E-grāmata: Synthetic Peptides as Antigens

Acknowledgements v List of abbreviations vii Molecular dissection of protein antigens and the prediction of epitopes 1(78) M.H.V. Van Regenmortel Introduction 1(2) Definition of antigenicity and the concept of epitope 3(7) Types of epitopes 10(7) Methods used for localizing epitopes 17(22) Crystallographic analysis of antigen-antibody complexes 19(7) Binding studies with analogues and mutagenized molecules 26(3) Binding studies with peptide fragments 29(3) Synthetic peptides as antigenic probes 32(3) Peptide sequences inserted in recombinant proteins 35(1) Binding studies with antipeptide antibodies 36(2) Differential sensitivity of free and bound epitopes to chemical attack or amide exchange 38(1) Competitive topographic mapping 39(1) The antigenic structure of model proteins 39(14) Myoglobin 39(6) Lysozyme 45(2) Tobacco mosaic virus protein 47(6) Antigenicity prediction 53(15) General principles 53(5) Review of propensity scales 58(1) Hydrophilicity scale of Hopp and Woods (1981) 58(1) Hydropathy scale of Kyte and Doolittle (1982) 59(1) Hydrophilicity scale of Parker et al. (1986) 59(2) Acrophilicity scale of Hopp (1984) 61(1) Flexibility scale of Karplus and Schulz (1985) 61(1) Antigenicity scale of Welling et al. (1985) 62(1) Antigenicity index of Jameson and Wolf (1988) 62(1) Turn scales of Pellequer et al. (1993) 63(1) Comparative efficacies of different scales 63(5) T-cell epitopes 68(11) Nature of T-cell epitopes 68(3) The peptide-binding groove of MHC class I and II molecules 71(3) T-cell receptor binding of peptide-MHC complexes 74(2) Prediction of T-cell epitopes 76(3) Peptide-carrier conjugation 79(54) S. Muller Introduction 79(1) Choice of carrier 80(3) Optimal peptide density on carrier protein 83(2) Point of attachment on peptide chain 85(1) Chemical coupling 85(24) Glutaraldehyde 85(1) Reaction mechanism 85(2) Procedure (one-step method) 87(1) Bisimido esters 88(1) Reaction mechanism 88(1) Procedure used in the case of dimethyl suberimidate (one-step method) 89(2) Carbodiimides 91(1) Reaction mechanism 91(1) Procedure (Goodfriend et al., 1964) 92(1) Bis-diazobenzidine 93(1) Reaction mechanism 93(1) Procedure (Briand et al., 1985; Tamura and Bauer, 1982) 94(1) m-Maleimido benzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS) 95(1) Reaction mechanism 95(2) Procedure (two-step method) 97(1) N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP) 98(1) Reaction mechanism 98(2) Procedure (two-step method) 100(2) Imidoesters: 2-iminothiolane or 2-iminotetrahydrothiophene 102(1) Reaction mechanism 102(1) Procedure (one-step method) 103(1) Hydrazone formation following periodate oxidation of N-terminal serine on threonine residues 104(1) Reaction mechanism 104(1) Procedure (two-step method) 105(3) Other chemical coupling agents 108(1) Photochemical coupling 109(5) Reaction mechanism 109(4) Procedure 113(1) Coupling of peptides of liposomes 114(5) Reaction mechanism 114(2) Procedure (Frisch et al., 1991) 116(1) Synthesis of N-(4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyryl) phosphatidylethanolamine (MPB-PE) 116(1) Preparation of large and small unilamellar vesicles and peptide coupling 117(1) Preparation of encapsulated peptide 118(1) Lyophilized liposomes (Friede et al., 1993c) 119(1) Coupling of peptides to solid supports 119(7) General remarks 119(1) Procedure using iodoacetyl activated for immobilization of peptides through sulfhydryl groups 120(1) Reaction mechanism 120(1) Procedure 121(5) Determination of peptide: carrier ratio of conjugates 126(3) Peptide derivatization 129(4) Reversible protection of amino groups with citraconic anhydride 129(1) Biotinylation of peptides 130(3) Immunization with peptides 133(46) S. Muller Introduction 133(1) The Choice of animal 134(2) The immunogen 136(22) Free versus conjugated peptides 136(4) Immunization with conjugated peptides 140(4) Possible experimental pitfalls due to the generation of antibodies to the coupling agent used for peptide conjugation 144(1) Use of liposomes as peptide vehicles 145(4) Synthetic branched peptides 149(3) Peptide construction involving B-and T-epitopes 152(6) The adjuvant 158(9) The route of injection 167(2) Specific immunization protocols 169(8) Method of Walter et al. (1980); Patschinsky et al. (1984) 170(1) Method of Green et al. (1982) 170(1) Method of Tanaka et al. (1985) 171(1) Method of Muller et al. (1986) and Dumortier et al. (1998) 171(1) Method of Nussberger et al. (1985) 171(1) Method of Choppin et al. (1986) 172(2) Method of Young et al. (1993) 174(1) Method of De Boer et al. (1987) 175(1) Method of Lu et al. (1991) with MAP 175(1) Method of Tuchscherer et al. (1992) with TASP 176(1) Concluding remarks 177(2) Peptide immunoassays 179(36) M. H. V Van Regenmortel Introduction 179(2) Types of solid-phase immunoassays 181(15) The pepscan technique 181(5) ELISA 186(10) Solid-phase immunoassay procedures 196(6) Indirect ELISA using immobilized peptide 196(2) Double antibody sandwich assay 198(4) Solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) 202(1) Dot immunobinding assay 202(1) Spotscan assay 203(1) Biosensor assays 204(6) Description of the BIAcore instrument 204(2) Analysis of peptide-antibody interactions with BIAcore 206(3) Immobilization of peptides on sensor chips 209(1) Measurement of affinity constants 210(2) Monitoring of the immune response to peptides 212(3) Use of antipeptide antibodies in molecular and cellular biology 215(22) S. Muller Detection of gene products with antipeptide antibodies 215(17) Detection of putative proteins on the basis of nucleic acid sequences 217(3) Antipeptide antibody probes for structural and functional studies of gene products 220(1) Immunodetection of in vitro translation products using antipeptide antibodies 220(1) Selected techniques used for the immunological detection of gene products 221(1) Gene isolation with antibody probes using &lembda;gt11 expression vector 222(3) Immunochemical detection of protein related to the human c-myc exon 1 225(2) Use of antipeptide antibodies for the immunodetection of plant viral nonstructural proteins 227(4) General comments 231(1) Use of antipeptide antibodies in immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry 232(5) General considerations 232(1) Examples of procedures 233(4) The use of peptides for diagnosing viral infections 237(10) M. H. V. Van Regenmortel Mimicry of viral epitopes with synthetic peptides 237(5) Synthetic peptides for viral diagnosis 242(2) Peptide-based immunoassays 244(3) Peptides in diagnosis of autoimmune diseases 247(34) S. Muller Introduction 247(1) Methods of detection and quantification of autoantibodies with synthetic peptides 248(14) Epitope mapping with synthetic peptides 248(5) Respective merits and limitations of the different approaches used to delineate epitopes recognized by autoantibodies 253(5) Cross-reactivity of autoantibodies with synthetic peptides and the cognate protein 258(4) Specific examples of autoepitope mapping data 262(11) B-cell epitopes of Ro60 protein 263(2) B-cell epitopes of SmD1 protein 265(5) B-cell epitopes of U1C protein 270(3) Prediction of epitopes recognized by autoantibodies 273(5) Peptides mimicking sites of post-translational modification recognized by autoantibodies 278(2) Concluding remarks 280(1) Synthetic peptides as vaccines 281(38) M. H. V. Van Regenmortel Introduction 281(3) Antiviral vaccines 284(26) Foot-and-mouth disease virus 284(10) Poliovirus 294(4) Influenza virus 298(4) Canine parvovirus 302(3) Measles virus 305(2) Human immunodeficiency virus 307(3) Other viruses 310(1) Vaccines against bacterial infections 310(1) Vaccines against parasites 311(2) Are molecular design strategies applicable to the development of synthetic vaccines? 313(1) Empirical discovery rather than molecular design will bring about new synthetic vaccines 314(5) References 319(56) Subject index 375