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E-grāmata: Terraforming Mars [Wiley Online]

Edited by Martin Beech (University of Regina and Campion College, Saskatchewan, Canada), Edited by Richard Gordon (Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA), Edited by Joseph Seckbach (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel)

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Other digital carrier (Cena: 273,19 €) - 20-Dec-2021

Formāts: 592 pages
Sērija : Astrobiology Perspectives on Life in the Universe
Izdošanas datums: 10-Dec-2021
Izdevniecība: Wiley-Scrivener
ISBN-10: 1119761999
ISBN-13: 9781119761990

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Wiley Online
Cena: 280,09 €*
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Formāts: 592 pages
Sērija : Astrobiology Perspectives on Life in the Universe
Izdošanas datums: 10-Dec-2021
Izdevniecība: Wiley-Scrivener
ISBN-10: 1119761999
ISBN-13: 9781119761990

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

More info about Wiley Online

Rokasgrāmatas mājas lapa: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119761990

TERRAFORMING MARS

This book provides a thorough scientific review of how Mars might eventually be colonized, industrialized, and transformed into a world better suited to human habitation.

The idea of terraforming Mars has, in recent times, become a topic of intense scientific interest and great public debate. Stimulated in part by the contemporary imperative to begin geoengineering Earth, as a means to combat global climate change, the terraforming of Mars will work to make its presently hostile environment more suitable to life—especially human life. Geoengineering and terraforming, at their core, have the same goal—that is to enhance (or revive) the ability of a specific environment to support human life, society, and industry. The chapters in this text, written by experts in their respective fields, are accordingly in resonance with the important, and ongoing discussions concerning the human stewardship of global climate systems. In this sense, the text is both timely and relevant and will cover issues relating to topics that will only grow in their relevance in future decades. The notion of terraforming Mars is not a new one, as such, and it has long played as the background narrative in many science fiction novels. This book, however, deals exclusively with what is physically possible, and what might conceivably be put into actual practice within the next several human generations.

Audience

Researchers in planetary science, astronomy, astrobiology, space engineering, architecture, ethics, as well as members of the space industry.

Preface

Part 1 Introduction

(22)

1 Terraforming and Colonizing Mars

(20)

Giancarlo Genta

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 Earth: A Terraformed Planet

(2)

1.3 Planetary Environments

(4)

1.4 Terraforming Mars

(5)

1.5 The Role of Solar Wind

(1)

1.6 Ethical Aspects

(3)

1.7 Venus, Moon, Titan

(4)

References

(2)

Part 2 Engineering Mars

(76)

2 Terraforming Worlds: Humans Playing Games of Gods

(12)

Nilo Serpa

Richard Cathcart

Early Mars

(2)

Oceans Here and There

(2)

The Mars We are Creating Here

(4)

Mars: An Arena of Delusions?

(3)

References

(2)

3 Mars, A Stepping-Stone World, Macro-Engineered

(14)

Richard B. Cathcart

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Mars-Crust as Kinetic Architecture

(1)

3.3 A Crust-Infrastructure Mixture

(1)

3.4 Infrastructure and Life-Styles

(4)

3.5 Atmosphere Enhancements for Mars

(2)

3.6 Between Then and Now

(5)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(3)

4 Efficient Martian Settlement with the Mars Terraformer Transfer (MATT) and the Omaha Trail

(22)

Gary Stewart

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Construction Efficiencies of MATT's Small-Scale Terraformation

(9)

4.2.1 Impact Terraformation for Settlement

(3)

4.2.2 Impactor Redirection with DE-STARLITE

(2)

4.2.3 Subaqueous Hab Network at Omaha Crater

(4)

4.3 Provisioning Efficiencies of the Omaha Trail

(6)

4.3.1 Deimos Dock

(1)

4.3.2 Mars Lift

(2)

4.3.3 Arestation

(1)

4.3.4 Deimos Rail Launcher (DRL)

(1)

4.4 Cosmic Ray Protection: From Omaha Trail to Omaha Shield

(1)

4.5 Conclusion

(5)

References

(4)

5 Mars Colonization: Beyond Getting There

(26)

Igor Levchenko

Shuyan Xu

Stephane Mazouffre

Michael Keidar

Kateryna Bazaka

5.1 Mars Colonization - Do We Need it?

(5)

5.2 Legal Considerations

(5)

5.2.1 Do Earth Laws Apply To Mars Colonists?

(1)

5.2.2 Sovereignty

(1)

5.2.3 Human Rights

(2)

5.2.4 Abortion

(1)

5.3 Ethical Considerations

(5)

5.3.1 General

(1)

5.3.2 Human Reproduction - Ethical Considerations

(1)

5.3.3 Social Isolation and No Privacy - Rolled into One

(1)

5.3.4 Advocacy for Mars - is it Ethical at All to Colonize it?

(2)

5.4 Consideration of Resources

(1)

5.5 Quo Vadis, the Only Civilization We Know?

(1)

5.6 Afterword. Where are We Three Years Later?

(10)

5.6.1 Current Programs and Their Status - in Brief

(1)

5.6.2 Any News About Mars?

(1)

5.6.3 Tasks and Challenges

(2)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(7)

Part 3 Ethical Exploration

(36)

6 The Ethics of Terraforming: A Critical Survey of Six Arguments

101

(16)

Ian Stoner

6.1 Introduction

101

(1)

6.2 Audience and Method

102

(1)

6.3 Preservationist Arguments

103

(5)

6.3.1 We Should Preserve Mars's Value as a Unique Object of Scientific Interest

103

(1)

6.3.2 We Should Preserve the Integrity of the Martian Wilderness

104

(2)

6.3.3 We Should Avoid Expressing Colonialist Vices

106

(2)

6.4 Interventionist Arguments

108

(5)

6.4.1 We Should Fulfill our Inborn Nature as Pioneers

108

(1)

6.4.2 We Should Increase Our Species' Chance of Long-Term Survival

109

(3)

6.4.3 We Should Rehabilitate Mars for Martians

112

(1)

6.5 Conclusion

113

(4)

Acknowledgments

114

(1)

References

114

(3)

7 Homo Reductio Eco-Nihilism and Human Colonization of Other Worlds

117

(6)

Kelly Smith

7.1 Introduction

117

(2)

7.2 Implicit Assumptions

119

(2)

7.3 Conclusion

121

(2)

Acknowledgements

122

(1)

References

122

(1)

8 Ethical, Political and Legal Challenges Relating to Colonizing and Terraforming Mars

123

(12)

Konrad Szocik

8.1 Introduction

123

(1)

8.2 Ethical Issues in Colonizing and Terraforming Mars

124

(1)

8.3 Ethics of Human Enhancement for Space

125

(1)

8.4 Environmental Ethics in Space

125

(2)

8.5 Political Issues in Colonizing and Terraforming Mars

127

(1)

8.6 Legal Issues in Colonizing and Terraforming Mars

128

(1)

8.7 Sexual and Reproductive Laws in a Mars Colony

129

(1)

8.8 Migration Law in Space

130

(2)

8.9 Why Terraforming Mars May Be Necessary from Ethical, Political and Legal Perspectives

132

(1)

8.10 Conclusions

133

(2)

References

133

(2)

Part 4 Indigenous Life on Mars

135

(146)

9 Life on Mars: Past, Present, and Future

137

(24)

Martin Beech

Mark Comte

9.1 A Very Brief Historical Introduction

137

(4)

9.2 Indigenous Life: Past and Present

141

(13)

9.2.1 Beginnings

145

(3)

9.2.2 The Viking Experiments

148

(1)

9.2.3 Martian Meteorites

149

(2)

9.2.4 In Plain Sight

151

(3)

9.3 Seeded Life: The Future

154

(2)

9.4 Per Aspera ad Astra

156

(5)

References

157

(4)

10 Terraforming on Early Mars?

161

(120)

M. Polgdri

I. Gyollai

S.Z. Birczi

10.1 Introduction

162

(5)

10.1.1 Aspects of Biogenicity

163

(1)

10.1.2 Methodology

163

(1)

10.1.3 Multihierarchical System Analyses

164

(3)

10.2 Outline of Section 10.2

167

(98)

10.2.1 Review of Research on Martian Life

167

(2)

10.2.2 Biosignatures in Martian Meteorites Based on Mineralogical and Textural Investigation

169

(1)

10.2.3 Biosignatures in Chondritic Meteorites

169

(6)

10.2.3.1 Interpretations

175

(7)

10.2.3.2 Clay Formation

182

(1)

10.2.3.3 Interpretation No. 1

183

(1)

10.2.3.4 Interpretation No. 2 (Preferred)

183

(3)

10.2.4 Terrestrial Analogues of Biosignatures

186

(13)

10.2.5 Implications to Terraforming of Ancient Life on Mars on the Basis of Terrestrial and Meteoritic Analogues

199

(66)

10.3 Novel Interpretation of the Formation Process Based on Mineral Assemblages

265

(3)

10.3.1 Martian Meteorites

265

(1)

10.3.2 Interpretation of Mineral Assemblages on Mars

265

(2)

10.3.3 Novel Interpretation of Mineral Dataset of Exploration of Curiosity in Gale Crater

267

(1)

10.4 Conclusion

268

(13)

Acknowledgment

270

(1)

References

270

(11)

Part 5 Living on Mars

281

(72)

11 Omaha Field - A Magnetostatic Cosmic Radiation Shield for a Crewed Mars Facility

283

(14)

Gary Stewart

11.1 Introduction

283

(1)

11.2 Methods

284

(1)

11.2.1 Software

284

(1)

11.2.2 Testing

284

(1)

11.3 Design

284

(4)

11.3.1 Crater

284

(1)

11.3.2 Current

285

(2)

11.3.3 Circuits

287

(1)

11.4 Results

288

(3)

11.4.1 Shielding Against 500 MeV Protons

288

(1)

11.4.2 Shielding Against 1 GeV Protons

289

(1)

11.4.3 Shielding Effectiveness in the Mars Environment

290

(1)

11.5 Discussion

291

(6)

11.5.1 Electrostatics

291

(1)

11.5.2 Refrigeration

291

(1)

11.5.3 Self-Shielding Solenoids

292

(1)

11.5.4 Alternate Self-Shielding and Source-Shielding

293

(1)

11.5.5 Safety in Transit Across Crater Rim

294

(1)

11.5.6 Safety in Spacecraft Launch and Landing

295

(1)

References

295

(2)

12 Mars Future Settlements: Active Radiation Shielding and Design Criteria About Habitats and Infrastructures

297

(16)

Marco Peroni

12.1 Introduction

297

(1)

12.2 The Problem of Cosmic Radiations

298

(1)

12.3 The Protection System with Artificial Magnetic Fields

299

(3)

12.4 Details of Our Proposal

302

(7)

12.5 Further Developments

309

(1)

12.6 Modular Settlement on Mars

309

(4)

Acknowledgments

312

(1)

References

312

(1)

13 Crop Growth and Viability of Seeds on Mars and Moon Soil Simulants

313

(18)

G.W.W. Wamelink

J.Y. Frissel

W.H.J. Krijnen

M.R. Verwoert

13.1 Introduction

313

(1)

13.2 Materials and Methods

314

(4)

13.2.1 Regoliths

314

(1)

13.2.2 Species Selection

315

(1)

13.2.3 Organic Matter and Bacteria

316

(1)

13.2.4 Experimental Design

317

(1)

13.2.5 Harvest and Measurements

317

(1)

13.3 Results

318

(1)

13.3.1 Fruit Setting and Biomass

318

(1)

13.3.2 Seed Weight and Germination

318

(1)

13.4 Discussion

319

(1)

13.5 Outlook Issues for the Future

320

(11)

Acknowledgements

322

(1)

References

322

(2)

Appendix

324

(7)

14 The First Settlement of Mars

331

(22)

Chris Hajduk

14.1 Introduction

331

(1)

14.2 Colony Location

332

(1)

14.3 Colony Timeline

333

(2)

14.3.1 Setup Phase

333

(1)

14.3.2 Investment Phase

334

(1)

14.3.3 Self-Sufficiency

335

(1)

14.4 Colony Design

335

(1)

14.5 The Basics - Power, Air, Water, Food

336

(7)

14.5.1 Food

336

(3)

14.5.2 Water

339

(2)

14.5.3 Air

341

(1)

14.5.4 Power

342

(1)

14.6 The Material World

343

(3)

14.6.1 Metals

344

(1)

14.6.2 Plastics

344

(1)

14.6.3 Ceramics and Composites

344

(1)

14.6.4 Mining

344

(2)

14.7 Exports, Economics, Investment and Cash Flow

346

(3)

14.7.1 Interplanetary Real Estate

346

(1)

14.7.2 Intellectual Property Export

347

(1)

14.7.3 Research Tourism

347

(1)

14.7.4 Investment and Cash Flow

347

(2)

14.8 Politics - A Socialists World

349

(1)

14.9 Conclusion and Further Thoughts

349

(4)

References

349

(4)

Part 6 In Situ Resources

353

(62)

15 Vulcan ism on Mars

355

(16)

Ian M. Coulson

15.1 Introduction

355

(1)

15.2 Martian Geology

356

(2)

15.2.1 Mars: Creation and Thermal Evolution

357

(1)

15.2.2 The Martian Crust

358

(1)

15.3 Vulcanism

358

(13)

15.3.1 Types of Volcanoes

359

(1)

15.3.1.1 Earth

359

(2)

15.3.1.2 Mars

361

(2)

15.3.2 Recognition of Other Styles of Vulcanism

363

(1)

15.3.3 Martian Meteorites

364

(2)

15.3.4 Is Mars Still Volcanically Active?

366

(1)

References

367

(4)

16 Potential Impact-Related Mineral Resources on Mars

371

(18)

Jake R. Crandall

Justin Filiberto

Sally L. Potter-McIntyre

Introduction

371

(3)

Terrestrial Ore Deposit Types Associated with Impact Craters

374

(1)

Progenetic Deposits

374

(2)

Syngenetic Deposits

376

(1)

Epigenetic Deposits

377

(1)

Martian Target Craters

377

(1)

Ritchey Crater

377

(1)

Gale Crater

378

(2)

Gusev Crater

380

(1)

Conclusions

381

(1)

References

382

(7)

17 Red Gold - Practical Methods for Precious-Metal Survey, Open-Pit Mining, and Open-Air Refining on Mars

389

(26)

Gary Stewart

17.1 Introduction

389

(1)

17.2 Martian Precious-Metal Ore from Asteroids

390

(2)

17.3 Martian Precious-Metal Survey and Physical Assay

392

(2)

17.4 "Mars Base Alpha" - A Red Gold Mining Camp

394

(2)

17.5 Semi-Autonomous Open-Pit Mining

396

(1)

17.6 Comminution and Separation of Meteorite Ore

396

(1)

17.7 Extracting Metals with Induction/Microwave Smelter

397

(1)

17.8 Refining with Hydrometallurgical Recovery and the Miller Process

398

(2)

17.9 Separating Precious Metals with Saltwater Electrolysis

400

(1)

17.10 Kovar Foundry

400

(2)

17.11 Maximizing ISRU, Minimizing Mass and Complexity

402

(3)

17.12 Scale-Up and Scale-Out

405

(2)

17.13 Conclusion, with Observations and Recommendations

407

(8)

References

409

(6)

Part 7 Terraforming Mars

415

(140)

18 Terraforming Mars: A Cabinet of Curiosities

417

(50)

Martin Beech

18.1 Introduction and Overview

417

(8)

18.2 Planet Mars: A Brief Observational History and Overview

425

(3)

18.3 The Beginnings of Change

428

(3)

18.4 The Foundations

431

(7)

18.5 First Blush

438

(3)

18.6 Digging In

441

(5)

18.7 (re)Building the Martian Atmosphere

446

(8)

18.8 Magnetic Shielding

454

(3)

18.9 Heating the Ground

457

(1)

18.10 A Question of Time

458

(2)

18.11 Conclusions

460

(7)

References

461

(6)

19 Terraforming Mars Rapidly Using Today's Level of Technology

467

(12)

Mark Culaj

19.1 Introduction

467

(1)

19.2 Solar Wind

468

(7)

19.2.1 Solar Wind Abundances

469

(1)

19.2.2 Magnetic Lens

469

(6)

19.3 Conclusions

475

(4)

Acknowledgments

477

(1)

References

477

(2)

20 System Engineering Analysis of Terraforming Mars with an Emphasis on Resource Importation Technology

479

(54)

Brandon Wong

20.1 Summary

479

(1)

20.2 Introduction

480

(2)

20.3 Key Problem

482

(1)

20.4 Key Stakeholders

482

(1)

20.5 Goals

483

(1)

20.6 Macro Level Alternatives

483

(3)

20.6.1 Terraforming

483

(1)

20.6.2 Paraterraforming

484

(1)

20.6.3 Bioforming

485

(1)

20.7 Macro-Level Trade Study

486

(1)

20.8 Macro-Level Conclusions

487

(2)

20.8.1 Concept of Operations

487

(1)

20.8.2 High-Level Requirements

487

(1)

20.8.3 Requirements Decomposition

487

(1)

20.8.4 Macro High-Level Design

488

(1)

20.9 Terraforming Efforts System - Detailed Requirements

489

(3)

20.10 Space Transportation System

492

(1)

20.11 Importing Resources Subsystem

492

(15)

20.11.1 Resources Needed

492

(1)

20.11.2 Resource Locations

493

(1)

20.11.3 Subsystem Needs

494

(1)

20.11.3.1 Subsystem Goals for Importing Resources Subsystem

494

(1)

20.11.3.2 Detailed Requirements for Importing Resources Subsystem

494

(1)

20.11.3.3 Alternatives for the Importing Resources Subsystem

495

(9)

20.11.3.4 Importing Resources Trade Study

504

(2)

20.11.3.5 Findings

506

(1)

20.11.3.6 Importing Resources Subsystem Design

506

(1)

20.12 Risks

507

(4)

20.12.1 Macro-Level Risks

507

(2)

20.12.2 Importing Resources Subsystem Risks

509

(2)

20.13 Lean Strategies

511

(1)

20.14 Ethical Considerations

512

(1)

20.15 Overall Conclusions

513

(1)

20.15.1 Proposed Implementation Plan

513

(1)

20.16 Acknowledgements

514

(1)

20.17 Appendix

514

(19)

20.17.1 Requirements Flowdown to System Implementation

514

(16)

References

530

(3)

21 The Potential of Pioneer Lichens in Terraforming Mars

533

(22)

Richard A. Armstrong

21.1 Introduction

533

(1)

21.2 Potential Role of Lichens in Terraformation

534

(2)

21.3 Exploiting Indigenous Lichens

536

(2)

21.4 Exploiting Lichen Symbionts on Mars

538

(2)

21.5 Inoculating Lichen Symbionts from Earth Cultures

540

(1)

21.6 Transplanting Terrestrial Lichens to Mars

541

(5)

21.7 Conclusions

546

(9)

References

547

(8)

Index

555

Martin Beech, PhD is Professor Emeritus at the University of Regina, and Campion College, Saskatchewan, Canada. He has conducted and published research in the many areas of astronomy, planetary science, and the history of science. His main astronomy research interests are in the area of small solar system bodies (asteroids, comets, meteoroids, and meteorites).

Professor J. Seckbach, PhD is a retired senior academician at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. He earned his PhD from the University of Chicago and did a post-doctorate in the Division of Biology at Caltech, in Pasadena, CA. He served at Louisiana State University (LSU), Baton Rouge, LA, USA, as the first selected Chair for the Louisiana Sea Grant and Technology transfer. Professor Joseph Seckbach has edited over 40 scientific books and authored about 140 scientific articles.

Richard Gordon, PhD is a theoretical biologist and retired from the Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba in 2011. Presently at Gulf Specimen Marine Lab & Aquarium, Panacea, Florida and Adjunct Professor, C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth & Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit Michigan. Interest in exobiology (now astrobiology) dates from 1960s undergraduate work on organic matter in the Orgueil meteorite with Edward Anders. Has published critical reviews of panspermia and the history of discoveries of life in meteorites.

Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781119761990_pe.html

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