Foreword |
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xi | |
Abbreviations and Acronyms |
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xv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxvii | |
Introduction |
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xxxiii | |
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Chapter 1 Network Evolutions, Applications and Their Synchronization Requirements |
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1 | (32) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Evolution from plesiochronous digital hierarchy to optical transport networks |
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3 | (9) |
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1.2.1 Plesiochronous digital hierarchy and public switch telephone networks |
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3 | (4) |
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1.2.2 Evolution toward SDH and synchronous optical network |
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7 | (4) |
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1.2.3 Introduction of optical transport network in transport networks |
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11 | (1) |
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1.3 Migration and evolution in the next-generation networks: from time division multiplexing to packet networks |
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12 | (5) |
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1.3.1 Circuit emulation synchronization requirements |
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14 | (3) |
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1.4 Mobile networks and mobile backhaul |
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17 | (10) |
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1.4.1 Synchronization requirements in mobile networks |
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22 | (5) |
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1.5 Synchronization requirements in other applications |
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27 | (1) |
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1.6 The need to define new synchronization technologies |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Synchronization Technologies |
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33 | (78) |
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2.1 Fundamental aspects related to network synchronization |
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33 | (9) |
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2.2 Timing transport via the physical layer |
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42 | (5) |
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2.2.1 Synchronous Ethernet |
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42 | (5) |
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47 | (8) |
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2.3.1 Packet timing using traffic data |
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47 | (5) |
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2.3.2 Packet-based methods |
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52 | (3) |
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2.4 IEEE 1588 and its Precision Time Protocol |
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55 | (20) |
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2.4.1 Some essentials of IEEE 1588 |
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56 | (8) |
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2.4.2 IEEE 1588-2002: origin and limitations |
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64 | (4) |
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2.4.3 IEEE 1588-2008 and PTPv2 |
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68 | (7) |
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2.5 The concept of "profiles" |
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75 | (7) |
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77 | (4) |
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2.5.2 Phase and time profile (ITU-T G.8275.1) |
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81 | (1) |
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2.6 Other packet-based protocols |
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82 | (12) |
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2.6.1 Packet-based timing: starting with CES |
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82 | (4) |
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2.6.2 Dedicated timing TDM PW |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (4) |
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2.6.4 Summary and comparison |
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91 | (3) |
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2.7 GNSS and other radio clock sources |
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94 | (11) |
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2.7.1 Global and regional space-based timing system |
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94 | (8) |
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2.7.2 Regional terrestrial systems |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (4) |
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Chapter 3 Synchronization Network Architectures in Packet Networks |
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111 | (38) |
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3.1 The network synchronization layer |
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111 | (6) |
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3.1.1 Network layers and abstraction |
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111 | (5) |
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3.1.2 The synchronization layer |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (2) |
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3.3 Frequency synchronization topologies and redundancy schemes using SyncE |
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119 | (14) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Redundancy and source traceability |
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121 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Use of SSM in real networks |
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122 | (8) |
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3.3.5 Networks involving SSUs |
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130 | (1) |
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3.3.6 Classical errors during SSM configuration |
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131 | (2) |
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3.3.7 Conclusion on synchronization topologies |
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133 | (1) |
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3.4 The IEEE 1588 standard and its applicability in telecommunication networks |
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133 | (1) |
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3.5 Frequency synchronization topologies and redundancy schemes using IEEE 1588 |
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134 | (5) |
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3.5.1 Redundancy schemes using IEEE 1588 |
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136 | (3) |
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3.6 Time synchronization topologies and redundancy schemes |
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139 | (7) |
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3.6.1 Locally distributed PRTC |
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140 | (1) |
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3.6.2 Packet-based method |
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141 | (1) |
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3.6.3 Resiliency and redundancy schemes |
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142 | (4) |
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146 | (3) |
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Chapter 4 Synchronization Design and Deployments |
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149 | (90) |
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4.1 High-level principles |
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149 | (12) |
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152 | (6) |
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4.1.2 Typical mobile networks requirements and evolutions |
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158 | (3) |
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4.2 MAKE or BUY network synchronization strategies |
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161 | (21) |
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4.2.1 Relationships between MAKE or BUY strategies for network connectivity and Synchronization |
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162 | (5) |
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4.2.2 MAKE or BUY network synchronization source strategies |
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167 | (3) |
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4.2.3 Fixed/mobile network scenarios |
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170 | (12) |
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4.3 Deployment of timing solutions for frequency synchronization needs |
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182 | (38) |
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4.3.1 Overview of synchronization solutions for frequency needs |
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183 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Synchronous Ethernet deployments |
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184 | (12) |
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4.3.3 IEEE 1588 end-to-end deployments |
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196 | (24) |
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4.4 Deployment of timing solutions for accurate phase/time synchronization needs |
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220 | (17) |
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4.4.1 GNSS deployments and associated issues |
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221 | (4) |
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4.4.2 IEEE 1588 fall timing support deployments |
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225 | (11) |
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4.4.3 Possible migration paths toward IEEE 1588 phase/time profile |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Management and Monitoring of Synchronization Networks |
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239 | (16) |
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239 | (1) |
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5.2 Network management systems and the telecommunications management network (TMN) |
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240 | (2) |
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5.3 Synchronization Network management: the synchronization plan and protection |
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242 | (3) |
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5.4 Provisioning and setup: manual versus automatic |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (3) |
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5.6 Management issues in wireless backhaul |
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249 | (1) |
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5.7 Network OS integration: M.3000 versus SNMP |
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250 | (2) |
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252 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 Security Aspects Impacting Synchronization |
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255 | (32) |
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6.1 Security and synchronization |
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255 | (6) |
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6.1.1 Terminology used in security |
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257 | (2) |
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6.1.2 Synchronization in network security ensemble |
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259 | (2) |
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6.2 Security of the timing source |
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261 | (13) |
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6.2.1 Access security to device |
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262 | (1) |
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6.2.2 GNSS signal vulnerability |
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263 | (7) |
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6.2.3 Protecting and mitigating from compromise signal |
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270 | (4) |
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6.3 Security of synchronization distribution |
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274 | (8) |
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6.3.1 Security aspects of physical timing transmission |
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275 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Security aspects of packet-based timing transmission |
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277 | (5) |
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6.4 Synchronization risk management |
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282 | (2) |
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284 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Test and Measurement Aspects of Packet Synchronization Networks |
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287 | (42) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (5) |
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7.3 Equipment configuration |
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292 | (1) |
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7.4 Reference signals, cables and connectors |
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293 | (1) |
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7.5 Testing Synchronous Ethernet |
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293 | (15) |
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7.5.1 Testing the performance of SyncE EEC |
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294 | (10) |
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7.5.2 Testing the ESMC protocol |
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304 | (4) |
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7.6 Testing the IEEE 1588 end-to-end telecom profile |
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308 | (18) |
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7.6.1 Testing the telecom profile -- protocol |
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308 | (8) |
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7.6.2 Testing the telecom profile -- performance of packet networks |
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316 | (3) |
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7.6.3 Testing the telecom profile -- performance of a PTP packet slave clock |
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319 | (7) |
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326 | (3) |
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Appendix 1 Standards in Telecom Packet Networks Using Synchronous Ethernet and/or IEEE 1588 |
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329 | (12) |
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329 | (1) |
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A1.2 General content of ITU-T standards |
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330 | (2) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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A1.2.3 Use of network and equipment specification |
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332 | (1) |
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A1.3 Summary of standards |
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332 | (7) |
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A1.3.1 Standards related to SyncE |
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333 | (2) |
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A1.3.2 Standards related to IEEE 1588 end-to-end telecom profile for frequency |
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335 | (2) |
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A1.3.3 Standards related to IEEE 1588 fall timing support telecom profile for phase and time transport |
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337 | (2) |
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339 | (2) |
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Appendix 2 Jitter Estimation by Statistical Study (JESS) Metric Definition |
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341 | (4) |
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A2.1 Mathematical definition of JESS |
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341 | (1) |
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A2.2 Mathematical definition of JESS-w |
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342 | (3) |
Permissions and Credits |
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345 | (4) |
Biography |
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349 | (4) |
Index |
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353 | |