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E-grāmata: Temple of Ramesses II in Abydos: Volume 3: Architectural and Inscriptional Features

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Building on the comprehensive photographic and epigraphic documentation of the temple presented in The Temple of Ramesses II at Abydos volumes 1 (Wall Scenes) and 2 (Pillars, Niches and Miscellanea), volume 3 (Architectural and Inscriptional Features) offers a detailed analysis of the overall architectural layout and decorative programme of the temple and its symbolism.

Of all the enormous monuments throughout Egypt and Nubia that Ramesses II (the Great; ca. 1279-1212 BCE) left behind, his temple at Abydos, built early in his reign, stands as one of his most elegant, with its simple architectural layout and dramatic and graceful painted relief scenes. Though best known for its dramatic reliefs depicting the battle of Kadesh, the temple also offers a wealth of information about religious and social life in ancient Egypt. It reflects, for example, the strenuous efforts of the early Ramessides to reestablish the Osiris cult in Egypt -- and particularly at Abydos -- in the aftermath of the Amarna period.

This discussion approaches the religious history of the site through its archaeology, its inscriptions-both planned and secondary (graffiti)-and its situation in the complex religious landscape of Abydos. Of particular interest are the temple's role as a staging point for the great Osiris Festival and its procession, among the most important of all ritual events in the Egyptian religious calendar during the Ramesside period; the promotion of an active, unbound form of Osiris; and the evidence for important cult activities that took place on the rooftop of the temple, the presence of which is documented today by the staircase that accessed it from Court B.
Preface ix
List of Figures
xv
Abbreviations xxi
A Note on Internal Cross References to the Plates xxiv
Chapter 1 Architectural Features
1.1 General Overview of the Temple Site
1(5)
1.2 Architectural Description
6(9)
1.3 Material Used in the Construction of the Temple
15(4)
1.4 Detailed Architectural Description of the Temple
19(11)
1.5 Chapels
30(1)
1.6 Temple Floor Paving
30(1)
1.7 The Foundation
30(6)
1.8 Hypothetical Reconstruction of the Temple
36(5)
1.9 Modern Restorations of the Temple
41(1)
1.10 Mud-Brick Structures between the Two Pylons
42(1)
1.11 A Short History of the Temple Construction Stages
43(6)
Chapter 2 The Religious Environment and the Temple during the Early Ramesside Period
2.1 Introduction
49(13)
2.1.1 The Subject Matter of This
Chapter
49(1)
2.1.2 The Names of Sety I and Ramesses II
50(2)
2.1.3 Previous Study
52(2)
2.1.4 The Founding of the Temple
54(4)
2.1.5 The History of the Ramesses II Temple during and after the Reign of Ramesses II
58(1)
2.1.6 The Physical and Organizational Layout of the Temple
59(3)
2.2 Names and Representations of Osiris in the Abydene Monuments of Sety I and Ramesses II
62(25)
2.2.1 Introductory Considerations
62(2)
2.2.2 Wenennefer and Other Names of Osiris in Ramesside Abydos
64(2)
2.2.3 Comparative Images and Texts from the Sety I Temple and Sety's Chapel for His Father
66(1)
2.2.4 A Relief in Sety Is Temple for Ramesses I
67(2)
2.2.5 Sety Is Dedicatory Stela in His Temple for Ramesses I
69(1)
2.2.6 Osiris and Wenennefer in Sety Is Nauri Decree
70(1)
2.2.7 Osiris and Wenennefer in Ramesses Us Great Dedicatory Inscription in the Sety I Temple
70(3)
2.2.8 The "Hymn to Abydos" and the Texts of the High Priest of Osiris, Wenennefer
73(2)
2.2.9 Comparative Relief Images from the Sety I Temple and Setys Chapel for His Father
75(1)
2.2.9.1 The Skin Color of Osiris and Other Gods in the Sety I and Ramesses II Temples
75(2)
2.2.9.2 Images of Osiris in Relief Representation: General Considerations
77(2)
2.2.9.3 Relief Representations of Osiris in the Ramesses II Temple
79(2)
2.2.9.4 Relief Representations of Osiris in the Sety I Temple and Their Implication for the Ramesses II Temple
81(1)
2.2.9.5 A Partial Catalog of Relief Representations of Osiris in the Sety I Temple
81(6)
2.3 The Temple of Ramesses II in the Context of the Nineteenth Dynasty at Abydos
87(30)
2.3.1 Processional Routes and the Abydene Temples
87(2)
2.3.2 Barques and the Ramesses II Temple (I). Their Terminology, Components, Synecdoche, and the Representation of Reality
89(1)
2.3.2.1 Barque Terminology: Some General Considerations
89(1)
2.3.2.2 The Terminology of Ceremonial Boats Prior to the Ramesside Period
89(2)
2.3.2.3 The Terminology of Divine Images and Barques at Ramesside Abydos
91(1)
2.3.2.4 The Terms ssm and ssm-hw
92(2)
2.3.2.5 The Meaning of the Epithet hw
94(2)
2.3.2.6 The Possibility of Separate Processional and Stationary Cult Images
96(2)
2.3.2.7 The Term wte-nfrw
98(2)
2.3.3 The Standard Forms of Processional Barques at Abydos and Elsewhere
100(2)
2.3.3.1 Barque Cabins, Portable Shrines, and Sledges
102(2)
2.3.3.2 The Osiris Fetish or Abydos Emblem
104(5)
2.3.3.3 The Barque-Mounted Form of the Processional Osiris Fetish
109(1)
2.3.3.4 The Dismounted Fetish
110(4)
2.3.3.5 The Processional Barque of Osiris as Khebes-ta "Earth-Hacker"
114(1)
2.3.3.6 Another Possible Processional Barque for Khebes-ta or for a Corn-Osiris
115(2)
2.4 The Presence and Absence of the Aegis
117(4)
2.4.1 The Function of the Aegis in Elite and Popular Religion
117(1)
2.4.2 Platform Transports: Processional Vehicles without a Barque or Aegis
118(2)
2.4.3 A Late Example of a Platform Transport for Osiris in a Private Context
120(1)
2.5 Observations on Barques and Intermediaries
121(27)
2.5.1 Was the Image on the Processional Barque Visible?
123(1)
2.5.1.1 Divine Visibility and Invisibility during the Nineteenth Dynasty
123(2)
2.5.1.2 A Stela from Abydos Recording an Oracle
125(2)
2.5.1.3 Air, Wind, Breath, and Other Invisible Manifestations of the Deity's Presence
127(6)
2.5.1.4 Visible Images of Deities Carried in Procession
133(1)
2.5.2 Barques and the Ramesses II Temple (II): Processions
134(1)
2.5.2.1 Remarks on the Abydene Processions and Festivals
134(1)
2.5.2.2 The Regular Festivals of Abydos
134(1)
2.5.2.3 A Sketch of the Osiris Festival and Its Importance as a Theme in Autobiographical Texts
135(2)
2.5.2.4 The Prestige of the Osiris Mysteries among the Ramesside Elite
137(1)
2.5.2.5 Other Festivals Mentioned at the Ramesses II Temple
138(1)
2.5.2.6 The wn-hr Festival: Part of the Daily Temple Ritual Reconfigured
139(1)
2.5.3 Barques and the Ramesses II Temple (III): Popular Religion and Communication with the Gods; Two Texts of Special Importance
140(2)
2.5.3.1 S3: A Text Excerpt from the South Outer Wall Bandeau Inscription, Finger Gouges, and an Associated Rebus
142(4)
2.5.3.2 The dw3 rhyt Rebus in Court A and Elsewhere
146(1)
2.5.3.3 Court A as a Place for Prayers and Contact with the Deities
146(2)
2.5.3.4 Colossal Royal Statuary on the Outside of the Second Pylon as Intermediaries for Prayer
148(1)
2.6 The Staircase Inscription and Court B: Its Scenes, the Staircase, Rooftop, and Exposure to the Energizing Rays of the Sun
148(25)
2.6.1 Court B as a Transitional Space with Characteristics of Both Court and Chapel
148(2)
2.6.2 Remarks on the Soubassement Decoration of Court B
150(1)
2.6.3 Northeast Wall of Court B: An Offering menu for Osiris or Sokar
150(1)
2.6.4 Court B, North Wall; The Procession of the Osiris Fetish
151(1)
2.6.5 Northeast Wall of Chapel B: The Ished-Tree Scene
152(4)
2.6.6 The Entrance to the Staircase and the Symbolism of Staircases
156(2)
2.6.7 The Staircase Inscriptions and the Symbolism of Staircases: Further Insights into the Ritual Life of the Temple and the Question of Popular Access
158(6)
2.6.8 General Remarks on Roofs
164(4)
2.6.9 Hathor, Clothing, the New Years Festival, and Chapel P
168(1)
2.6.10 Rooftop hnm-jtn and wn-hr Rituals
168(3)
2.6.11 Khoiak and Corn-Mummies
171(2)
2.7 Barques at the Ramesses II Temple: A Localized Lexicography
173(10)
2.7.1 Textual Representations of Barques and Boats
173(1)
2.7.2 Texts Mentioning ssm, ssm-hw, and Various Types of Boats in the Ramesses II Temple
174(9)
Chapter 3 Description and Analysis of the Individual Chapels
3.1 Introductory Considerations and Conventions
183(4)
3.1.1 Deliberate Defacement of Signs and Relief Images
183(1)
3.1.2 Presentation and Discussion of the Chapels
184(1)
3.1.3 The Format and Order of the Discussion of Chapels
185(2)
3.2 Doorways as Physical Objects and as Ritual Passageways
187(12)
3.2.1 The Construction and Installation of Wooden Doors in Chapels
187(3)
3.2.2 Doorways and Ritual Purity: Special Doorways on Court A Walls and outside the Portico Chapels
190(3)
3.2.2.1 A Model Example: The Exterior Entrance to Chapel G
193(2)
3.2.2.2 The Royal Exhortation to Those Entering Doorways
195(1)
3.2.2.3 The Side Entrances into the Temple
196(1)
3.2.2.4 Entrances to the Portico Chapels
197(1)
3.2.2.5 The Significance of Inscriptions in the Chapel Doorway Reveals and Their Reliability concerning the Purpose of Chapels
198(1)
3.3 The Portico Chapels
199(66)
3.3.1 Chapel O
200(10)
3.3.2 Chapel N
210(7)
3.3.3 Chapel G
217(1)
3.3.3.1 Notes on Prior Publication and Chapel G's Purposes
217(2)
3.3.3.2 The Narrative Orders of Chapel G
219(1)
3.3.3.3 Exterior Entrance to Chapel G and its Implications for the Design of the Portico Chapels
220(1)
3.3.3.4 Inside Door Thicknesses at the Entrance of Chapel G
220(2)
3.3.3.5 The Scenes and Texts in the Upper Sections of the Inner Walls in Chapel G
222(11)
3.3.3.6 The Litany of Re
233(21)
3.3.4 Chapel H
254(11)
3.4 Court B: Its Decorated Wall Space, Chapel I, and the Staircase
265(15)
3.4.1 Chapel I
265(15)
3.5 Court C Chapels
280(118)
3.5.1 Chapel J
281(10)
3.5.2 Chapel K
291(14)
3.5.3 The "Osiris Suite"
305(1)
3.5.3.1 Chapel L
306(16)
3.5.3.2 Chapel M
322(24)
3.5.3.3 Chapel E
346(11)
3.5.3.4 Chapel D
357(11)
3.5.3.5 Chapel F
368(7)
3.5.3.6 Chapel R
375(5)
3.5.3.7 Chapel S
380(1)
3.5.4 Chapel Q
380(8)
3.5.5 Chapel P
388(10)
3.6 Synoptic Summary: Chapel Dedications and Content Overview
398(9)
3.6.1 Chapel Benches and Their Dimensions
398(1)
3.6.2 The Portico Chapels
399(1)
3.6.3 Court B, Chapel I, and Staircase
400(1)
3.6.4 Court C Chapels, Including the Osiris Suite
401(6)
Chapter 4 Textual and Figural Secondary Epigraphy
Hana Navratilova
4.1 Introduction
407(7)
4.1.1 Graffiti Recording
409(2)
4.1.2 Script and Writing, and Drawing Techniques
411(3)
4.2 Secondary Epigraphy Location, Placement, and Dating in the Temple of Ramesses II
414(4)
4.2.1 Location in Temple Spaces
414(1)
4.2.2 Placement on Walls and the Relationship to Decoration
415(3)
4.2.3 Dating
418(1)
4.3 Catalog of Textual Graffiti and Dipinti
418(26)
4.4 Catalog of Figural Graffiti and Dipinti
444(22)
4.5 Interpreting Secondary Epigraphy at Abydos
466(7)
4.5.1 Temple Graffiti within and without Abydos
466(1)
4.5.2 The Osireion and "Memnonion" of Sety I
467(1)
4.5.3 Secondary Epigraphy in the Temple of Ramesses II: Witness to Temple History
468(5)
Bibliography 473(20)
Subject Index 493(7)
Index of Egyptian Words and Names 500
Dr. Sameh Iskander is a research affiliate at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World at New York University. He is also co-director of the of the New York University project on the Ramesses II temple in Abydos, and President Emeritus of the American Research Center in Egypt.

Dr. Ogden Goelet is a research affiliate at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World at New York University and co-director of the New York University project on the Ramesses II temple in Abydos.

 

 
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