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E-grāmata: Tessellations: Mathematics, Art, and Recreation

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"Tessellations: Mathematics, Art and Recreation aims to present a comprehensive introduction to tessellations (tiling) at a level accessible to non-specialists. Additionally, it covers techniques, tips, and templates to facilitate the creation of mathematical art based on tessellations. Inclusion of special topics like spiral tilings and tessellation metamorphoses allows the reader to explore beautiful and entertaining math and art. The book has a particular focus on 'Escheresque' designs, in which the individual tiles are recognizable real-world motifs. These are extremely popular with students and math hobbyists but are typically very challenging to execute. Techniques demonstrated in the book are aimed at making these designs more achievable. Going beyond planar designs, the book contains numerous nets of polyhedra and templates for applying Escheresque designs to them. Activities and worksheets are spread throughout the book, and examples of real-world tessellations are also provided. Key features Introduces the mathematics of tessellations, including symmetry Covers polygonal, aperiodic, and non-Euclidean tilings Contains tutorial content on designing and drawing Escheresque tessellations Highlights numerous examples of tessellations in the real world Activities for individuals or classes Filled with templates to aid in creating Escheresque tessellations Treats special topics like tiling rosettes, fractal tessellations, and decoration of tiles"--

Tessellations: Mathematics, Art and Recreation aims to present a comprehensive introduction to tessellations (tiling) at a level accessible to non-specialists. Additionally, it covers techniques, tips, and templates to facilitate the creation of mathematical art based on tessellations. Inclusion of special topics like spiral tilings and tessellation metamorphoses allows the reader to explore beautiful and entertaining math and art.

The book has a particular focus on ‘Escheresque’ designs, in which the individual tiles are recognizable real-world motifs. These are extremely popular with students and math hobbyists but are typically very challenging to execute. Techniques demonstrated in the book are aimed at making these designs more achievable. Going beyond planar designs, the book contains numerous nets of polyhedra and templates for applying Escheresque designs to them.

Activities and worksheets are spread throughout the book, and examples of real-world tessellations are also provided.

Key features

  • Introduces the mathematics of tessellations, including symmetry
  • Covers polygonal, aperiodic, and non-Euclidean tilings
  • Contains tutorial content on designing and drawing Escheresque tessellations
  • Highlights numerous examples of tessellations in the real world
  • Activities for individuals or classes
  • Filled with templates to aid in creating Escheresque tessellations
    • Treats special topics like tiling rosettes, fractal tessellations, and decoration of tiles
  • Recenzijas

    "Tessellations is an ideal book for precocious students who enjoy mathematics, for teachers, for fans of Escher who are curious about how such patterns are made, for aspiring graphics designers and artists who want to try their hand at creating tessellation patterns, and for working mathematicians looking for an insightful and up-to-date introduction to this vibrant field. The authors love of the subject and lavish illustrations make the book a joy to explore. Open it to almost any page and there is a dazzling image or figure to draw you in. In short, it is a beautiful book, one that makes a strong case for the printed page, and which invites the reader to engage in the joyfully creative process of producing tessellations." The American Mathematical Monthly

    "Robert Fathauers Tessellations: Mathematics, Art, and Recreation is a gorgeous book. Its lavishly illustrated with photographs of tessellations and related patterns from nature and architecture; with reproductions of artwork by M. C. Escher and other artists who have found inspiration in tessellations; with the tilings of geometers such as Sir Roger Penrose, Robert Ammann, and Casey Mann; and, most of all, with the authors own creations. The reader will need an interest in mathematics, but no great background; the level of rigor is only a little higher than what aficionados of the late Martin Gardner will remember. To take advantage of this, the book is liberally sprinkled with activities aimed at the K-12 classroom, including handouts, lists of vocabulary words, and (where relevant) CCSSM standards. [ . . .] The range of topics is wide, and each one is explored fairly deeply, with its relevant history. [ . . .] Finally, Fathauer is not just a mathematician but also an artist. He shares his artistic tips freely here, including, in Chapter 13-19, some really good instructions on how to create an Escher-style tiling based on various symmetries. If you are a high school math teacher and you bring a copy of this book in to work, you may need to hide it from the art teacher!" CMS Notes

    "A treasure trove of geometric delights, this book will draw you into the beautiful and deep questions of mathematics that come from the simple question of how shapes fit together." Edmund Harriss, University of Arkansas and the co-author of Patterns of the Universe: A Coloring Adventure in Math and Beauty

    "A beautifully presented, comprehensive introduction to tessellationswhat tessellation enthusiasts and teachers (at all levels) have wished for. The author, a talented tessellations artist himself, captures the fascination of tessellations through beautiful color illustrations. His chapters touch on every aspect of tessellationstheir history, the many different types, where they occur, their symmetries, ways in which they are classified, their practical uses. More than half of the book is devoted to thoughtful advice and careful descriptions of how to create various kinds of tessellations. Questions and activities (often with helpful worksheets or templates) throughout are useful not only for teachers and students, but for anyone who wishes to test their understanding. This is truly an indispensible book for all those who want to learn about, teach, or make tessellations." Doris Schattschneider, Recipient of Mathematical Association of America's Carl B. Allendoerfer Award and the author of M.C. Escher Kaleidocycles

    "Fathauer's book is a fun, accessible, and lavishly illustrated guide to the universe of tessellations. You can study the structure of tessellations, and even learn to make your own. It's certain to appeal to anyone who wants to explore this beautiful topic at the intersection of art and mathematics." Craig Kaplan, University of Waterloo

    "A gorgeously illustrated romp through tiling theory, a pleasure to read and fun for all ages and levels and a must for every geometry classroom and geometry buffs bookshelf! Chaim Goodman-Strauss, University of Arkansas and the co-author of The Symmetries of Things

    About the Author xi
    Preface xiii
    1 Introduction to Tessellations
    1(16)
    Historical examples of tessellations
    2(2)
    Tessellations in the world around us
    4(1)
    Escheresque tessellations
    5(4)
    Tessellations and recreational mathematics
    9(2)
    Tessellations and mathematics education
    11(6)
    Activity 1.1 Recognizing tessellations
    13(1)
    Worksheet 1.1 Recognizing tessellations
    14(1)
    Activity 1.2 Historical tessellations
    15(1)
    Worksheet 1.2 Historical tessellations
    16(1)
    2 Geometric Tessellations
    17(34)
    Tiles
    17(1)
    Angles
    18(1)
    Vertices and edge-to-edge tessellations
    19(1)
    Regular polygons and regular tessellations
    20(1)
    Regular-polygon vertices
    21(2)
    Prototiles
    23(1)
    Semi-regular tessellations
    23(1)
    Other types of polygons
    24(1)
    General triangle and quadrilateral tessellations
    25(2)
    Dual tessellations and Laves tessellations
    27(2)
    Pentagon and hexagon tessellations
    29(2)
    Stellation of regular polygons and star polygons
    31(2)
    Star polygon tessellations
    33(3)
    Regular polygon tessellations that are not edge-to-edge
    36(1)
    Squared squares
    37(1)
    Modifying tessellations to create new tessellations
    38(4)
    Circle packings and tessellations
    42(9)
    Activity 2.1 Basic properties of tiles
    45(1)
    Worksheet 2.1 Basic properties of tiles
    46(1)
    Activity 2.2 Edge-to-edge tessellations
    47(1)
    Worksheet 2.2 Edge-to-edge tessellations
    48(1)
    Activity 2.3 Classifying tessellations by their vertices
    49(1)
    Worksheet 2.3 Classifying tessellations by their vertices
    50(1)
    3 Symmetry and Transformations in Tessellations
    51(26)
    Symmetry in objects
    51(3)
    Transformations
    54(2)
    Symmetry in tessellations
    56(2)
    Frieze groups
    58(2)
    Wallpaper groups
    60(1)
    P1 (O)
    60(1)
    P2 [ p211](2222)
    60(1)
    Pm [ p1m1](**)
    60(1)
    Pg [ P1g1](XX)
    60(2)
    Cm [ p1m1](*X)
    62(1)
    Pmm [ p2mm](*2222)
    62(1)
    Pmg [ p2mg](22*)
    63(1)
    Pgg [ p2gg](22X)
    63(1)
    Cmm [ c2mm](2*22)
    64(1)
    P3 (333)
    64(1)
    P4 (442)
    64(1)
    P4M [ p4mm] (*442)
    64(1)
    P4G [ p4mg] (4*2)
    64(1)
    P3M1 (*333)
    65(1)
    P31M (3*3)
    65(1)
    P6 (632)
    65(1)
    P6m [ p6mm](*632)
    65(1)
    Heesch types and orbifold notation
    65(1)
    Coloring of tessellations and symmetry
    66(11)
    Activity 3.1 Symmetry in objects
    69(1)
    Worksheet 3.1 Identifying symmetry in objects
    70(1)
    Activity 3.2 Transformations
    71(1)
    Worksheet 3.2 Identifying transformations
    72(1)
    Activity 3.3 Translational symmetry in tessellations
    73(1)
    Worksheet 3.3 Identifying symmetry in tessellations
    74(1)
    Activity 3.4 Rotational symmetry in tessellations
    75(1)
    Activity 3.5 Glide reflection symmetry in tessellations
    76(1)
    4 Tessellations in Nature
    77(12)
    Modeling of natural tessellations
    78(1)
    Crystals
    78(1)
    Lattices
    79(1)
    Cracking and crazing
    79(1)
    Divisions in plants and animals
    80(3)
    Coloration in animals
    83(1)
    Voronoi tessellations
    83(6)
    Activity 4.1 Modeling natural tessellations using geometric tessellations
    85(1)
    Worksheet 4.1 Modeling natural tessellations using geometric tessellations
    86(1)
    Activity 4.2 Quantitative analysis of natural tessellations
    87(1)
    Worksheet 4.2 Modeling natural tessellations using geometric tessellations
    88(1)
    5 Decorative and Utilitarian Tessellations
    89(14)
    Tiling
    89(1)
    Building blocks and coverings
    90(3)
    Permeable barriers
    93(4)
    Other divisions
    97(1)
    Fiber arts
    97(1)
    Games and puzzles
    98(1)
    Islamic art and architecture
    99(1)
    Spherical tessellations
    99(4)
    Activity 5.1 Building with tessellations
    101(1)
    Worksheet 5.1 Building with tessellations
    102(1)
    6 Polyforms and Reptiles
    103(12)
    Properties of polyforms
    104(2)
    Tessellations of polyforms
    106(2)
    The translation and Conway criteria
    108(1)
    Other recreations using polyforms
    108(2)
    Heesch number
    110(1)
    Reptiles
    111(4)
    Activity 6.1 Discovering and classifying polyforms
    112(1)
    Worksheet 6.1 Discovering and classifying polyforms
    113(2)
    7 Rosettes and Spirals
    115(20)
    Rhombus rosettes
    115(3)
    Other rosettes
    118(4)
    Logarithmic spiral tessellations
    122(6)
    Archimedean spiral tessellations
    128(7)
    Activity 7.1 Exploring spiral tessellations
    133(1)
    Worksheet 7.1 Exploring spiral tessellations
    134(1)
    8 Matching Rules, Aperiodic Tiles, and Substitution Tilings
    135(14)
    Matching rules and tiling
    136(1)
    Periodicity in tessellations
    137(1)
    Penrose tiles
    138(4)
    Other aperiodic sets and substitution tilings
    142(3)
    Socolar-Taylor aperiodic monotile
    145(1)
    Escheresque tessellations based on aperiodic tiles
    145(4)
    Activity 8.1 Penrose tiles and the golden number
    147(1)
    Worksheet 8.1 Penrose tiles and the golden number
    148(1)
    9 Fractal Tiles and Fractal Tilings
    149(24)
    Tessellations of fractal tiles
    150(2)
    Fractal tessellations
    152(2)
    Two-fold f-tilings based on segments of regular polygons
    154(4)
    F-tilings based on kite-, dart-, and v-shaped prototiles
    158(5)
    F-tilings based on polyforms
    163(5)
    Miscellaneous f-tilings
    168(5)
    Activity 9.1 Prototiles for fractal tilings
    171(1)
    Worksheet 9.1 Prototiles for fractal tilings
    172(1)
    10 Non-Euclidean Tessellations
    173(10)
    Hyperbolic tessellations
    174(4)
    Spherical tessellations
    178(5)
    Activity 10.1 Non-Euclidean tessellations of regular polygons
    181(1)
    Worksheet 10.1 Non-Euclidean tessellations of regular polygons
    182(1)
    11 Tips on Designing and Drawing Escheresque Tessellations
    183(20)
    Drawing tessellations by hand
    184(1)
    Using general computer graphics programs
    184(1)
    Using a tessellations computer program
    185(1)
    Mixing techniques
    185(18)
    Tip 1 The outline of the tile should suggest the motif
    185(1)
    Tip 2 The tiles should make orientational sense
    186(1)
    Tip 3 Choose motifs that go together
    187(2)
    Tip 4 Different motifs should be commensurately scaled
    189(1)
    Tip 5 Use source material to get the details right
    190(1)
    Tip 6 Stylize the design
    191(1)
    Tip 7 Choose a style that fits your taste and abilities
    192(1)
    Tip 8 Choose colors that suit your taste and bring out the tiles
    193(2)
    Activity 11.1 Finding motifs for a tile shape
    195(1)
    Worksheet 11.1 Finding motifs for a tile shape
    196(1)
    Activity 11.2 Refining a tile shape using translation
    197(1)
    Worksheet 11.2 Refining a tile shape using translation
    198(1)
    Activity 11.3 Refining a tile shape using glide reflection
    199(1)
    Worksheet 11.3 Refining a tile shape using glide reflection
    200(1)
    Activity 11.4 Locating and using source material for real-life motifs
    201(1)
    Worksheet 11.4 Locating and using source material for real-life motifs
    202(1)
    12 Special Techniques to Solve Design Problems
    203(10)
    Technique 1 Distorting the entire tessellation
    204(1)
    Technique 2 Breaking symmetries
    205(2)
    Technique 3 Splitting a tile into smaller tiles
    207(1)
    Technique 4 Splitting and moving vertices
    207(6)
    Activity 12.1 Reshaping a tile by splitting and moving vertices
    210(1)
    Worksheet 12.1 Reshaping a tile by splitting and moving vertices
    211(2)
    13 Escheresque Tessellations Based on Squares
    213(24)
    Creating a tessellation by hand
    214(5)
    Template 13.1 Tessellation with translational symmetry only
    219(1)
    Template 13.2 Tessellation with two- and four-fold rotational symmetry
    220(2)
    Template 13.3 Tessellation with glide reflection symmetry
    222(1)
    Template 13.4 Tessellation with a simple reflection and glide reflection symmetry
    223(2)
    Template 13.5 Tessellation with glide reflection symmetry in two orthogonal directions
    225(1)
    Template 13.6 Tessellation with two-fold rotational and glide reflection symmetry
    226(1)
    Template 13.7 Tessellation with two motifs and glide reflection symmetry
    227(2)
    Template 13.8 Tessellation with two different tiles and reflection symmetry in one direction
    229(1)
    Template 13.9 Tessellation with two different tiles and reflection symmetry in two orthogonal directions
    230(7)
    Activity 13.1 Creating an Escheresque tessellation with translational symmetry
    233(1)
    Activity 13.2 Creating an Escheresque tessellation with rotational symmetry
    234(1)
    Activity 13.3 Creating an Escheresque tessellation with glide reflection symmetry
    235(2)
    14 Escheresque Tessellations Based on Isosceles Right Triangle and Kite-Shaped Tiles
    237(12)
    Template 14.1 Right-triangle tessellation with two-fold rotational symmetry
    239(1)
    Template 14.2 Right-triangle tessellation with two- and four-fold rotational symmetry
    240(1)
    Template 14.3 Right-triangle tessellation with two- and four-fold rotational and reflection symmetry
    241(2)
    Template 14.4 Kite tessellation with glide reflection symmetry
    243(1)
    Template 14.5 Kite tessellation with two motifs and glide reflection symmetry
    244(5)
    Activity 14.1 Creating a tessellation based on right-triangle tiles
    246(1)
    Activity 14.2 Creating a tessellation based on kite-shaped tiles
    247(2)
    15 Escheresque Tessellations Based on Equilateral Triangle Tiles
    249(12)
    Template 15.1 Tessellation with six-fold rotational symmetry
    252(2)
    Template 15.2 Tessellation with rotational and glide reflection symmetry
    254(2)
    Template 15.3 Tessellation with two-fold rotational symmetry only
    256(1)
    Template 15.4 Tessellation with translational symmetry only
    257(4)
    Activity 15.1 Creating an equilateral triangle-based tessellation with rotational symmetry
    259(1)
    Activity 15.2 Creating an equilateral triangle-based tessellation with glide reflection symmetry
    260(1)
    16 Escheresque Tessellations Based on 60°--120° Rhombus Tiles
    261(16)
    Template 16.1 Tessellation with translational symmetry only
    264(1)
    Template 16.2 Tessellation with reflection symmetry
    265(2)
    Template 16.3 Tessellation with three-fold rotational symmetry
    267(2)
    Template 16.4 Tessellation with glide reflection symmetry
    269(2)
    Template 16.5 Rhombus tessellation with rotational and glide reflection symmetry
    271(1)
    Template 16.6 Tessellation with kaleidoscopic symmetry
    272(5)
    Activity 16.1 Creating a tessellation with bilaterally symmetry tiles
    274(1)
    Activity 16.2 Creating a tessellation with kaleidoscopic symmetry
    275(2)
    17 Escheresque Tessellations Based on Hexagonal Tiles
    277(10)
    Template 17.1 Tessellation with three-fold rotational symmetry
    279(1)
    Template 17.2 Tessellation with six-fold rotational symmetry
    280(2)
    Template 17.3 Tessellation based on hexagons and hexagrams
    282(5)
    Activity 17.1 Creating a tessellation based on hexagonal tiles
    285(1)
    Activity 17.2 Creating a hexagon-based tessellation with two-, three-, and six-fold rotational symmetry
    286(1)
    18 Decorating Tiles to Create Knots and Other Designs
    287(14)
    The role of combinatorics
    287(2)
    Using tessellations to create knots and links
    289(2)
    Creating iterated and fractal knots and links with fractal tilings
    291(5)
    Other types of decorative graphics
    296(5)
    Activity 18.1 Creating symmetrical designs by decorating tessellations
    299(1)
    Worksheet 18.1 Creating symmetrical designs by decorating tessellations
    300(1)
    19 Tessellation Metamorphoses and Dissections
    301(10)
    Geometric metamorphoses
    301(2)
    Positive and negative space
    303(1)
    Techniques for transitioning between Escheresque tessellation motifs
    304(3)
    Tessellation dissections
    307(4)
    Activity 19.1 Learning to draw a tessellation metamorphosis
    310(1)
    20 Introduction to Polyhedra
    311(16)
    Basic properties of polyhedra
    311(3)
    Polyhedra in art and architecture
    314(3)
    Polyhedra in nature
    317(1)
    Tiling three-dimensional space
    318(1)
    Slicing 3-honeycombs to reveal plane tessellations
    319(8)
    Activity 20.1 Identifying and characterizing polyhedra in nature
    321(1)
    Worksheet 20.1 Identifying and characterizing polyhedra in nature
    322(2)
    Activity 20.2 Identifying polyhedra in art and architecture
    324(1)
    Worksheet 20.2 Identifying polyhedra in art and architecture
    325(2)
    21 Adapting Plane Tessellations to Polyhedra
    327(14)
    Nets of polyhedra
    328(1)
    Restrictions on plane tessellations for use on polyhedra
    328(1)
    Distorting plane tessellations to fit polyhedra
    329(3)
    Designing and drawing tessellations for polyhedra using the templates
    332(1)
    Coloring of tessellations on polyhedra
    333(1)
    Tips on building the models
    334(7)
    Activity 21.1 Representing solids using nets
    336(1)
    Worksheet 21.1 Representing solids using nets
    337(1)
    Activity 21.2 Using transformations to apply a tessellation motif to a net
    338(1)
    Worksheet 21.2 Using transformations to apply a tessellation motif to a net
    339(2)
    22 Tessellating the Platonic Solids
    341(18)
    Background on the Platonic solids
    341(12)
    Tessellation templates for the Platonic solids
    353(6)
    Activity 22.1 Attributes of the Platonic solids and Euler's formula
    355(1)
    Worksheet 22.1 Attributes of the Platonic solids and Euler's formula
    356(1)
    Activity 22.2 Drawing the Platonic solids
    357(1)
    Worksheet 22.2 Drawing the Platonic solids
    358(1)
    23 Tessellating the Archimedean Solids
    359(42)
    Background on the Archimedean solids
    359(33)
    Tessellation templates for the Archimedean solids
    392(9)
    Activity 23.1 Surface area of Archimedean solids
    397(1)
    Worksheet 23.1 Surface area of Archimedean solids
    398(1)
    Activity 23.2 Volume of a truncated cube
    399(1)
    Worksheet 23.2 Volume of a truncated cube
    400(1)
    24 Tessellating Other Polyhedra
    401(24)
    Other popular polyhedra
    401(16)
    Tessellation templates
    417(8)
    Activity 24.1 Cross-sections of polyhedra
    422(1)
    Worksheet 24.1 Cross-sections of polyhedra
    423(2)
    25 Tessellating Other Surfaces
    425(12)
    Other surfaces to tessellate
    425(9)
    Tessellation templates for other surfaces
    434(3)
    Activity 25.1 Surface area and volume of cylinders and cones
    435(1)
    Worksheet 25.1 Surface area and volume of cylinders and cones
    436(1)
    References 437(4)
    Glossary of Terms 441(8)
    Index 449
    Robert Fathauer has had a life-long interest in art but studied physics and mathematics in college, going on to earn a PhD from Cornell University in electrical engineering. For several years he was a researcher at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Long a fan of M.C. Escher, he began designing his own tessellations with lifelike motifs in the late 1980s. In 1993, he founded a business, Tessellations, to produce puzzles based on his designs. Over time, Tessellations has grown to include mathematics manipulatives, polyhedral dice, and books. Dr. Fathauers mathematical art has always been coupled with recreational math explorations. These include Escheresque tessellations, fractal tilings, and iterated knots. After many years of creating two-dimensional art, he has recently been building ceramic sculptures inspired by both mathematics and biological forms. Another interest of his is photographing mathematics in natural and synthetic objects, particularly tessellations. In addition to creating mathematical art, hes strongly committed to promoting it through group exhibitions at both the Bridges Conference and the Joint Mathematics Meetings.