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E-grāmata: Terahertz Astronomy

(University of Arizona, Tucson, USA)
  • Formāts: 351 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 16-Oct-2015
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781466570436
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  • Formāts: 351 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 16-Oct-2015
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781466570436

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A Powerful Window into Cosmic Evolution

Terahertz (THz) observations of interstellar atoms, molecules, and dust serve as powerful probes of the conditions within the interstellar medium that permeates our galaxy, providing insights into the origins of stars, planets, galaxies, and the Universe. Taking a cross-disciplinary approach to the subject, Terahertz Astronomy explores THz astrophysics and the technologies that make this rapidly evolving field possible.

The first four chapters of the book discuss the origin and interpretation of THz light in astrophysical sources. The remaining five chapters present an overview of the technologies used to collect and detect THz light. Every chapter contains worked-out examples and exercises. The author explains each topic as intuitively as possible and includes the equations needed for real-life astrophysical applications.

In just a few years, the number of active THz researchers has substantially grown due to increased interest in terrestrial remote sensing at THz frequencies. This book provides researchers with both the background science and technology to interpret THz observations and design, build, and deploy THz astronomical instrumentation.

Recenzijas

"The book is beautifully illustrated, having a long list of references and worked examples at the end of each chapter. I would recommend the book to students and researchers working in THz technologies and astronomy." Optics & Photonics News, January 2016

"This comprehensive, well-written book was a pleasure to read, an absolute must for anyone interested in learning about cutting-edge technologies and techniques revolutionizing our modern view of the Universe, and it is destined to become a standard reference work for astronomers and technologists." Professor Glenn White, The Open University

"This excellent book fills a huge hole in the literature in observational terahertz astronomy. No other existing text covers the essentials of terahertz astronomy instrumentation and techniques as applied to the study of the interstellar medium. It is sure to become an essential text for those who work in the field." Christopher Groppi, School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University

" a wonderful book, combining an insightful overview of the interstellar medium with a description of the most important techniques used to study this component of galaxies and how new stars form. Its particularly timely, with the availability of powerful new tools, including the ALMA array, the SOFIA airborne observatory, and a range of planned and proposed suborbital and space missions in the terahertz range." Paul F. Goldsmith, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology and Herschel Space Observatory

"This valuable and well-written textbook by Professor Christopher Walker helps to fill a gap in the literature describing the interstellar medium at terahertz frequencies. There are very few textbooks that discuss the medium from the observers point of view, showing how to determine its physical parameters from the output of the detectors. Also discussed are the operations of mixer and bolometer detectors." Thomas G. Phillips, John D. MacArthur Professor of Physics Emeritus, California Institute of Technology

" a fundamental source for astronomers and engineers who wish to understand the physical principles and detection techniques." Jonathan Williams, University of Hawaii

"Walkers book is incredibly timely: it introduces the basics of terahertz data but also explains the instrumentation at the level all observers need to know, and does so in friendly but, most importantly, crystal-clear prose." George H. Rieke, Regents' Professor of Astronomy, University of Arizona

" an essential resource for all astrophysicists and experimental physicists seeking to exploit the opportunities of this last frontier in astronomy." Michael Burton, University of New South Wales

"The first four chapters that cover stellar evolution, atomic physics and radiation physics are the basics. The last five are crucial as THz data are highly dependent on the observation and calibration techniques, especially the detector technology, the improvement of which is the reason why the field has moved forward the way it is the examples and exercises will help the readers along the way." Contemporary Physics (Aug 2016) "The book is beautifully illustrated, having a long list of references and worked examples at the end of each chapter. I would recommend the book to students and researchers working in THz technologies and astronomy." Optics & Photonics News, January 2016

"This comprehensive, well-written book was a pleasure to read, an absolute must for anyone interested in learning about cutting-edge technologies and techniques revolutionizing our modern view of the Universe, and it is destined to become a standard reference work for astronomers and technologists." Professor Glenn White, The Open University

"This excellent book fills a huge hole in the literature in observational terahertz astronomy. No other existing text covers the essentials of terahertz astronomy instrumentation and techniques as applied to the study of the interstellar medium. It is sure to become an essential text for those who work in the field." Christopher Groppi, School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University

" a wonderful book, combining an insightful overview of the interstellar medium with a description of the most important techniques used to study this component of galaxies and how new stars form. Its particularly timely, with the availability of powerful new tools, including the ALMA array, the SOFIA airborne observatory, and a range of planned and proposed suborbital and space missions in the terahertz range." Paul F. Goldsmith, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology and Herschel Space Observatory

"This valuable and well-written textbook by Professor Christopher Walker helps to fill a gap in the literature describing the interstellar medium at terahertz frequencies. There are very few textbooks that discuss the medium from the observers point of view, showing how to determine its physical parameters from the output of the detectors. Also discussed are the operations of mixer and bolometer detectors." Thomas G. Phillips, John D. MacArthur Professor of Physics Emeritus, California Institute of Technology

" a fundamental source for astronomers and engineers who wish to understand the physical principles and detection techniques." Jonathan Williams, University of Hawaii

"Walkers book is incredibly timely: it introduces the basics of terahertz data but also explains the instrumentation at the level all observers need to know, and does so in friendly but, most importantly, crystal-clear prose." George H. Rieke, Regents' Professor of Astronomy, University of Arizona

" an essential resource for all astrophysicists and experimental physicists seeking to exploit the opportunities of this last frontier in astronomy." Michael Burton, University of New South Wales

"The first four chapters that cover stellar evolution, atomic physics and radiation physics are the basics. The last five are crucial as THz data are highly dependent on the observation and calibration techniques, especially the detector technology, the improvement of which is the reason why the field has moved forward the way it is the examples and exercises will help the readers along the way." Contemporary Physics (Aug 2016)

Preface xi
Author xiii
About the Cover xv
1 The Interstellar Medium (ISM) at Terahertz (THz) Frequencies
1(38)
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 ISM Components of the Milky Way
3(7)
1.2.1 Hot Ionized Medium (HIM)
5(1)
1.2.2 Warm Neutral Medium (WNM)
5(1)
1.2.3 Warm Ionized Medium (WIM)
5(1)
1.2.4 Cool Neutral Medium (CNM)
6(1)
1.2.5 Cold Dense Molecular Clouds (CDM)
7(1)
1.2.6 Relationship between ISM Phases
7(3)
1.3 Lifecycle of the ISM
10(6)
1.4 Probing the Lifecycle of the ISM
16(16)
1.4.1 Origin of Fine-Structure Lines
16(2)
1.4.2 Importance of [ CII]
18(2)
1.4.3 Diffuse Gas Density
20(3)
1.4.4 Star Formation Rate and Infrared (IR) Luminosity
23(2)
1.4.5 Spectral Classification of Ionizing Star
25(1)
1.4.6 THz Molecular Lines
26(1)
1.4.6 1 Rotational Transitions
26(3)
1.4.6 2 H2O Lines
29(3)
1.5 THz Spectral Energy Distributions (SEDs)
32(7)
Conclusion
34(1)
References
35(4)
2 THz Radiative Transfer Basics and Line Radiation
39(28)
2.1 Equation of Radiative Transfer
39(2)
2.2 Solution to the Equation of Radiative Transfer under Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE)
41(7)
2.3 Radiative Transfer of Rotational Transitions of Linear Molecules in LTE
48(12)
2.3.1 Determining Gas Optical Depth
49(2)
2.3.2 Derivation of Gas Excitation Temperature
51(4)
2.3.3 Derivation of Gas Column Density with Optical Depth
55(1)
2.3.4 Derivation of Gas Column Density in the Optically Thin Limit
56(4)
2.3.5 Estimating Gas Density and Mass
60(1)
2.4 Non-LTE Approach
60(7)
Conclusion
64(1)
References
65(2)
3 THz Continuum Emission
67(20)
3.1 Introduction
67(3)
3.2 THz Spectral Energy Distributions
70(3)
3.3 Deriving Dust Optical Depth, Column Density, and Mass
73(2)
3.4 Temperature and Density Distributions
75(2)
3.5 Dust Energy Balance in Clouds
77(1)
3.6 Dust--Gas Coupling
77(2)
3.7 Dust Polarization: Origin and Measurement
79(8)
Conclusion
83(1)
References
84(3)
4 Simple Radiative Transfer Model
87(16)
4.1 Introduction
87(1)
4.2 Geometry
87(1)
4.3 Source Physical Conditions
88(1)
4.4 Lines of Sight
89(1)
4.5 Model Equation of Transfer
89(8)
4.6 LTE Radiative Transfer with Hydrodynamic Simulations
97(2)
4.7 Non-LTE Radiative Transfer with Hydrodynamic Simulations
99(4)
Going Further
102(1)
References
102(1)
5 THz Optical Systems
103(56)
5.1 Introduction: Source--Beam Coupling
103(5)
5.2 Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) and Maxwell
108(1)
5.3 Origin of a Single-Aperture Diffraction Pattern
109(4)
5.4 Gaussian Beam Optics
113(4)
5.4.1 Gaussian Beam Basics
113(3)
5.4.2 Gaussian Beam Coupling
116(1)
5.5 Focusing Gaussian Beams
117(18)
5.5.1 Lenses
118(2)
5.5.2 Behavior of Light at Dielectric Interfaces
120(6)
5.5.3 Mirrors
126(1)
5.5.3 1 Parabola
126(1)
5.5.3 2 Ellipsoid
127(3)
5.5.3 3 Mirror Reflective Losses and Beam Distortion
130(2)
5.5.4 Gaussian Beam Telescope
132(1)
5.5.5 Wire Grid Polarizers
133(2)
5.6 Intercepting Gaussian Beams
135(15)
5.6.1 Open-Structure Detector Optics
135(1)
5.6.2 Transmission-Line-Mounted Detectors
136(9)
5.6.3 Waveguide Feedhorns
145(1)
5.6.3 1 Corrugated Horn
146(1)
5.6.3 2 Pickett-Potter Horn
147(1)
5.6.3 3 Neilson Horn
148(1)
5.6.3 4 Diagonal Horn
148(2)
5.7 Illuminating THz Telescopes
150(9)
Conclusion
154(2)
References
156(3)
6 THz Coherent Detection Systems
159(72)
6.1 Introduction
159(4)
6.2 Superheterodyne Receivers
163(4)
6.3 Receiver Noise Temperature
167(1)
6.4 Noise Temperature of THz Optical Systems
168(4)
6.5 THz Mixer Architectures and Noise
172(3)
6.5.1 Double Sideband (DSB) Mixer
172(1)
6.5.2 Sideband Separation (2SB) Mixer
173(1)
6.5.3 Balanced DSB Mixer
174(1)
6.6 IF Amplifiers
175(4)
6.7 Effective Temperature Measurement of THz Components
179(3)
6.8 THz Mixers
182(20)
6.8.1 Schottky Diode Mixers
183(6)
6.8.2 Introduction to Superconductivity
189(4)
6.8.3 Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor (SIS) Mixers
193(6)
6.8.4 Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) Mixers
199(3)
6.9 THz Local Oscillators
202(8)
6.9.1 Frequency Multiplied Sources
205(3)
6.9.2 Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCLs)
208(2)
6.10 Receiver Back-Ends
210(10)
6.10.1 Total Power Detection
211(2)
6.10.2 Spectrometers
213(1)
6.10.2 1 Filterbanks
214(1)
6.10.2 2 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Spectrometer
215(1)
6.10.2 3 Autocorrelator Spectrometer
216(4)
6.11 Receiver Stability and Allan Time
220(3)
6.12 Heterodyne Array Considerations
223(8)
Summary
225(2)
References
227(4)
7 Incoherent Detectors
231(30)
7.1 Introduction
231(1)
7.2 Bolometer Basics
232(2)
7.3 Semiconductor Bolometers
234(8)
7.4 Superconducting Incoherent Detectors
242(8)
7.4.1 Transition Edge Sensors (TES)
242(3)
7.4.2 Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKID)
245(5)
7.5 Background Noise Limited Operation
250(2)
7.6 Instrument Noise Limited Operation
252(1)
7.7 Sensitivity Requirements
253(1)
7.8 Comparing Heterodyne and Incoherent Detector Sensitivity
254(3)
7.9 Incoherent Array Considerations
257(4)
Conclusion
258(1)
References
259(2)
8 Terahertz Observing Techniques
261(24)
8.1 Introduction
261(2)
8.2 Observing Strategies
263(4)
8.2.1 Absolute Position Switching
263(2)
8.2.2 On-the-Fly Mapping
265(1)
8.2.3 Frequency Switching
266(1)
8.3 Receiver Calibration
267(6)
8.4 Estimating Atmospheric Optical Depth
273(4)
8.5 THz Brightness Temperature of Planetary Bodies
277(8)
8.5.1 The Moon
277(1)
8.5.2 Mars
278(1)
8.5.3 Venus, Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune
278(3)
Conclusion
281(1)
References
282(3)
9 THz Interferometry
285(24)
9.1 Introduction
285(2)
9.2 Simple Adding Interferometer
287(5)
9.3 Phase Switched Interferometer
292(1)
9.4 Correlation Interferometer
293(2)
9.5 Phasor Equation for Interferometry
295(2)
9.6 Aperture Synthesis of Extended Sources
297(3)
9.7 Filling in uv Space
300(1)
9.8 Transforming the Visibility Function
300(2)
9.9 Map Noise Level
302(2)
9.10 Phase Closure or Self-Calibration
304(1)
9.11 Phase Error at THz Frequencies
305(4)
References
307(2)
Answers to Problems 309(4)
Appendix 1 Timeline of THz Technology 313(2)
Appendix 2 More THz Transitions of Atoms and Molecules 315(2)
Appendix 3 Commonly Used Physical and Astronomical Quantities 317(2)
Appendix 4 Useful Radiative Transfer Expressions 319(2)
Appendix 5 Commonly Used Quasi-Optical Expressions 321(2)
Appendix 6 Useful Heterodyne Receiver Expressions 323(2)
Appendix 7 Dielectric Beamsplitters 325(2)
Index 327
Christopher K. Walker is a Professor of Astronomy and an Associate Professor of Optical Sciences and Electrical & Computer Engineering at the University of Arizona. He has over 30 years of experience designing, building, and using state-of-the-art receiver systems for THz astronomy. He is the author of numerous papers on star formation and protostellar evolution, a topical editor for IEEE Transactions on TeraHertz Science and Technology, and the principal investigator of the long-duration balloon project "The Stratospheric THz Observatory (STO)" funded by NASA.