About the Author |
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xi | |
Preface |
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xiii | |
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1 Introduction to Tessellations |
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1 | (16) |
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Historical examples of tessellations |
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2 | (2) |
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Tessellations in the world around us |
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4 | (1) |
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Escheresque tessellations |
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5 | (4) |
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Tessellations and recreational mathematics |
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9 | (2) |
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Tessellations and mathematics education |
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11 | (6) |
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Activity 1.1 Recognizing tessellations |
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13 | (1) |
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Worksheet 1.1 Recognizing tessellations |
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14 | (1) |
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Activity 1.2 Historical tessellations |
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15 | (1) |
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Worksheet 1.2 Historical tessellations |
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16 | (1) |
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2 Geometric Tessellations |
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17 | (34) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Vertices and edge-to-edge tessellations |
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19 | (1) |
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Regular polygons and regular tessellations |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (1) |
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Semi-regular tessellations |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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General triangle and quadrilateral tessellations |
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25 | (2) |
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Dual tessellations and Laves tessellations |
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27 | (2) |
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Pentagon and hexagon tessellations |
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29 | (2) |
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Stellation of regular polygons and star polygons |
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31 | (2) |
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Star polygon tessellations |
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33 | (3) |
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Regular polygon tessellations that are not edge-to-edge |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Modifying tessellations to create new tessellations |
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38 | (4) |
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Circle packings and tessellations |
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42 | (9) |
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Activity 2.1 Basic properties of tiles |
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45 | (1) |
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Worksheet 2.1 Basic properties of tiles |
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46 | (1) |
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Activity 2.2 Edge-to-edge tessellations |
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47 | (1) |
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Worksheet 2.2 Edge-to-edge tessellations |
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48 | (1) |
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Activity 2.3 Classifying tessellations by their vertices |
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49 | (1) |
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Worksheet 2.3 Classifying tessellations by their vertices |
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50 | (1) |
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3 Symmetry and Transformations in Tessellations |
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51 | (26) |
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51 | (3) |
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54 | (2) |
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Symmetry in tessellations |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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Heesch types and orbifold notation |
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65 | (1) |
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Coloring of tessellations and symmetry |
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66 | (11) |
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Activity 3.1 Symmetry in objects |
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69 | (1) |
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Worksheet 3.1 Identifying symmetry in objects |
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70 | (1) |
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Activity 3.2 Transformations |
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71 | (1) |
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Worksheet 3.2 Identifying transformations |
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72 | (1) |
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Activity 3.3 Translational symmetry in tessellations |
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73 | (1) |
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Worksheet 3.3 Identifying symmetry in tessellations |
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74 | (1) |
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Activity 3.4 Rotational symmetry in tessellations |
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75 | (1) |
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Activity 3.5 Glide reflection symmetry in tessellations |
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76 | (1) |
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4 Tessellations in Nature |
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77 | (12) |
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Modeling of natural tessellations |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Divisions in plants and animals |
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80 | (3) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (6) |
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Activity 4.1 Modeling natural tessellations using geometric tessellations |
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85 | (1) |
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Worksheet 4.1 Modeling natural tessellations using geometric tessellations |
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86 | (1) |
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Activity 4.2 Quantitative analysis of natural tessellations |
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87 | (1) |
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Worksheet 4.2 Modeling natural tessellations using geometric tessellations |
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88 | (1) |
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5 Decorative and Utilitarian Tessellations |
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89 | (14) |
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89 | (1) |
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Building blocks and coverings |
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90 | (3) |
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93 | (4) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Islamic art and architecture |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (4) |
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Activity 5.1 Building with tessellations |
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101 | (1) |
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Worksheet 5.1 Building with tessellations |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (12) |
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104 | (2) |
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Tessellations of polyforms |
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106 | (2) |
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The translation and Conway criteria |
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108 | (1) |
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Other recreations using polyforms |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (4) |
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Activity 6.1 Discovering and classifying polyforms |
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112 | (1) |
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Worksheet 6.1 Discovering and classifying polyforms |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (20) |
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115 | (3) |
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118 | (4) |
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Logarithmic spiral tessellations |
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122 | (6) |
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Archimedean spiral tessellations |
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128 | (7) |
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Activity 7.1 Exploring spiral tessellations |
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133 | (1) |
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Worksheet 7.1 Exploring spiral tessellations |
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134 | (1) |
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8 Matching Rules, Aperiodic Tiles, and Substitution Tilings |
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135 | (14) |
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Matching rules and tiling |
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136 | (1) |
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Periodicity in tessellations |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (4) |
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Other aperiodic sets and substitution tilings |
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142 | (3) |
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Socolar-Taylor aperiodic monotile |
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145 | (1) |
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Escheresque tessellations based on aperiodic tiles |
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145 | (4) |
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Activity 8.1 Penrose tiles and the golden number |
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147 | (1) |
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Worksheet 8.1 Penrose tiles and the golden number |
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148 | (1) |
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9 Fractal Tiles and Fractal Tilings |
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149 | (24) |
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Tessellations of fractal tiles |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (2) |
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Two-fold f-tilings based on segments of regular polygons |
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154 | (4) |
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F-tilings based on kite-, dart-, and v-shaped prototiles |
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158 | (5) |
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F-tilings based on polyforms |
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163 | (5) |
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168 | (5) |
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Activity 9.1 Prototiles for fractal tilings |
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171 | (1) |
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Worksheet 9.1 Prototiles for fractal tilings |
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172 | (1) |
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10 Non-Euclidean Tessellations |
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173 | (10) |
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174 | (4) |
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178 | (5) |
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Activity 10.1 Non-Euclidean tessellations of regular polygons |
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181 | (1) |
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Worksheet 10.1 Non-Euclidean tessellations of regular polygons |
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182 | (1) |
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11 Tips on Designing and Drawing Escheresque Tessellations |
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183 | (20) |
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Drawing tessellations by hand |
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184 | (1) |
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Using general computer graphics programs |
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184 | (1) |
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Using a tessellations computer program |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (18) |
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Tip 1 The outline of the tile should suggest the motif |
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185 | (1) |
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Tip 2 The tiles should make orientational sense |
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186 | (1) |
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Tip 3 Choose motifs that go together |
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187 | (2) |
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Tip 4 Different motifs should be commensurately scaled |
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189 | (1) |
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Tip 5 Use source material to get the details right |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Tip 7 Choose a style that fits your taste and abilities |
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192 | (1) |
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Tip 8 Choose colors that suit your taste and bring out the tiles |
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193 | (2) |
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Activity 11.1 Finding motifs for a tile shape |
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195 | (1) |
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Worksheet 11.1 Finding motifs for a tile shape |
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196 | (1) |
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Activity 11.2 Refining a tile shape using translation |
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197 | (1) |
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Worksheet 11.2 Refining a tile shape using translation |
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198 | (1) |
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Activity 11.3 Refining a tile shape using glide reflection |
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199 | (1) |
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Worksheet 11.3 Refining a tile shape using glide reflection |
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200 | (1) |
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Activity 11.4 Locating and using source material for real-life motifs |
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201 | (1) |
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Worksheet 11.4 Locating and using source material for real-life motifs |
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202 | (1) |
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12 Special Techniques to Solve Design Problems |
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203 | (10) |
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Technique 1 Distorting the entire tessellation |
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204 | (1) |
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Technique 2 Breaking symmetries |
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205 | (2) |
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Technique 3 Splitting a tile into smaller tiles |
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207 | (1) |
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Technique 4 Splitting and moving vertices |
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207 | (6) |
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Activity 12.1 Reshaping a tile by splitting and moving vertices |
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210 | (1) |
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Worksheet 12.1 Reshaping a tile by splitting and moving vertices |
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211 | (2) |
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13 Escheresque Tessellations Based on Squares |
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213 | (24) |
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Creating a tessellation by hand |
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214 | (5) |
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Template 13.1 Tessellation with translational symmetry only |
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219 | (1) |
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Template 13.2 Tessellation with two- and four-fold rotational symmetry |
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220 | (2) |
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Template 13.3 Tessellation with glide reflection symmetry |
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222 | (1) |
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Template 13.4 Tessellation with a simple reflection and glide reflection symmetry |
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223 | (2) |
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Template 13.5 Tessellation with glide reflection symmetry in two orthogonal directions |
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225 | (1) |
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Template 13.6 Tessellation with two-fold rotational and glide reflection symmetry |
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226 | (1) |
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Template 13.7 Tessellation with two motifs and glide reflection symmetry |
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227 | (2) |
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Template 13.8 Tessellation with two different tiles and reflection symmetry in one direction |
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229 | (1) |
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Template 13.9 Tessellation with two different tiles and reflection symmetry in two orthogonal directions |
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230 | (7) |
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Activity 13.1 Creating an Escheresque tessellation with translational symmetry |
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233 | (1) |
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Activity 13.2 Creating an Escheresque tessellation with rotational symmetry |
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234 | (1) |
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Activity 13.3 Creating an Escheresque tessellation with glide reflection symmetry |
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235 | (2) |
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14 Escheresque Tessellations Based on Isosceles Right Triangle and Kite-Shaped Tiles |
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237 | (12) |
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Template 14.1 Right-triangle tessellation with two-fold rotational symmetry |
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239 | (1) |
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Template 14.2 Right-triangle tessellation with two- and four-fold rotational symmetry |
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240 | (1) |
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Template 14.3 Right-triangle tessellation with two- and four-fold rotational and reflection symmetry |
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241 | (2) |
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Template 14.4 Kite tessellation with glide reflection symmetry |
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243 | (1) |
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Template 14.5 Kite tessellation with two motifs and glide reflection symmetry |
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244 | (5) |
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Activity 14.1 Creating a tessellation based on right-triangle tiles |
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246 | (1) |
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Activity 14.2 Creating a tessellation based on kite-shaped tiles |
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247 | (2) |
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15 Escheresque Tessellations Based on Equilateral Triangle Tiles |
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249 | (12) |
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Template 15.1 Tessellation with six-fold rotational symmetry |
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252 | (2) |
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Template 15.2 Tessellation with rotational and glide reflection symmetry |
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254 | (2) |
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Template 15.3 Tessellation with two-fold rotational symmetry only |
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256 | (1) |
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Template 15.4 Tessellation with translational symmetry only |
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257 | (4) |
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Activity 15.1 Creating an equilateral triangle-based tessellation with rotational symmetry |
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259 | (1) |
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Activity 15.2 Creating an equilateral triangle-based tessellation with glide reflection symmetry |
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260 | (1) |
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16 Escheresque Tessellations Based on 60°--120° Rhombus Tiles |
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261 | (16) |
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Template 16.1 Tessellation with translational symmetry only |
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264 | (1) |
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Template 16.2 Tessellation with reflection symmetry |
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265 | (2) |
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Template 16.3 Tessellation with three-fold rotational symmetry |
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267 | (2) |
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Template 16.4 Tessellation with glide reflection symmetry |
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269 | (2) |
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Template 16.5 Rhombus tessellation with rotational and glide reflection symmetry |
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271 | (1) |
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Template 16.6 Tessellation with kaleidoscopic symmetry |
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272 | (5) |
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Activity 16.1 Creating a tessellation with bilaterally symmetry tiles |
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274 | (1) |
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Activity 16.2 Creating a tessellation with kaleidoscopic symmetry |
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275 | (2) |
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17 Escheresque Tessellations Based on Hexagonal Tiles |
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277 | (10) |
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Template 17.1 Tessellation with three-fold rotational symmetry |
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279 | (1) |
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Template 17.2 Tessellation with six-fold rotational symmetry |
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280 | (2) |
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Template 17.3 Tessellation based on hexagons and hexagrams |
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282 | (5) |
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Activity 17.1 Creating a tessellation based on hexagonal tiles |
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285 | (1) |
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Activity 17.2 Creating a hexagon-based tessellation with two-, three-, and six-fold rotational symmetry |
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286 | (1) |
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18 Decorating Tiles to Create Knots and Other Designs |
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287 | (14) |
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The role of combinatorics |
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287 | (2) |
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Using tessellations to create knots and links |
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289 | (2) |
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Creating iterated and fractal knots and links with fractal tilings |
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291 | (5) |
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Other types of decorative graphics |
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296 | (5) |
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Activity 18.1 Creating symmetrical designs by decorating tessellations |
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299 | (1) |
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Worksheet 18.1 Creating symmetrical designs by decorating tessellations |
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300 | (1) |
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19 Tessellation Metamorphoses and Dissections |
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301 | (10) |
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301 | (2) |
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Positive and negative space |
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303 | (1) |
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Techniques for transitioning between Escheresque tessellation motifs |
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304 | (3) |
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307 | (4) |
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Activity 19.1 Learning to draw a tessellation metamorphosis |
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310 | (1) |
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20 Introduction to Polyhedra |
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311 | (16) |
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Basic properties of polyhedra |
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311 | (3) |
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Polyhedra in art and architecture |
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314 | (3) |
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317 | (1) |
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Tiling three-dimensional space |
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318 | (1) |
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Slicing 3-honeycombs to reveal plane tessellations |
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319 | (8) |
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Activity 20.1 Identifying and characterizing polyhedra in nature |
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321 | (1) |
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Worksheet 20.1 Identifying and characterizing polyhedra in nature |
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322 | (2) |
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Activity 20.2 Identifying polyhedra in art and architecture |
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324 | (1) |
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Worksheet 20.2 Identifying polyhedra in art and architecture |
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325 | (2) |
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21 Adapting Plane Tessellations to Polyhedra |
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327 | (14) |
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328 | (1) |
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Restrictions on plane tessellations for use on polyhedra |
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328 | (1) |
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Distorting plane tessellations to fit polyhedra |
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329 | (3) |
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Designing and drawing tessellations for polyhedra using the templates |
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332 | (1) |
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Coloring of tessellations on polyhedra |
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333 | (1) |
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Tips on building the models |
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334 | (7) |
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Activity 21.1 Representing solids using nets |
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336 | (1) |
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Worksheet 21.1 Representing solids using nets |
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337 | (1) |
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Activity 21.2 Using transformations to apply a tessellation motif to a net |
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338 | (1) |
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Worksheet 21.2 Using transformations to apply a tessellation motif to a net |
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339 | (2) |
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22 Tessellating the Platonic Solids |
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341 | (18) |
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Background on the Platonic solids |
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341 | (12) |
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Tessellation templates for the Platonic solids |
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353 | (6) |
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Activity 22.1 Attributes of the Platonic solids and Euler's formula |
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355 | (1) |
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Worksheet 22.1 Attributes of the Platonic solids and Euler's formula |
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356 | (1) |
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Activity 22.2 Drawing the Platonic solids |
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357 | (1) |
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Worksheet 22.2 Drawing the Platonic solids |
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358 | (1) |
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23 Tessellating the Archimedean Solids |
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359 | (42) |
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Background on the Archimedean solids |
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359 | (33) |
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Tessellation templates for the Archimedean solids |
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392 | (9) |
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Activity 23.1 Surface area of Archimedean solids |
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397 | (1) |
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Worksheet 23.1 Surface area of Archimedean solids |
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398 | (1) |
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Activity 23.2 Volume of a truncated cube |
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399 | (1) |
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Worksheet 23.2 Volume of a truncated cube |
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400 | (1) |
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24 Tessellating Other Polyhedra |
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401 | (24) |
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401 | (16) |
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417 | (8) |
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Activity 24.1 Cross-sections of polyhedra |
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422 | (1) |
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Worksheet 24.1 Cross-sections of polyhedra |
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423 | (2) |
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25 Tessellating Other Surfaces |
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425 | (12) |
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Other surfaces to tessellate |
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425 | (9) |
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Tessellation templates for other surfaces |
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434 | (3) |
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Activity 25.1 Surface area and volume of cylinders and cones |
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435 | (1) |
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Worksheet 25.1 Surface area and volume of cylinders and cones |
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436 | (1) |
References |
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437 | (4) |
Glossary of Terms |
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441 | (8) |
Index |
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449 | |