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E-grāmata: Systems Engineering and Analysis of Electro-Optical and Infrared Systems

(Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, USA)
  • Formāts: 828 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 08-Oct-2018
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781466579934
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Systems Engineering and Analysis of Electro-Optical and Infrared SystemsPalielināt
  • Formāts: 828 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 08-Oct-2018
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781466579934
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Electro-optical and infrared systems are fundamental in the military, medical, commercial, industrial, and private sectors. Systems Engineering and Analysis of Electro-Optical and Infrared Systems integrates solid fundamental systems engineering principles, methods, and techniques with the technical focus of contemporary electro-optical and infrared optics, imaging, and detection methodologies and systems. The book provides a running case study throughout that illustrates concepts and applies topics learned. It explores the benefits of a solid systems engineering-oriented approach focused on electro-optical and infrared systems.

This book covers fundamental systems engineering principles as applied to optical systems, demonstrating how modern-day systems engineering methods, tools, and techniques can help you to optimally develop, support, and dispose of complex, optical systems. It introduces contemporary systems development paradigms such as model-based systems engineering, agile development, enterprise architecture methods, systems of systems, family of systems, rapid prototyping, and more. It focuses on the connection between the high-level systems engineering methodologies and detailed optical analytical methods to analyze, and understand optical systems performance capabilities.

Organized into three distinct sections, the book covers modern, fundamental, and general systems engineering principles, methods, and techniques needed throughout an optical systems development lifecycle (SDLC); optical systems building blocks that provide necessary optical systems analysis methods, techniques, and technical fundamentals; and an integrated case study that unites these two areas. It provides enough theory, analytical content, and technical depth that you will be able to analyze optical systems from both a systems and technical perspective.

Recenzijas

" Arrasmith weaves together the essential elements of systems engineering with a focus on the technical performance of optical systems to provide a comprehensive study of these disciplines. A systems engineering lifecycle model is used to introduce design steps in the construction of optical systems that reinforces systems thinking. It is a pleasure to see a highly technical engineering field such as optics linked so well with systems engineering principles and the role of an enterprise architecture. Each topic benefits from the presentation of its counterpart as the design lifecycle is applied and illustrated." Dr. Wade H. Shaw, P.E., Dean and Kaolin Professor of Engineering Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, USA

" readers can obtain the up-to-day information/technology in the fields of enterprise architecture and optical systems model. integrates fundamental methods and techniques of enterprise architecture and optical systems model. a nice text book for graduate students in the fields of electronic engineering, electrical engineering, and physics." Hai-Han Lu, National Taipei University of Technology " Arrasmith weaves together the essential elements of systems engineering with a focus on the technical performance of optical systems to provide a comprehensive study of these disciplines. A systems engineering lifecycle model is used to introduce design steps in the construction of optical systems that reinforces systems thinking. It is a pleasure to see a highly technical engineering field such as optics linked so well with systems engineering principles and the role of an enterprise architecture. Each topic benefits from the presentation of its counterpart as the design lifecycle is applied and illustrated." Dr. Wade H. Shaw, P.E., Dean and Kaolin Professor of Engineering Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, USA

" readers can obtain the up-to-day information/technology in the fields of enterprise architecture and optical systems model. integrates fundamental methods and techniques of enterprise architecture and optical systems model. a nice text book for graduate students in the fields of electronic engineering, electrical engineering, and physics." Hai-Han Lu, National Taipei University of Technology

Preface xvii
Author xxv
Section I The Modern Optical Systems Engineering Landscape: Systems Engineering in Relation to the Enterprise, System-of-Systems, and Family-of-Systems
1 Introduction to Systems Engineering
3(46)
1.1 Systems Engineering in the Modern Age
3(18)
1.1.1 Short History of Systems Engineering
4(1)
1.1.2 Some Definitions of Systems Engineering
5(3)
1.1.3 Diverse Systems Engineer
8(2)
1.1.4 Introduction to the Enterprise and Its Architectural Description
10(1)
1.1.5 Introduction to SOS and FOS
11(1)
1.1.6 U.S. JCIDS and the DOD Acquisition System
12(4)
1.1.7 Introduction to Systems Engineering across the Life Cycle
16(4)
1.1.8 Transition to Optical Systems Building Blocks
20(1)
1.2 Optical Systems Building Blocks: Introduction, Systems of Units, Optical Systems Methodologies, and Terminology
21(16)
1.2.1 Introduction to Optical Systems
21(2)
1.2.2 Overview of Adopted Systems of Units
23(4)
1.2.3 Optical Systems Methodologies
27(6)
1.2.4 Fundamental Optical Systems Concepts and Terminology
33(4)
1.3 Integrated Case Study: Introduction to Our Optical Systems Engineering Case Study
37(8)
Appendix: Acronyms
45(1)
References
46(3)
2 Enterprise Architecture Fundamentals
49(78)
2.1 High-Level Integrated Model
50(14)
2.1.1 Purpose of Enterprise Architecture
50(1)
2.1.2 Historical Background
51(1)
2.1.3 Types of Architectures
51(3)
2.1.3.1 Relative Comparisons
53(1)
2.1.4 Architecture Type Roles in Multiple-Entity Development Process
54(1)
2.1.5 Architectural Framework
55(8)
2.1.5.1 Enterprise Architecture Cube
55(1)
2.1.5.2 DODAF
56(2)
2.1.5.3 The Open Group Architectural Framework
58(2)
2.1.5.4 Federal Enterprise Architectural Framework
60(2)
2.1.5.5 Ministry of Defense Architectural Framework
62(1)
2.1.6 Modeling Tools
63(1)
2.2 Optical Systems Model
64(44)
2.2.1 Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Propagation Theory
66(8)
2.2.2 Linear and Nonlinear Systems Models
74(14)
2.2.3 Sampling Considerations
88(5)
2.2.4 Statistical Optics Models
93(15)
2.3 Integrated Case Study: Introduction to Enterprise Architecture
108(14)
2.3.1 Defining the Enterprise Architecture for FIT
108(14)
2.4 Conclusion
122(1)
Appendix: Fourier Transform Pairs
123(1)
References
124(3)
3 Systems of Systems, Family of Systems, and Systems Engineering
127(34)
3.1 Overview
127(13)
3.1.1 Systems of Systems
128(2)
3.1.2 Family of Systems
130(1)
3.1.3 Systems Engineering Processes across the Systems Development Life-Cycle Phases
131(30)
3.1.3.1 Overall Systems Engineering Development Process
131(2)
3.1.3.2 Systems Engineering Waterfall Process
133(7)
3.2 Optical Systems Building Block: Optical System of Systems Model
140(13)
3.3 Integrated Case Study: Implementing a System of Systems Optical Model
153(6)
3.4 Summary
159(1)
References
159(2)
4 Model-Based Systems Engineering
161(40)
4.1 Overview of MBSE
161(7)
4.1.1 Introduction to MBSE
162(3)
4.1.2 MBSE Tools
165(2)
4.1.3 Transition to Optical Systems Building Blocks
167(1)
4.2 Optical Systems Building Block: The Basic Optical System
168(19)
4.2.1 Basic Optical Principles
169(13)
4.2.1.1 Refraction
169(3)
4.2.1.2 Reflection
172(1)
4.2.1.3 Mirrors
173(2)
4.2.1.4 Lenses
175(7)
4.2.1.5 Antireflective Coating
182(1)
4.2.2 Achromatic Principle
182(2)
4.2.3 Ray Tracing
184(2)
4.2.4 Optical Filters
186(1)
4.2.5 Optical Design Software
186(1)
4.3 Integrated Case Study: MBSE, MATLAB®, and Rapid Prototyping at FIT (Basic Optical Components)
187(9)
Appendix: Acronyms
196(1)
References
196(5)
Section II Application of Systems Engineering Tools, Methods, and Techniques to Optical Systems
5 Problem Definition
201(66)
5.1 Systems Engineering Principles and Methods for Problem Definition
201(17)
5.1.1 Stakeholder Identification
203(5)
5.1.2 Stakeholder Needs
208(2)
5.1.3 Stakeholder Requirements
210(3)
5.1.4 Concept of Operations
213(2)
5.1.5 Project's Scope
215(2)
5.1.5.1 Scope Planning
216(1)
5.1.5.2 Scope Definition
216(1)
5.1.5.3 Scope Verification
216(1)
5.1.5.4 Scope Control
216(1)
5.1.6 Goals and Objectives
217(1)
5.1.7 Transition to Optical Systems Building Blocks
217(1)
5.2 Optical Systems Building Blocks: Optical Sources
218(34)
5.2.1 Visible and IR Parts of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
218(3)
5.2.1.1 IR Sources: Thermal and Selective Radiators
220(1)
5.2.2 Absorption and Emission Spectra
221(1)
5.2.3 Thermal Radiation in the IR Spectrum
221(1)
5.2.4 Planck's Law
222(1)
5.2.5 Stefan-Boltzmann Law
223(1)
5.2.6 Kirchhoff's Law of Radiative Transfer
224(1)
5.2.7 Emissivity
225(1)
5.2.8 Emissivity of Common Materials
226(1)
5.2.9 Sources That Approximate Blackbody Radiators
226(5)
5.2.10 Tools for Radiation Calculations
231(1)
5.2.11 Scale Choice in Plotting
232(1)
5.2.12 Radiation Efficiency
233(1)
5.2.13 Making Blackbody Sources
233(3)
5.2.14 Sources, Standards, and NIST
236(6)
5.2.14.1 Optical Sources
239(1)
5.2.14.2 Sources of Ultraviolet Radiation
239(1)
5.2.14.3 Light-Emitting Diodes
239(1)
5.2.14.4 UV Lamps
239(1)
5.2.14.5 UV/Visible/IR Lasers
239(1)
5.2.14.6 Visible Light Sources
240(1)
5.2.14.7 IR Sources
241(1)
5.2.14.8 Nernst Glower
241(1)
5.2.14.9 Globar
242(1)
5.2.14.10 Carbon Arc
242(1)
5.2.14.11 Tungsten Lamp
242(1)
5.2.14.12 Sun
242(1)
5.2.15 Conventional Target Characteristics
242(4)
5.2.15.1 Aircraft: Turbojet
243(1)
5.2.15.2 Aircraft: Turbofan Engine
244(1)
5.2.15.3 Aircraft: Afterburning
245(1)
5.2.15.4 Aircraft: Ramjet
245(1)
5.2.15.5 Rockets
245(1)
5.2.15.6 Atmospheric Heating
246(1)
5.2.15.7 Humans
246(1)
5.2.15.8 Ground-Based Vehicles
246(1)
5.2.15.9 Stellar Objects
246(1)
5.2.16 Background Radiation and Clutter
246(2)
5.2.16.1 Earth
247(1)
5.2.16.2 Atmosphere and Beyond
247(1)
5.2.17 Emissivity of Common Materials
248(1)
5.2.18 Common Nonmetallic Material Emissivities
248(1)
5.2.19 Use Cases
249(3)
5.2.19.1 Use Case 1: The Sun
250(1)
5.2.19.2 Use Case 2: Iron Furnace
251(1)
5.2.19.3 Use Case 3: Person in the Desert
251(1)
5.2.20 Practical Detection Applications
252(1)
5.2.21 Transition to a Dialog to Develop Stakeholders, Requirements, and Scope
252(1)
5.3 Integrated Case Study: Introduction
252(11)
Appendix: Acronyms
263(1)
References
264(3)
6 Feasibility Studies, Trade Studies, and Alternative Analysis
267(58)
6.1 Understanding What Is Feasible
268(25)
6.1.1 Risk Categories
268(1)
6.1.2 Uses of Feasibility Studies
269(1)
6.1.3 Application of the Feasibility Study
269(1)
6.1.4 Need for Feasibility Studies
270(3)
6.1.5 Establishing the Feasibility of Requirements
273(3)
6.1.6 Conducting Trade Studies
276(4)
6.1.7 Evaluating Alternatives: The Analytic Hierarchy Process
280(12)
6.1.8 Connection between Feasibility and Risk
292(1)
6.1.9 Transition to Optical Systems Building Blocks: Propagation of Radiation
293(1)
6.2 Optical Systems Building Block: Optical Radiation and Its Propagation
293(14)
6.2.1 Radiometry
294(2)
6.2.2 Absorption
296(1)
6.2.3 Gaseous Absorption Spectra
297(1)
6.2.4 Liquid and Gas Absorption Spectra
298(1)
6.2.5 Radiometer
299(1)
6.2.6 Spectroradiometer
300(1)
6.2.7 Radiation in the Visible and Infrared Parts of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
300(7)
6.3 Integrated Case Study: Establishing Technical Feasibility through Optical Propagation Analysis
307(13)
6.3.1 Part 1: An Unexpected Meeting
308(4)
6.3.2 Part 2: Lunch and Learn
312(4)
6.3.3 Part 3: The Trade-Offs Begin
316(1)
6.3.4 Part 4: Changes
317(3)
6.4 Summary
320(1)
Appendix: Acronyms
321(1)
References
322(3)
7 Systems and Requirements
325(38)
7.1 Requirements Generation Process
327(10)
7.1.1 Determining the "Whats!"
327(2)
7.1.2 The "ilities!"
329(3)
7.1.3 Techniques for Writing Good Requirements
332(2)
7.1.4 Importance of the Requirements Document
334(1)
7.1.5 Managing Requirements and Change: Model-Based Systems Engineering Requirements Tools
335(2)
7.1.6 Transition to Optical Systems Building Block: Optical Modulation
337(1)
7.2 Optical Systems Building Block: Optical Modulation
337(17)
7.2.1 Early History of Optical Modulation
338(1)
7.2.2 Optical Filtering
339(3)
7.2.3 Background and Clutter Suppression
342(1)
7.2.4 Chopping Frequency Equation
343(1)
7.2.5 Simple Reticle System
343(2)
7.2.6 Optical Modulation and Coding
345(1)
7.2.7 Reticle Applications
346(1)
7.2.8 Reticle Considerations
346(1)
7.2.9 Reticles for Directional Information
347(1)
7.2.10 Rotating Reticles
347(1)
7.2.11 Background Rejection
348(2)
7.2.12 Acousto-Optic Modulator
350(1)
7.2.13 Electro-Optic Modulator
350(1)
7.2.14 Two-Color Reticles
350(2)
7.2.15 Guide Star Systems and Reticles
352(1)
7.2.16 Target Tracking
353(1)
7.2.17 Optical Modulation Summary
354(1)
7.3 Integrated Case Study: Systems Requirements and the Need for Optical Modulation
354(7)
References
361(2)
8 Maintenance and Support Planning
363(36)
8.1 Introduction to Maintenance and Support Planning
364(15)
8.1.1 Importance of Early Consideration of Maintenance and Support Elements
364(1)
8.1.2 SRMA
365(11)
8.1.2.1 Reliability
365(6)
8.1.2.2 Maintainability
371(4)
8.1.2.3 Availability
375(1)
8.1.3 SRMA Methods throughout the Systems Development Life Cycle
376(3)
8.1.3.1 SRMA in Conceptual Design
377(1)
8.1.3.2 SRMA in Preliminary Design
377(1)
8.1.3.3 SRMA in Detailed Design and Development
378(1)
8.1.3.4 SRMA in Production
378(1)
8.1.3.5 SRMA in Operations and Support
378(1)
8.1.4 Optical Detectors and Associated Maintenance and Support Concepts
379(1)
8.2 Fundamentals of Optical Detectors
379(11)
8.2.1 Types of Optical Detectors
380(1)
8.2.2 Thermal Detectors
381(3)
8.2.2.1 Bolometers
382(1)
8.2.2.2 Golay Cell
382(1)
8.2.2.3 Thermocouples and Thermopiles
383(1)
8.2.2.4 Calorimeters
383(1)
8.2.2.5 Pyroelectric Detectors
383(1)
8.2.3 Photon Detectors
384(2)
8.2.3.1 Charge-Coupled Device
385(1)
8.2.3.2 Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Detector
385(1)
8.2.4 Detector Performance
386(2)
8.2.5 Detector Comparison
388(1)
8.2.6 Application to Integrated Case Study
388(2)
8.3 Integrated Case Study: Maintenance and Support in Context of the Enterprise
390(6)
References
396(3)
9 Technical Performance Measures and Metrics
399(54)
9.1 Introduction to Technical Performance Measures and Metrics
399(11)
9.1.1 Role of Technical Performance Measures in the Systems Engineering Process
402(1)
9.1.2 Types of Measurements
402(4)
9.1.3 Connection of Technical Performance Measures to Requirements
406(2)
9.1.4 Systems Engineering Approach to Optical Systems
408(1)
9.1.5 Transition to Optical Systems Building Blocks
409(1)
9.2 Optical Systems Building Block: Detector Noise, Characteristics, Performance Limits, and Testing
410(32)
9.2.1 Introduction to Detector Noise
410(1)
9.2.2 Statistical Description of Noise
411(2)
9.2.3 System Noise and Figures of Merit
413(1)
9.2.4 Three-Dimensional Noise Model
413(2)
9.2.5 Sources of Noise
415(2)
9.2.6 Types of Noise
417(7)
9.2.6.1 Johnson-Nyquist Thermal Noise (Johnson Noise)
417(3)
9.2.6.2 Shot Noise
420(1)
9.2.6.3 1/f Noise
421(1)
9.2.6.4 Generation and Recombination Noise
421(1)
9.2.6.5 Popcorn Noise
421(1)
9.2.6.6 Radiation or Photon Noise
422(1)
9.2.6.7 Quantization Noise
423(1)
9.2.7 Equivalent Noise Bandwidth
424(1)
9.2.8 Detector Figures of Merit and Performance Characteristics
424(9)
9.2.8.1 Detector Figures of Merit
425(2)
9.2.8.2 Basic Equipment for Measuring Detector Figures of Merit
427(6)
9.2.9 Examples of Measuring Detector Attributes, Characteristics, and Figures of Merit
433(5)
9.2.9.1 Measuring the Active Area of the Detector
433(1)
9.2.9.2 Characterizing a Detector's Operating Point
433(2)
9.2.9.3 Characterizing a Detector's Operating Point That Requires Bias
435(1)
9.2.9.4 Introducing a Calibrated Voltage into the Test Configuration
436(1)
9.2.9.5 Determining the Effects of the Chopping Frequency on the Detector Output Signal
437(1)
9.2.9.6 Measuring Spectral Noise Characteristics
437(1)
9.2.9.7 Determining the Detector Time Constant
437(1)
9.2.10 High-End Photon Detectors
438(2)
9.2.10.1 Shielding the Detector against Radiation
439(1)
9.2.11 Thermal Detectors and Haven's Limit
440(1)
9.2.12 Important Considerations in Selecting a Detector
441(1)
9.3 UAV Case Study Application
442(6)
Appendix: MATLAB® Code 1
448(1)
Appendix: MATLAB® Code 2
449(1)
References
449(4)
10 Functional Analysis and Detector Cooling
453(48)
10.1 Functional Analyses and Their Requirements
454(18)
10.1.1 Model-Based Systems Engineering Tools for Creating Functional Analyses
455(2)
10.1.1.1 Rational Tool Suite
456(1)
10.1.1.2 SysML
456(1)
10.1.1.3 Theory of Inventive Problem Solving
457(1)
10.1.1.4 Simulink® and MATLAB®
457(1)
10.1.2 Functional Analysis Tools
457(4)
10.1.2.1 Concept Diagrams
458(1)
10.1.2.2 Functional Flow Block Diagrams
459(2)
10.1.2.3 Integrated Definition Diagrams
461(1)
10.1.3 Functional Analysis Application to a Lenticular Optical Imaging System
461(11)
10.1.3.1 Lenticular Optical Imaging System
461(4)
10.1.3.2 Functional Analysis of the System
465(7)
10.2 Detector Cooling Methods
472(15)
10.2.1 Introduction to Detector Cooling
472(1)
10.2.2 Detector Cooling Vessels: The Dewar
473(1)
10.2.3 Typical Coolants Properties
474(1)
10.2.4 Cooling with Open-Cycle Refrigerators
475(5)
10.2.4.1 Cooling with Liquefied Gas
475(1)
10.2.4.2 Cooling with the Joule Thomson Effect
476(2)
10.2.4.3 Cooling with Solids
478(1)
10.2.4.4 Cooling by Radiating Heat
478(2)
10.2.5 Cooling with Closed-Cycle Refrigerators
480(4)
10.2.5.1 Cooling with the Joule Thomson Closed Cycle
480(1)
10.2.5.2 Cooling with the Claude Cycle
481(1)
10.2.5.3 Cooling with the Stirling Cycle
482(2)
10.2.6 Cooling with Electric or Magnetic Effects
484(17)
10.2.6.1 Cooling with Thermoelectric Properties
484(1)
10.2.6.2 Cooling with Thermomagnetic Properties
484(3)
10.3 UAV Integrated Case Study: Integrating the Detector and the Cooler
487(11)
References
498(3)
11 Requirements Allocation
501(38)
11.1 Requirements Allocation Process
501(14)
11.1.1 Derivation, Allocation, and Apportionment
503(1)
11.1.2 Levels of Requirements (Leveling) and Requirements Allocation
504(3)
11.1.3 Commercial Off-the-Shelf Considerations and TPM Allocation
507(1)
11.1.4 Connection with Functional Analysis
508(7)
11.2 Optical Systems Building Block: Representative TPMs and KPPs
515(13)
11.3 Integrated Case Study
528(8)
11.4 Summary
536(1)
References
536(3)
12 Introduction to Systems Design
539(48)
12.1 Systems Engineering Design Process
540(28)
12.1.1 Systems Engineering and the Systems Life-Cycle Process
541(1)
12.1.2 Systems Documentation and Baseline
542(3)
12.1.3 Three-Stage Design Process: Conceptual Design, Preliminary Design, and Detailed Design and Development
545(19)
12.1.3.1 Conceptual Design Phase
545(14)
12.1.3.2 Preliminary Design Phase
559(3)
12.1.3.3 Detailed Design and Development Phase
562(2)
12.1.4 Alternative Design Processes
564(4)
12.1.4.1 Agile Manifesto
565(1)
12.1.4.2 Agile Development Cycle
565(1)
12.1.4.3 Specific Agile Development Methodologies
566(1)
12.1.4.4 Agile Methodologies Applied to Full Systems
567(1)
12.1.5 Transition to Optical Systems Building Blocks
568(1)
12.2 Optical Systems Building Block: Analyzing Optical Systems
568(9)
12.2.1 Understanding the Analytical Problem
568(1)
12.2.2 Choosing the Modeling Framework
568(2)
12.2.3 Developing the Model: An Application-Specific Example
570(7)
12.3 Integrated Case Study: Application of Optical Analytical Model to FIT'S System
577(6)
12.4 Conclusion
583(1)
Appendix: Acronyms
583(2)
References
585(2)
13 Quality Production and Manufacturing
587(66)
13.1 Introduction to Manufacturing and Production
588(4)
13.1.1 Manufacturing and Production Process
589(3)
13.2 Engineering and Manufacturing Optical Devices
592(27)
13.2.1 Total Quality Management
595(4)
13.2.2 Taguchi Quality Engineering
599(8)
13.2.2.1 Taguchi Quality Loss
599(5)
13.2.2.2 Taguchi Robust Design
604(3)
13.2.3 Statistical Process Control
607(12)
13.2.3.1 Variable Control Charts
610(4)
13.2.3.2 Attribute Control Charts
614(3)
13.2.3.3 Process Capability
617(2)
13.3 Integrated Case Study and Application: UAV Optical System Project
619(23)
13.3.1 Case Study Background
620(1)
13.3.2 Initial Customer Meeting
621(2)
13.3.3 FIT Executive Team Meeting
623(3)
13.3.4 Second Customer Meeting
626(1)
13.3.5 Design Review
626(9)
13.3.6 First Quality Meeting
635(5)
13.3.7 Second Quality Meeting
640(2)
Appendix: Acronyms
642(1)
Appendix: Variable Descriptions
642(2)
Appendix: Control Charts and Taguchi Robust Design Data
644(6)
References
650(3)
14 Optical Systems Testing and Evaluation
653(38)
14.1 General Concepts in Testing and Characterizing Optical Systems
654(14)
14.1.1 Systems Life Cycle and Test
655(2)
14.1.2 Test Verification versus Validation
657(1)
14.1.3 Test Often, Test Early: Integrated Testing
658(1)
14.1.4 Categories of Systems Test and Evaluation
658(2)
14.1.5 Systems Test Methodologies and Problem-Solving Tools
660(2)
14.1.6 Planning and Preparation for Systems Test
662(2)
14.1.7 Reporting and Feedback
664(1)
14.1.8 Clean Test Environment
665(1)
14.1.9 Static-Free Test Environment
666(1)
14.1.10 Optical Table
667(1)
14.1.11 Optical Calibration Standards
667(1)
14.1.12 General Concepts in Testing and Characterizing Optical Systems Summary
668(1)
14.2 Optical Systems Testing Methods
668(13)
14.2.1 Interferometry
668(4)
14.2.1.1 Multiple-Beam Interferometers
672(1)
14.2.2 Spectrometry
672(2)
14.2.2.1 Interferometer-Based Optical Spectrum Analyzer
673(1)
14.2.2.2 Diffraction-Grating-Based Optical Spectrum Analyzer
674(1)
14.2.3 Polarimetry
674(1)
14.2.4 Radiometric Testing
675(17)
14.2.4.1 Application of Optical Systems Testing
676(3)
14.2.4.2 Optical Systems Test Equipment
679(1)
14.2.4.3 Optical Systems Testing Methods Summary
680(1)
14.3 Integrated Case Study: Testing the FIT Optical Systems
681(6)
Appendix: Acronyms
687(1)
References
688(3)
15 Optical System Use and Support
691(46)
15.1 Introduction to System Use and Support
692(25)
15.1.1 Background and Definitions
692(2)
15.1.2 Using, Modifying, Supporting, and Maintaining Systems
694(1)
15.1.3 Modifying Systems with the Engineering Change Proposal
694(3)
15.1.4 Planned Improvements
697(3)
15.1.4.1 Evolutionary Acquisition
697(1)
15.1.4.2 Preplanned Product Improvement
698(1)
15.1.4.3 Open Systems Approach
699(1)
15.1.5 Integrated Logistics Support
700(4)
15.1.5.1 Systems Support and Servicing Background
702(1)
15.1.5.2 Integrated Logistics Support from Past to Present
702(1)
15.1.5.3 Integrated Logistics Support Definitions
703(1)
15.1.6 Elements of Support
704(8)
15.1.6.1 Maintenance and Support Planning
706(3)
15.1.6.2 Logistics, Maintenance, and Support Personnel
709(1)
15.1.6.3 Supply Support
709(2)
15.1.6.4 Training and Training Support
711(1)
15.1.6.5 Test, Measurement, Handling, and Support Equipment
711(1)
15.1.6.6 Maintenance Facilities
711(1)
15.1.6.7 Packaging, Handling, Storage, and Transportation
712(1)
15.1.6.8 Computer Resources
712(1)
15.1.6.9 Technical Data and Information Systems
712(1)
15.1.7 Logistics Support in the Overall System Life Cycle
712(3)
15.1.7.1 System Support Requirements
713(1)
15.1.7.2 Supportability Analysis and Requirements Allocation
714(1)
15.1.7.3 Supportability Review
714(1)
15.1.7.4 Test and Evaluation
715(1)
15.1.8 Support and Maintenance Summary
715(1)
15.1.9 Transition to Optical Systems Building Blocks
716(1)
15.2 Optical Systems Building Block: Using the Detected Signal-Signal Processing
717(12)
15.2.1 Definition of Signal Processing
717(3)
15.2.2 Signal Processing for Optical Systems
720(5)
15.2.2.1 Gain
721(1)
15.2.2.2 Amplifiers
721(4)
15.2.3 Bandwidth
725(1)
15.2.4 Signal Conditioning
725(1)
15.2.5 Displays
726(1)
15.2.6 Systems Engineering Tools and Techniques
727(1)
15.2.7 Example of Signal Processing for an Optical System
727(2)
15.2.7.1 Gain Calculations for the Detector
727(2)
15.2.8 Optical Systems Block Summary
729(1)
15.3 Integrated Case Study: Signal Processing on the FIT Optical System
729(4)
Appendix: Acronyms
733(1)
References
733(4)
16 Disposal and Retirement of Optical Systems
737(34)
16.1 Introduction
737(8)
16.1.1 System Retirement and Disposal
737(2)
16.1.2 Methods of System Disposal
739(1)
16.1.2.1 Abandonment
739(1)
16.1.2.2 Long-Term Storage
739(1)
16.1.2.3 Reuse
740(1)
16.1.2.4 Recycle
740(1)
16.1.2.5 Destruction
740(1)
16.1.3 Considerations at the End of the Systems Life
740(5)
16.1.3.1 Corroded Metals
741(1)
16.1.3.2 Electronic Components
741(1)
16.1.3.3 Liquid Metal Penetration
741(1)
16.1.3.4 Structural Problems
742(1)
16.1.3.5 Low-Pressure Environment
742(1)
16.1.3.6 Hazardous Materials and Special Handling
743(1)
16.1.3.7 Disposal Costs
744(1)
16.1.3.8 Security Considerations
745(1)
16.1.3.9 Historical Database
745(1)
16.1.3.10 Transition to Optical Systems Building Blocks
745(1)
16.2 Optical Systems Building Block: Optical Systems in Space
745(14)
16.2.1 Background for Optical Space Systems
747(2)
16.2.2 Systems Engineering Principles in Space Projects
749(1)
16.2.3 Space System Life Cycle
749(7)
16.2.3.1 Space System Phaseout and Disposal
750(6)
16.2.4 Environmental Effects on Optical System Satellites
756(3)
16.2.4.1 Plasmas and Spacecraft Charging
756(1)
16.2.4.2 Trapped Radiation
757(1)
16.2.4.3 Solar Particle Event
757(1)
16.2.4.4 Galactic Cosmic Rays
758(1)
16.3 Integrated Case Study: FIT Special Customer
759(10)
16.4 Conclusion
769(1)
References
769(2)
Appendix: Mathematical Formulas 771(14)
Index 785
William W. Arrasmith received his Ph.D. in engineering physics from the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) in Dayton, OH in 1995. He earned an M.S. in electrical engineering from the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, NM in 1991. He obtained a B.S. in electrical engineering from Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, VA in 1983. In his current position, he is a Professor of Engineering Systems at the Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) in Melbourne, FL. Prior to FIT, he served in the United States Air Force for over twenty years, culminating with a rank of Lt. Colonel. During his time in the Air Force, he held several positions including Chief, Advanced Science and Technology Division, Applied Technology Directorate at the Air Force Technical Applications Center; Assistant Professor, Weapons and Systems Engineering Department, United States Naval Academy; Program Manager, Physics and Electronics Directorate, Air Force Office of Scientific Research; Director, Flood Beam Experiment, Air Force Research Laboratory (Kirtland Air Force Base); and Project Engineer, Teal Ruby Systems Program Office, Space Division. Dr. Arrasmith is a member of Phi Kappa Phi, Tau Beta Pi, and the American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE) and has two national patents pending. He received the Presidents Award for Service at Florida Tech in 2013 and the Walter Nunn Excellence in Teaching Award in the College of Engineering at Florida Tech in 2010.
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