 Effect of Operating Parameters of HC
94(3)
3.4.1 Effect of Inlet Pressure
94(1)
3.4.2 Effect of Temperature
95(1)
3.4.3 Effect of Initial Concentration of Pollutant
96(1)
3.4.4 Effect of Treatment Time
96(1)
3.4.5 Effect of pH
97(1)
3.5 Toxicity Assessment
97(3)
3.6 Techno-Economic Feasibility
100(1)
3.7 Applications
101(1)
3.8 Conclusions and Thoughts About the Future
102(1)
3.9 Acknowledgement
103(1)
3.10 Disclosure
103(14)
Nomenclature
103(2)
References
105(12)
4 Recent Trends in Ozonation Technology: Theory and Application
117(54)
Anupam Mukherjee
Dror Avisar
Anirban Roy
4.1 Introduction
118(1)
4.2 Fundamentals of Mass Transfer
119(6)
4.3 Mass Transfer of Ozone in Water
125(22)
4.3.1 Solubility of Ozone in Water
126(1)
4.3.1.1 Model for Determining the True Solubility Concentration
126(2)
4.3.2 Mass Transfer Model of Ozone in Water
128(5)
4.3.3 Henry and Volumetric Mass Transfer Coefficient Determination
133(1)
4.3.3.1 Microscopic Ozone Balance in the Gas Phase
134(1)
4.3.3.2 Macroscopic Ozone Balance in the Gas Phase
134(2)
4.3.3.3 Ozone Balance at Constant Ozone Concentrations
136(1)
4.3.4 Single Bubble Model of Mass Transfer
137(7)
4.3.5 Decomposition of Ozone in Water
144(2)
4.3.6 Ozone Contactors and Energy Requirement
146(1)
4.4 Factors Affecting Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer in Bubble Column Reactor
147(3)
4.4.1 Fluid Dynamics and Regime Analysis
148(1)
4.4.2 Gas Holdup
149(1)
4.4.3 Bubble Characteristics
149(1)
4.4.4 Mass Transfer Coefficient
150(1)
4.5 Application
150(8)
4.6 Conclusion and Thoughts About the Future
158(13)
Acknowledgement
158(1)
Nomenclature
158(3)
References
161(10)
Section II Nanoparticle-Based Treatment
171(100)
5 Nanoparticles and Nanocomposite Materials for Water Treatment: Application in Fixed Bed Column Filter
173(72)
Chhaya
Dibyanshu
Sneha Singh
Trishikhi Raychoudhury
5.1 Introduction
174(4)
5.2 Target Contaminants: Performance of Nanoparticles and Nanocomposite Materials
178(48)
5.2.1 Inorganic Contaminants
178(1)
5.2.1.1 Heavy Metals
178(17)
5.2.1.2 Nonmetallic Contaminant
195(2)
5.2.2 Organic Contaminant
197(1)
5.2.2.1 Organic Dyes
197(5)
5.2.2.2 Halogenated Hydrocarbons
202(1)
5.2.2.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
203(18)
5.2.2.4 Miscellaneous Aromatic Pollutant
221(1)
5.2.3 Emerging Contaminants
222(1)
5.2.3.1 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
222(3)
5.2.3.2 Miscellaneous Compounds
225(1)
5.3 Application of Nanoparticles and Nanocomposite Materials in Fixed Bed Column Filter for Water Treatment
226(19)
5.3.1 Fate and Transport Process of Contaminants in the Fixed Bed Column Filter
226(2)
5.3.2 Application of Nanoparticles and Nanocomposite Materials in Fixed Bed Column Filter
228(3)
References
231(14)
6 Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment: Potential and Barriers in Industrialization
245(26)
Snehasis Bhakta
6.1 Introduction
245(3)
6.2 Nanomaterials in Wastewater Treatment
248(5)
6.2.1 Nanotechnological Processes for Wastewater Treatment
249(1)
6.2.1.1 Nanofiltration
249(1)
6.2.1.2 Adsorption
249(1)
6.2.1.3 Photocatalysis
249(1)
6.2.1.4 Disinfection
250(1)
6.2.2 Different Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment
250(1)
6.2.2.1 Zerovalent Metal Nanoparticles
250(1)
6.2.2.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
251(1)
6.2.2.3 Other Nanoparticles
252(1)
6.3 Smart Nanomaterials: Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIP)
253(4)
6.3.1 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIP)
253(1)
6.3.2 Application of MIP-Based Nanomaterials in Wastewater Treatment
254(1)
6.3.2.1 Recognition of Pollutants
254(1)
6.3.2.2 Removal of Pollutants
255(1)
6.3.2.3 Catalytic Degradation of Organic Molecules
256(1)
6.3.3 Barriers in Industrialization
257(1)
6.4 Cheap Alternative Nanomaterials
257(4)
6.4.1 Nanoclay for Wastewater Treatment
258(1)
6.4.1.1 Water Filtration by Nanoclays
258(1)
6.4.1.2 Water Treatment by Hybrid Gel
258(1)
6.4.1.3 Nanosponges
259(1)
6.4.2 Nanocellulose for Wastewater Treatment
259(1)
6.4.2.1 Adsorption of Heavy Metals by Nanocellulose
260(1)
6.4.2.2 Adsorption of Dyes by Nanocellulose
260(1)
6.4.2.3 Barriers in Industrialization
260(1)
6.5 Toxicity Associated with Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment
261(1)
6.6 Barriers in Industrialization
262(1)
6.7 Future Aspect and Conclusions
263(8)
References
264(7)
Section III Membrane-Based Treatment
271(144)
7 Microbial Fuel Cell Technology for Wastewater Treatment
273(52)
Nilesh Vijay Rane
Alka Kumari
Chandrakant Holkar
Dipak V. Pinjari
Aniruddha B. Pandit
7.1 Introduction
274(2)
7.2 Microbial Fuel Cell
276(10)
7.2.1 Working Principle
276(3)
7.2.2 Role of MFC Components
279(1)
7.2.3 Performance Indicator of MFC
280(2)
7.2.4 Design Parameters
282(1)
7.2.5 Types of Microbial Fuel Cell
283(3)
7.3 Recent Development in MFC Component
286(12)
7.3.1 Recent Development in Cathode Used in MFC
286(5)
7.3.2 Recent Development in Anode Used in MFC
291(4)
7.3.3 Recent Developments in Membranes Used in MFC
295(3)
7.4 MFC for Wastewater Treatment
298(3)
7.4.1 Advantages of MFC Over Conventional Treatment
299(1)
7.4.2 Challenges in the Wastewater Treatment Using MFC
300(1)
7.5 Different Ways for Increasing the Throughput of MFC
301(5)
7.5.1 Big Reactor Size
301(1)
7.5.2 Stacking
302(1)
7.5.3 Cathode
303(1)
7.5.4 Anode
303(1)
7.5.5 Separating Material
304(1)
7.5.6 Harnessing Output Energy
304(1)
7.5.7 Increasing Long-Term Stability
305(1)
7.5.8 Coupling of MFC with Other Techniques
305(1)
7.6 Different Case Studies Indicating Commercial Use of MFC
306(4)
7.7 Other Applications of MFC
310(1)
7.8 Conclusions and Recommendations (Future Work)
311(14)
References
313(12)
8 Ceramic Membranes in Water Treatment: Potential and Challenges for Technology Development
325(58)
Debarati Mukherjee
Sourja Ghosh
8.1 Introduction
326(22)
8.1.1 Background and Current State-of-the-Art
326(1)
8.1.2 Ceramic Membranes: An Approach to Trade-Off the Bridge Between Theoretical Research and Industrial Applications
327(2)
8.1.3 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
329(12)
8.1.4 Domestic Wastewater Treatment
341(7)
8.2 Treatment of Contaminated Groundwater and Drinking Water
348(9)
8.2.1 Arsenic Contaminated Water
348(2)
8.2.2 Treatment of Fluoride Contaminated Water
350(1)
8.2.3 Treatment of Nitrate Contaminated Water
351(1)
8.2.4 Treatment of Water Spiked with Emerging Contaminants
352(2)
8.2.5 Treatment of Water Contaminated with Pathogens
354(3)
8.3 Classification of Filtration Based on Configuration
357(11)
8.3.1 Direct Membrane Filtration
357(3)
8.3.2 Hybrid Approaches
360(8)
8.4 Pilot-Scale Studies
368(1)
8.5 Challenges of Ceramic Membranes
369(1)
8.6 Conclusion and Future Scope of Ceramic Membranes
370(13)
References
371(12)
9 Membrane Distillation for Acidic Wastewater Treatment
383(18)
Sarita Kalla
Rakesh Baghel
Sushant Upadhyaya
Kailash Singh
9.1 Introduction
383(1)
9.2 Membrane Distillation and Its Configurations
384(1)
9.3 Sources of Acidic Effluent
385(2)
9.4 Applications of MD for Acidic Wastewater Treatment
387(1)
9.5 Hybrid MD Process
388(7)
9.6 Implications
395(6)
References
395(6)
10 Demonstration of Long-Term Assessment on Performance of VMD for Textile Wastewater Treatment
401(14)
Rakesh Baghel
Sarita Kalla
Sushant Upadhyaya
S. P. Chaurasia
10.1 Introduction
401(2)
10.2 Transport Mechanism
403(2)
10.3 Impact of Process Variables on Permeate Flux
405(3)
10.4 Long-Term Performance Analysis of VMD
408(3)
10.5 Scale Formation in Long-Term Assessment
411(4)
Conclusion
412(1)
Nomenclature
412(1)
Greek Symbols
413(1)
References
413(2)
Section IV Emerging Technologies & Processes
415(228)
11 Application of Zero Valent Iron to Removal Chromium and Other Heavy Metals in Metallurgical Wastewater
417(24)
Khac-Uan Do
Thi-Lien Le
Thuy-Lan Nguyen
11.1 Introduction
418(5)
11.1.1 Wastewater Sources from Metallurgical Factories
418(1)
11.1.2 Characteristics of Wastewater in Metallurgical Factories
419(1)
11.1.3 Conventional Technologies for Treating Wastewater in Metallurgical Factories
420(2)
11.1.4 Zero Valent Iron for Removing Heavy Metals
422(1)
11.1.5 Objectives of the Study
422(1)
11.2 Materials and Methods
423(5)
11.2.1 Metallurgical Wastewater
423(1)
11.2.2 Preparation of Zero Valent Iron
424(1)
11.2.3 Batch Experiments
424(1)
11.2.4 Analysis Methods
425(3)
11.3 Results and Discussion
428(7)
11.3.1 Effects of pH on Hexavalent Chromium Removal
428(2)
11.3.2 Effects of Fe° on Hexavalent Chromium Removal
430(1)
11.3.3 Effects of Contact Time on Hexavalent Chromium Removal
431(1)
11.3.4 Effects of pH on Heavy Metals Removal
432(1)
11.3.5 Effects of PAC on Heavy Metals Removal
433(1)
11.3.6 Effects of PAM on Heavy Metals Removal
434(1)
11.4 Conclusion
435(6)
Acknowledgements
436(1)
References
436(5)
12 Removal of Arsenic and Fluoride from Water Using Novel Technologies
441(46)
Ishita Sarkar
Sattkha Chakrabortty
Jayato Nayak
Parimal Pal
12.1 Background Study of Arsenic
442(3)
12.1.1 Source and Existence of Arsenic
442(1)
12.1.2 Effects of Arsenic
443(1)
12.1.3 Regulation and Permissible Limit of Arsenic in Drinking Water
444(1)
12.2 Background Study of Fluoride
445(2)
12.2.1 Source and Existence of Fluoride
445(1)
12.2.2 Effects of Fluoride
445(1)
12.2.3 Regulation and Permissible Limit of Fluoride in Drinking Water
446(1)
12.3 Technologies Used for Arsenic Removal from Contaminated Groundwater
447(9)
12.3.1 Oxidation Method
447(3)
12.3.2 Coagulation-Precipitation Method
450(1)
12.3.3 Ion-Exchange Method
450(1)
12.3.4 Adsorption Method
451(5)
12.4 Technologies for Fluoride Removal from Contaminated Groundwater
456(4)
12.4.1 Coagulation-Precipitation Method
456(1)
12.4.2 Nalgonda Technique
456(2)
12.4.3 Adsorption Method
458(1)
12.4.4 Ion-Exchange Method
458(2)
12.5 Membrane Technology Used for Arsenic and Fluoride Mitigations
460(27)
12.5.1 Introduction of Membrane Technology
460(2)
12.5.2 Arsenic Removal by Membrane Filtration
462(1)
12.5.2.1 Arsenic Removal by Microfiltration System
462(2)
12.5.2.2 Arsenic Removal by Ultrafiltration System
464(2)
12.5.2.3 Arsenic Removal by Nanofiltration System
466(6)
12.5.2.4 Arsenic Removal by Other Membrane-Based Process
472(3)
12.5.3 Fluoride Removal by Different Membrane Filtration System
475(5)
References
480(7)
13 A Zero Liquid Discharge Strategy with MSF Coupled with Crystallizer
487(30)
Jasneet Kaur Pala
Siddhartha Moulik
Asim K. Ghosh
Reddi Kamesh
Anirban Roy
13.1 Introduction
488(2)
13.2 Minimum Energy Required for Desalination Process
490(4)
13.2.1 Minimum Work Requirement
492(2)
13.2.2 Recovery Ratio
494(1)
13.3 Methodology and Simulation
494(10)
13.3.1 MSF Process Description
494(1)
13.3.2 Crystallizer Process Description
495(1)
13.3.3 Modeling and Simulation
496(5)
13.3.4 Input Parameters
501(3)
13.4 Results and Discussion
504(7)
13.4.1 Comparison of Energy Demand Between Simulated Model and Theoretical Model
504(3)
13.4.2 Impact of Temperature and Flowrate on Thermal Energy
507(1)
13.4.3 Impact on Thermal Energy During MLD and ZLD
507(4)
13.4.4 Crystallization of Salts
511(1)
13.5 Conclusion
511(1)
13.6 Acknowledgment
512(5)
References
512(5)
14 A Critical Review on Prospects and Challenges in "Conceptualization to Technology Transfer" for Nutrient Recovery from Municipal Wastewater
517(50)
Shubham Lanjewar
Birupakshya Mishra
Anupam Mukherjee
Aditi Mullick
Siddhartha Moulik
Anirban Roy
14.1 Introduction
518(2)
14.2 Chemical Processes for Resources Recovery
520(8)
14.2.1 Chemical Precipitation
521(1)
14.2.1.1 Magnesium and Calcium-Phosphorous Precipitation
521(1)
14.2.1.2 Aluminum - Phosphorous Precipitation
522(1)
14.2.1.3 Ferric - Phosphorous Precipitation
523(1)
14.2.2 Adsorption and Ion-Exchange
524(4)
14.3 Biological Processes for Resources Recovery
528(6)
14.3.1 Anammox Process for Nutrients Recovery
529(1)
14.3.2 Algal Methods for Sewage Treatment and Nutrient Recovery
530(1)
14.3.2.1 Nutrients Recovery from Micro-Algae Growth
530(3)
14.3.2.2 Nutrients Recovery from Wetland Plants Growth
533(1)
14.4 Membrane-Based Hybrid Technologies for Nutrients, Energy, and Water Recovery
534(17)
14.4.1 Membrane Based Nutrients Recovery
534(3)
14.4.2 Bio Electrochemical Systems (BES) for Resources Recovery
537(7)
14.4.3 Nutrients Recovery via Osmotic Membrane Bioreactor
544(1)
14.4.4 Economics and Feasibility of Processes
545(6)
14.5 Conclusion
551(16)
Acknowledgements
551(1)
Disclosure
551(1)
References
551(16)
15 Sustainable Desalination: Future Scope in Indian Subcontinent
567(24)
Rudra Rath
Asim K. Ghosh
Anirban Roy
15.1 Introduction
567(1)
15.2 Water Supply and Demand in India
568(3)
15.3 Current Status of Desalination in India
571(1)
15.4 Commercially Available Technologies
572(4)
15.4.1 Reverse Osmosis (RO)
572(1)
15.4.2 Electrodialysis (ED)
573(1)
15.4.3 Membrane Capacitive Deionization (MCDI)
574(1)
15.4.4 Thermal Desalination
574(2)
15.5 Possible Technological Intervention
576(7)
15.5.1 Solar Desalination
576(1)
15.5.1.1 Solar Stills
577(2)
15.5.1.2 Photovoltaic (PV) Powered Desalination in India
579(1)
15.5.2 Wave Power Desalination
580(1)
15.5.3 Geothermal Desalination
580(1)
15.5.4 Low-Temperature Thermal Desalination (LTTD)
580(1)
15.5.5 Membrane Distillation (MD)
581(1)
15.5.6 Forward Osmosis (FO)
582(1)
15.6 Challenges and Implementation Strategies for Sustainable Use of Desalination Technologies
583(8)
References
584(7)
16 Desalination: Thermodynamic Modeling and Energetics
591(52)
Shubham Lanjewar
Ridhish Kumar
Kunal Roy
Rudra Rath
Anupam Mukherjee
Anirban Roy
16.1 Introduction
592(1)
16.2 Thermodynamics Modeling of Desalination
593(6)
16.2.1 Electrolyte Solutions
594(2)
16.2.2 Generalized Minimum Work of Separation
596(1)
16.2.2.1 Mass Basis
597(1)
16.2.2.2 Mole Basis
598(1)
16.3 Modeling of Major Thermal Desalination Techniques
599(16)
16.3.1 A General Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) Process Configuration for Desalination
601(1)
16.3.1.1 Steady State Process Model of a MED System
601(5)
16.3.1.2 Performance Parameters Analysis
606(1)
16.3.2 A General Process Configuration of Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) Desalination
607(1)
16.3.2.1 Steady State Process Model of an MSF System
608(4)
16.3.3 A General Process Configuration of Mechanical Vapor Compression (MVC) Desalination
612(1)
16.3.3.1 Steady State Process Model of an MVC System
613(2)
16.4 Advantage of RO Above Other Mentioned Technologies
615(8)
16.4.1 Advantages of RO Process
616(1)
16.4.2 Energy Requirement in Desalination by an Evaporation Technique
617(1)
16.4.3 Energy Requirements for Desalination by Reversible RO Process
617(2)
16.4.4 Energy Analysis of Different Desalination Techniques
619(1)
16.4.5 Economic Analysis of Different Desalination Techniques
620(3)
16.5 Exergy Analysis of Reverse Osmosis
623(8)
16.5.1 General Exergy Analysis in Desalination and Its Necessity
625(3)
16.5.1.1 Exergy Efficiency and Its Improvement Potential Analysis
628(2)
16.5.2 A Case Study on Reverse Osmosis Based Desalination Unit Reporting Exergy Performance
630(1)
16.6 Conclusion
631(12)
Nomenclature
632(4)
References
636(7)
Index 643
Siddhartha Moulik, PhD, received his PhD from CSIR-Indian Institute Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India. With years of experience, he has worked on projects with some of the most prestigious companies and laboratories in the industry. He has published 23 articles in journals of international repute, filed three patents, and published 15 book chapters. He is also the recipient of 15 prestigious national awards, and he has published two books with Scrivener Publishing.

Aditi Mullick, PhD, received her PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. She has published ten articles in journals of international repute, filed two patents, and published one book thus far, also with Scrivener Publishing. She is also the recipient of seven prestigious national awards and fellowships.

Anirban Roy, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at BITS Pilani Goa campus. He has published 20 articles in journals of international repute, filed eight patents, and published one book thus far. He also has ample industrial experience, as well as academic experience, in the field.