1 Introduction |
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1 | (26) |
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1.1 Plant Innate Immunity Is a Sleeping Giant to Fight against Pathogens |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 Potential Signals to Switch on Plant Immune System |
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3 | (1) |
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1.3 Pathogens Possess Weapons to Switch-Off Plant Immune Systems |
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4 | (1) |
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1.4 Bioengineering and Molecular Manipulation Technologies to Switch on the Sleeping Quiescent Plant Immune System to Win the War against Pathogens |
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5 | (4) |
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1.5 Switching on Plant Innate Immunity Using PAMP-PIMP-PRR-Transcription Factor Is the Most Potential Biotechnological Approach for Management of Crop Diseases |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (17) |
2 Role of Plant Immune Signals and Signaling Systems in Plant Pathogenesis |
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27 | (64) |
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2.1 Susceptibility and Disease Resistance Are Two Sides of the Same Coin Modulated by Plant Immune System Signals and Signaling Systems |
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29 | (1) |
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2.2 Signals and Signaling Systems Involved in Triggering Immune Responses |
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30 | (7) |
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2.2.1 PAMP-PRR Signaling Complex in Triggering Immune Responses |
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30 | (2) |
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2.2.2 PAMPs Activate Cat Signaling Systems |
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32 | (1) |
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2.2.3 PAMPs Activate G-Protein Signaling |
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32 | (1) |
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2.2.4 PAMPs Activate ROS Signaling System |
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33 | (1) |
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2.2.5 PAMPs Activate NO Signaling System |
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33 | (1) |
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2.2.6 PAMPs Activate Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling System |
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34 | (1) |
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2.2.7 PAMPs Activate Salicylic Acid Signaling System |
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34 | (1) |
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2.2.8 PAMPs Activate Jasmonate Signaling System |
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35 | (1) |
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2.2.9 PAMPs Activate Ethylene Signaling System |
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36 | (1) |
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2.2.10 PAMPs Trigger ABA Signaling System |
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36 | (1) |
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2.2.11 PAMPs Trigger Expression of Transcription Factors |
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37 | (1) |
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2.3 Reduced Activity of PAMPs May Facilitate the Virulent Pathogens to Cause Disease |
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37 | (2) |
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2.3.1 Pathogen May Modify Its PAMP Structure during Its Pathogenesis to Reduce Its Elicitor Activity |
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37 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Virulent Pathogen May Contain Inefficient PAMP and Trigger Subdued Defense Responses Favoring Disease Development |
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38 | (1) |
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2.4 Pathogen-Secreted Effectors Suppress PAMP-Triggered Plant Immune Responses |
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39 | (9) |
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2.4.1 Pathogen-Secreted Effector Molecules |
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39 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Effectors Suppress PAMP-Triggered Plant Immunity |
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39 | (2) |
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2.4.3 Effectors May Disrupt Binding of PAMP with PRR in PAMP-PRR Signaling Complex to Impede PAMP-Triggered Plant Immunity |
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41 | (1) |
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2.4.4 Effectors May Promote Ubiquitin-Proteasome-Mediated Degradation of PRRs to Impede PAMP-Triggered Plant Immunity |
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42 | (1) |
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2.4.5 Effectors May Target the Kinase Domains of PRR and Inhibit the PRR Receptor Kinase Activity to Block PAMP-Triggered Immunity |
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42 | (1) |
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2.4.6 Effectors May Inhibit Autophosphorylation of PRRs |
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43 | (1) |
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2.4.7 Effectors May Bind With the PRR Signal Amplifier BAK1 and Block the Function of PAMP-PRR Signaling Complex |
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43 | (1) |
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2.4.8 Effectors May Target the Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinases BIK1 and PBL1 |
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44 | (1) |
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2.4.9 Effector Suppresses MAPK Signaling to Promote Disease Development |
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45 | (2) |
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2.4.10 Effectors May Suppress SA Signaling System to Facilitate Pathogenesis |
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47 | (1) |
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2.4.11 Effector May Subvert Ubiquitin-Proteasome System to Suppress PAMP-Triggered Immunity |
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47 | (1) |
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2.5 Host Plants May Manipulate the Defense Signaling Systems to Suppress the Disease Development |
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48 | (1) |
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2.6 Specificity of Plant Hormone Signaling Systems in Conferring Resistance against Various Pathogens |
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48 | (5) |
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2.7 Plant Hormone Signaling Systems May Also Induce Susceptibility against Pathogens |
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53 | (2) |
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2.8 Pathogens May Hijack Specific Signaling Pathways to Cause Disease |
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55 | (6) |
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2.8.1 Pathogens May Hijack ABA Signaling Pathway to Cause Disease |
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55 | (2) |
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2.8.2 Pathogens May Hijack ET Signaling System to Cause Disease |
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57 | (1) |
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2.8.3 Pathogens May Hijack JA Signaling System to Cause Disease |
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58 | (1) |
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2.8.4 Pathogen May Hijack Auxin Metabolism to Cause Disease |
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59 | (1) |
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2.8.5 Pathogen Hijacks Brassinosteroid Signaling Machinery to Cause Disease |
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60 | (1) |
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2.9 Pathogens May Suppress Specific Signaling System to Promote Disease Development |
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61 | (6) |
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2.9.1 Pathogens May Suppress SA Signaling System to Promote Disease Development |
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61 | (3) |
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2.9.2 Pathogens May Suppress JA Signaling System to Promote Disease Development |
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64 | (1) |
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2.9.3 Pathogen May Suppress ABA Signaling System to Promote Pathogenesis |
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64 | (1) |
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2.9.4 Pathogens May Suppress GA Signaling Pathway to Cause Disease |
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65 | (1) |
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2.9.5 Pathogens May Suppress ROS Signaling System to Promote Disease Development |
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65 | (2) |
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2.9.6 Viral Pathogens May Inhibit Ubiquitin-Proteasome System to Induce Disease Development |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (24) |
3 Switching on Plant Immune Signaling Systems Using Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns |
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91 | (100) |
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3.1 PAMP-Triggered Immunity |
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93 | (5) |
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3.1.1 PAMPs Detected in Bacterial, Fungal, Oomycete, and Viral Pathogens |
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93 | (4) |
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3.1.2 Variability in Structure and Function of PAMPs |
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97 | (1) |
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3.2 Harpin PAMPs as Molecular Tools to Manipulate PAMP-Triggered Immunity |
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98 | (18) |
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3.2.1 Harpins Acting as PAMPs |
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98 | (3) |
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3.2.2 Harpin-Induced Plant Immune Signal Transduction Systems |
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101 | (6) |
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3.2.3 Harpin-Induced Defense Response Genes |
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107 | (2) |
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3.2.4 Development of Harpin Formulations for Management of Crop Diseases |
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109 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Foliar Application of Harpin Induces Plant Immune Responses against Wide Range of Pathogens |
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109 | (2) |
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3.2.6 Harpin Treatment Triggers SA-Dependent Systemic Acquired Resistance |
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111 | (2) |
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3.2.7 Time of Application of Harpin Determines Its Efficacy in Induction of Defense Response |
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113 | (1) |
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3.2.8 Amount of Harpin Determines Its Efficacy in Inducing Disease Resistance |
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114 | (1) |
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3.2.9 Harpin Increases Crop Growth and Crop Yield |
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115 | (1) |
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3.2.10 Foliar Spray Application of Bacillus thuringiensis Expressing Harpin Gene |
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115 | (1) |
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3.3 Engineering Harpin Gene to Develop Disease Resistant Plants |
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116 | (6) |
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3.3.1 Transgenic Plants Expressing the Bacterial Harpin Gene Show Enhanced Resistance against the Bacterial Pathogen |
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116 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Harpin Gene from a Bacterial Pathogen Triggers Defense Responses against Viral, Fungal, Oomycete and Also Bacterial Pathogens in Different Host Plants |
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117 | (3) |
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3.3.3 Variation in Levels of Harpin Gene Expression Resulting in Variation in Levels of Expression of Disease Resistance |
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120 | (2) |
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3.3.4 Growth and Yield Potential of Transgenic Plants Expressing Bacterial Harpin Gene |
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122 | (1) |
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3.4 Molecular Manipulation of Plant Innate Immune Signaling Systems Using Flagellin |
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122 | (6) |
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3.4.1 Activation of Plant Immune Signaling System by Flg22 |
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122 | (5) |
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3.4.2 Flg22 Triggers Host Defense Responses |
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127 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Foliar Application of Flg22 Induces Disease Resistance |
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127 | (1) |
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3.4.4 Genetic Engineering to Develop Disease Resistant Plants Using Flagellin |
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128 | (1) |
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3.5 Molecular Manipulation of Plant Immune Systems Using the PAMP Elicitins |
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128 | (16) |
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3.5.1 Oomycetes-Secreted Elicitins |
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128 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Elicitin-Induced Early Plant Immune Signaling Events |
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129 | (10) |
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3.5.3 Induction of Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis and SA-Dependent Signaling Pathway by Elicitins |
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139 | (1) |
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3.5.4 Elicitin-Induced Jasmonic Acid Biosynthesis and JA-dependent Signaling Pathway |
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139 | (1) |
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3.5.5 Induction of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Ethylene-Dependent Signaling Pathway |
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140 | (1) |
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3.5.6 Elicitin-Induced Defense Responses |
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140 | (1) |
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3.5.7 Elicitins Trigger Systemic Acquired Resistance |
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141 | (1) |
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3.5.8 Management of Crop Diseases Using Elicitin |
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141 | (1) |
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3.5.9 Genetic Engineering to Develop Disease Resistant Plants Using Elicitin Gene |
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142 | (2) |
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3.6 Manipulation of Plant Immune System Using Chitosan |
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144 | (9) |
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3.6.1 Induction of Plant Defense Signaling Systems by Chitosan |
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144 | (1) |
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3.6.2 Induction of Host Defense Responses by Chitosan |
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144 | (4) |
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3.6.3 Chitosan Induces Resistance against Wide-Range of Pathogens |
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148 | (5) |
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3.7 Manipulation of Plant Immune System Using Cerebrosides |
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153 | (1) |
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3.8 Manipulation of Plant Immune System Using CfliNNI1 Elicitor |
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154 | (1) |
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3.9 Bioengineering FsphDNase Elicitor Gene to Trigger Plant Immune Responses against Wide Range of Pathogens |
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154 | (1) |
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3.10 Engineering the Elicitor-Encoding pemG1 Gene for Crop Disease Management |
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155 | (1) |
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3.11 Manipulation of Plant Immune System Using the MAMP Rhamnolipids |
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156 | (2) |
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3.11.1 Activation of Plant Immune Signaling System |
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156 | (2) |
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3.11.2 Potential of the MAMP Rhamnolipids for Management of Crop Diseases |
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158 | (1) |
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3.12 Manipulation of Plant Immune System Using the Proteinaceous Elicitor Sml Derived from Trichoderma virens |
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158 | (1) |
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3.13 Manipulation of Plant Immune Responses Using Yeast-Derived Elicitors |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (31) |
4 Switching on Plant Immune Signaling Systems Using Pathogen-Induced Molecular Patterns/Host-Associated Molecular Patterns |
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191 | (38) |
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4.1 Pathogen-Induced Molecular Patterns (PIMPs)/Host-Associated Molecular Patterns (HAMPs) |
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192 | (2) |
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4.2 Oligogalacturonides Switch on Plant Innate Immunity |
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194 | (4) |
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4.3 OGAs with Different Degrees of Polymerization Differ in Triggering Defense Responses |
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198 | (1) |
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4.4 Degree of Methyl Esterification of OGAs Modulates the Elicitor Activity of OGAs |
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199 | (2) |
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4.5 Ability of OGAs to Trigger Defense Responses May Depend on Their Level of Acetylation |
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201 | (1) |
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4.6 Engineering Pectin Methyl Esterase Genes to Develop Disease Resistant Plants |
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202 | (2) |
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4.7 Bioengineering Pectin Methyl Esterase Inhibitor Protein for Plant Disease Management |
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204 | (1) |
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4.8 Engineering PG Gene to Develop Disease Resistant Plants |
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204 | (1) |
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4.9 Engineering PGIP Gene to Develop Disease-Resistant Plants |
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205 | (3) |
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4.10 Manipulation of Oligogalacturonides by Salicylic Acid (SA) Analog to Induce Resistance against Pathogens |
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208 | (2) |
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4.11 Switching on Plant Immune Signaling Systems Using Plant Elicitor Peptides (Peps) for Disease Management |
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210 | (5) |
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4.11.1 Plant Elicitor Peptides |
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210 | (1) |
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4.11.2 Peps - Triggered Immune Signaling Systems |
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210 | (3) |
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4.11.3 Management of Crop Diseases Using Pep Proteins |
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213 | (1) |
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4.11.4 Engineering PROPEP Genes for Disease Management |
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214 | (1) |
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4.11.5 Engineering prePIP Genes to Amplify Immunity Induced by the PEP1 for Disease Management |
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214 | (1) |
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4.12 Switching on Plant Immune Signaling Systems Using Systemin for Disease Management |
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215 | (3) |
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215 | (1) |
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4.12.2 Systemin-Triggered Immune Signaling Systems |
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216 | (1) |
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4.12.3 Engineering Prosystemin Gene to Develop Disease-Resistant Plants |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (11) |
5 Switching on Plant Immune Signaling Systems Using Pattern Recognition Receptor Complex |
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229 | (26) |
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5.1 Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) |
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230 | (5) |
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5.2 Importance of PRRs in Triggering Defense Responses against Pathogens |
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235 | (2) |
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5.3 Engineering PRRs for Disease Management |
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237 | (4) |
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5.3.1 Engineering the PRR EFR for Crop Disease Management |
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237 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Engineering the PRR FLS2 for Plant Disease Management |
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239 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Engineering the PRR XA21 for Crop Disease Management |
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239 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Engineering WAK1 Receptors for Crop Disease Management |
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240 | (1) |
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5.4 PRR-Interacting Protein Complexes |
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241 | (3) |
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5.5 Engineering PRR-Interacting Protein Complexes for Crop Disease Management |
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244 | (1) |
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5.5.1 Engineering SOBIR1 Gene Encoding Receptor-Like Kinase Interacting with PRRs for Inducing Disease Resistance |
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244 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Engineering the PRR-Interacting ERECTA Gene for Disease Management |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (10) |
6 Molecular Manipulation of Transcription Factors, the Master Regulators of PAMP-Triggered Signaling Systems |
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255 | |
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6.1 Transcription Factors as 'Master Switches' Regulating Expression of Defense Genes in Plant Immune Signaling Systems |
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256 | (2) |
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6.2 PAMPs and PIMPs/HAMPs Trigger Expression of Transcription Factors |
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258 | (2) |
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6.3 Role of Transcription Factors in Regulation of Ca2+ Signaling System |
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260 | (4) |
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6.4 ROS-Regulated Expression of Transcription Factors |
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264 | (2) |
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6.5 MAPKs-Modulated Phosphorylation of Transcription Factors in Activation of Plant Immune Responses |
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266 | (2) |
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6.6 Transcription Factors Regulating Salicylate Signaling in Plant Innate Immune System |
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268 | (6) |
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6.6.1 Transcription Factors Triggering SA Biosynthesis |
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268 | (2) |
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6.6.2 SA Induces Enhanced Expression of Transcription Factors to Activate Transcription of Defense Genes |
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270 | (2) |
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6.6.3 Transcription Factors May Regulate SA-Mediated Plant Immune Signaling Systems |
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272 | (2) |
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6.7 Transcription Factors Regulating Jasmonate Signaling System in Plant Innate Immunity |
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274 | (3) |
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6.7.1 Transcription Factors Triggering JA Biosynthesis |
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274 | (2) |
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6.7.2 JA Induces Enhanced Expression of Transcription Factors |
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276 | (1) |
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6.7.3 Transcription Factors Triggering Expression of JA-Responsive Defense genes |
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276 | (1) |
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6.8 Transcription Factors Regulating Ethylene Signaling System in Plant Innate Immunity |
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277 | (1) |
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6.9 Transcription Factors May Trigger "Priming" of Defense Responses |
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278 | (3) |
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278 | (1) |
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6.9.2 Histone Modifications in Chromatin Structure May Be Involved in the Priming Process |
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278 | (1) |
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6.9.3 Priming in Systemic Acquired Resistance |
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279 | (1) |
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6.9.4 Plants May Inherit the Priming Phenomenon to Next-Generation SAR |
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279 | (1) |
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6.9.5 Priming of Transcription Factors in Plant Defense System |
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280 | (1) |
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6.10 Bioengineering WRKY Transcription Factors for Rice Disease Management |
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281 | (12) |
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6.10.1 WRKY Transcription Factors Regulating Plant Immune Responses |
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281 | (2) |
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6.10.2 Engineering OsWRKY13 Gene |
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283 | (3) |
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6.10.3 Engineering OsWRKY22 Gene |
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286 | (1) |
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6.10.4 Engineering OsWRKY30 Gene |
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286 | (1) |
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6.10.5 Engineering OsWRKY31 Gene |
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287 | (1) |
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6.10.6 Engineering OsWRKY42 Gene |
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287 | (2) |
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6.10.7 Engineering OsWRKY45 Gene |
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289 | (1) |
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6.10.8 Engineering OsWRKY47 Gene |
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290 | (1) |
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6.10.9 Engineering OsWRKY53 Gene |
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290 | (1) |
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6.10.10 Engineering OsWRKY71 Gene |
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291 | (1) |
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6.10.11 Engineering OsWRKY89 Gene |
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292 | (1) |
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6.11 Bioengineering WRKY Transcription Factors for Wheat Disease Management |
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293 | (1) |
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6.12 Bioengineering WRKY Transcription Factors for Tobacco Disease Management |
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293 | (6) |
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6.12.1 Engineering VvWRKY1 Gene from Vitis vinifera |
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293 | (2) |
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6.12.2 Engineering VvWRKY2 Gene from Vitis vinifera |
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295 | (1) |
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6.12.3 Engineering VpWRKY3 Gene from Chinese Wild Grapevine |
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295 | (1) |
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6.12.4 Engineering MdWRKY1 Gene from Apple |
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296 | (1) |
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6.12.5 Engineering GhWRKY15 Gene from Cotton |
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296 | (2) |
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6.12.6 Engineering GhWRKY39-1 and GhWRKY39 Genes from Cotton |
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298 | (1) |
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6.12.7 Engineering GhWRKY44 Gene from Cotton |
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298 | (1) |
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6.12.8 Engineering CaWRKY27 Gene from Capsicum annuum |
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298 | (1) |
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6.13 Bioengineering WRKY Transcription Factors for Management of Grapevine Diseases |
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299 | (1) |
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6.14 Search for Arabidopsis Transcription Factor Genes for Using as Tools for Engineering Disease-Resistant Plants |
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299 | (5) |
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6.14.1 WRKY33 Transcription Factor |
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299 | (2) |
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6.14.2 WRKY70 Transcription Factor |
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301 | (1) |
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6.14.3 WRKY18 Transcription Factor |
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302 | (1) |
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6.14.4 WRKY29 Transcription Factor |
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303 | (1) |
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6.14.5 WRKY7 Transcription Factor |
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303 | (1) |
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6.14.6 WRKY25 Transcription Factor |
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303 | (1) |
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6.14.7 WRKY48 Transcription Factor |
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303 | (1) |
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6.15 Manipulation of OsWRKY45 Transcription Factor-Dependent Priming Process Using Benzothiadiazole Compounds for Rice disease Management |
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304 | (4) |
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6.16 Manipulation of Priming of WRKY Transcription Factors Using BABA for Crop Disease Management |
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308 | (1) |
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6.17 Manipulation of WRKY Gene Expression Using Ergosterol for Disease Management |
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309 | (1) |
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6.18 Manipulation of MYB Transcription Factors for Disease Management |
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310 | (4) |
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6.18.1 Molecular Manipulation of MYB72 Transcription Factor Using Rhizobacteria to Trigger Priming and ISR for Disease Management |
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310 | (2) |
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6.18.2 Bioengineering MYB44 Transcription Factor for Management of Biotrophic/Hemibiotrophic Pathogens |
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312 | (1) |
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6.18.3 Bioengineering OsJAMyb for Rice Blast Disease Management |
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313 | (1) |
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6.19 Molecular Manipulation of MYC2 Transcription Factor Using Rhizobacteria to Trigger Priming and ISR for Disease Management |
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314 | (3) |
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6.20 Molecular Manipulation of bZIP Transcription Factors for Crop Disease Management |
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317 | (4) |
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6.20.1 Molecular Manipulation of TGA Class of bZIP Transcription Factors for Crop Disease Management |
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317 | (2) |
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6.20.2 Molecular Manipulation of RF2a and RF2b bZIP Transcription Factors for Rice Tungro Virus Disease Management |
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319 | (1) |
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6.20.3 Manipulation of Pepper bZIP Transcription Factor for Developing Disease-Resistant Plants |
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320 | (1) |
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6.21 Manipulation of EREBP Transcription Factors for Crop Disease Management |
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321 | (7) |
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6.21.1 EREBP Transcription Factor Family |
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321 | (1) |
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6.21.2 Pti5 Transcription Factor |
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321 | (1) |
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6.21.3 Pti4 Transcription Factor |
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322 | (1) |
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6.21.4 GbERF2 Transcription Factor |
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322 | (1) |
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6.21.5 NtERF5 Transcription Factor |
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323 | (1) |
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6.21.6 Tsil Transcription Factor |
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323 | (1) |
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6.21.7 OsBIERF3 Transcription Factor |
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324 | (1) |
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6.21.8 OsERF922 Transcription Factor |
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325 | (1) |
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6.21.9 CaPF1 Transcription Factor |
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326 | (1) |
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6.21.10 OPBP1 Transcription Factor |
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326 | (1) |
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6.21.11 HvRAF Transcription Factor |
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326 | (1) |
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6.21.12 ERF1 Transcription Factor |
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327 | (1) |
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6.21.13 OsEREBP1 Transcription Factor |
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327 | (1) |
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6.22 Manipulation of NAC Transcription Factors for Crop Disease Management |
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328 | (4) |
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6.22.1 NAC Transcription Factors in Plant Defense Responses |
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328 | (2) |
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6.22.2 Engineering NAC Transcription Factors for Disease Management |
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330 | (1) |
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6.22.3 Manipulation of NAC Transcription Factor Genes for Crop Disease Management |
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331 | (1) |
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6.22.4 NAC Transcription Factor Enhances ABA Biosynthesis and Promotes Disease Resistance |
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331 | (1) |
|
6.23 Engineering NtWIF Transcription Factor Gene for Crop Disease Management |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
6.24 Engineering AT-Hook Motif-Containing Transcription Factor Gene (CaATLI ) for Crop Disease Management |
|
|
332 | (2) |
|
|
334 | |