| Contributors |
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xi | |
| Preface |
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xv | |
| 1 Wound Healing Subsequent to Injury |
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1 | (65) |
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1 | (1) |
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Nature of a traumatic injury |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (4) |
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Types of wound after injury |
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8 | (1) |
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Tissues and compounds in wound healing |
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9 | (4) |
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Inflammatory phase mediators |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (5) |
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19 | (12) |
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31 | (4) |
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Wound strength development |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (2) |
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Microenvironment in wounds |
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39 | (2) |
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Factors affecting the wound healing process |
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41 | (4) |
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Optimizing oral wound healing |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (20) |
| 2 Response of Oral Tissues to Trauma |
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Repair and regeneration of oral tissues |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (10) |
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Teeth with developed roots |
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77 | (15) |
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92 | (11) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (19) |
| 3 Response of Traumatized Dental Tissues to Various Treatment Procedures |
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125 | (7) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (3) |
| 4 Prediction and Timing of Healing Complications |
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132 | (7) |
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132 | (2) |
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Observation time until complications can be diagnosed |
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134 | (2) |
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Use of predictors in an interactive dental trauma guide |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (2) |
| 5 Characteristics of Oral Stem Cells and Their Role in Dental Tissue Regeneration |
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139 | (22) |
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139 | (1) |
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General concept of stem cells |
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139 | (3) |
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142 | (2) |
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Stem cells from apical papilla |
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144 | (5) |
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Periodontal ligament stem cells |
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149 | (5) |
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Gingival mesenchymal stem cells |
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154 | (1) |
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Dental follicle stem cells |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (5) |
| 6 Development of a Bio-Root |
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161 | (8) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Components of stem cell-mediated bio-root |
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162 | (1) |
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Stem cell-mediated root regeneration in miniature pig models |
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163 | (2) |
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Regeneration procedure of stem cell-mediated bio-roots |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
| 7 Bone-Resorbing Osteoclasts |
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169 | (33) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (5) |
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174 | (3) |
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Regulation of RANKL-induced differentiation of mononuclear osteoclast progenitors |
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177 | (4) |
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Regulation of mature osteoclast activity |
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181 | (1) |
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Osteoclast progenitor origin |
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181 | (1) |
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Physiologic role of osteoclasts |
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182 | (3) |
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Role of osteoclasts in skeletal diseases |
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185 | (2) |
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Role of osteoclasts in the jaw bone |
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187 | (4) |
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Role of osteoclasts in tooth resorption |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (10) |
| 8 Physical and Chemical Methods to Optimize Pulpal and Periodontal Healing After Traumatic Injuries |
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202 | (25) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (10) |
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Systemic methods to limit inflammation |
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215 | (3) |
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Fluoride pretreatment of the root |
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218 | (6) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (3) |
| 9 Psychosocial Aspects of Traumatic Dental Injuries |
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227 | |
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227 | (1) |
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Pyschosocial impacts of traumatic dental injuries |
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227 | (2) |
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Stages of psychological development |
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229 | (1) |
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Implications for treatment |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (6) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | |
| 10 Child Physical Abuse and Neglect |
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211 | (41) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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Types of orofacial injuries in child physical abuse |
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243 | (4) |
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247 | (1) |
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The dentist's role in the management of child physical abuse |
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247 | (1) |
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The dentist's role in the management of dental neglect |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (3) |
| 11 Classification, Epidemiology and Etiology |
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252 | (43) |
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252 | (8) |
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260 | (6) |
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266 | (8) |
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Mechanisms of traumatic dental injuries |
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274 | (4) |
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278 | (1) |
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Organization of emergency care |
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279 | (2) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (13) |
| 12 Examination and Diagnosis of Dental Injuries |
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295 | (32) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (3) |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (2) |
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Electrometric pulp testing |
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305 | (3) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (9) |
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Effect of treatment delay |
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318 | (2) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (7) |
| 13 Crown Fractures |
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327 | (28) |
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Terminology, frequency and etiology |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (2) |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (3) |
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332 | (2) |
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Provisional treatment of crown fractures |
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334 | (2) |
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Definitive treatment of crown fractures |
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336 | (1) |
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Reattachment of the original crown fragment |
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336 | (7) |
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Prognosis of crown fractures |
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343 | (3) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (8) |
| 14 Crown-Root Fractures |
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355 | (22) |
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Terminology, frequency and etiology |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (3) |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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Bonding of coronal fragment |
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358 | (4) |
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Removal of coronal fragment and supragingival restoration |
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362 | (1) |
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Surgical exposure of fracture surface |
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362 | (3) |
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Orthodontic extrusion of apical fragment |
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365 | (4) |
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Surgical extrusion of apical fragment |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (5) |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (2) |
| 15 Root Fractures |
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377 | (36) |
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Terminology, frequency and etiology |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (5) |
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382 | (9) |
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391 | (7) |
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398 | (1) |
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398 | (7) |
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Orthodontic treatment of root-fractured teeth |
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405 | (1) |
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405 | (2) |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (5) |
| 16 Luxation Injuries of Permanent Teeth: General Findings |
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413 | (30) |
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Terminology, frequency and etiology |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (2) |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (6) |
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424 | (4) |
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428 | (8) |
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Loss of marginal bone support |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (5) |
| 17 Concussion and Subluxation |
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443 | |
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443 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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444 | (1) |
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444 | (1) |
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Predictors for healing and prognosis |
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445 | (3) |
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448 | (1) |
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449 | |
| 18 Extrusive Luxation and Lateral Luxation |
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430 | (39) |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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451 | (3) |
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454 | (1) |
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454 | (3) |
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457 | (1) |
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Root resorption (external) |
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457 | (1) |
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Root resorption (internal) |
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457 | (7) |
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464 | (1) |
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464 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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466 | (1) |
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467 | (2) |
| 19 Intrusive Luxation |
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469 | (17) |
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469 | (1) |
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469 | (1) |
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469 | (1) |
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469 | (1) |
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469 | (4) |
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473 | (4) |
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477 | (1) |
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Diagnosis of healing complications |
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477 | (5) |
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482 | (1) |
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482 | (2) |
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484 | (1) |
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484 | (2) |
| 20 Avulsions |
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486 | (43) |
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Terminology, frequency and etiology |
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486 | (1) |
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486 | (1) |
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486 | (1) |
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486 | (13) |
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Treatment of the avulsed tooth |
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499 | (4) |
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503 | (4) |
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Tooth survival and tooth loss |
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507 | (1) |
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Pulpal healing and pulp necrosis |
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507 | (3) |
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Periodontal healing and root resorption |
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510 | (5) |
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Root development and disturbances in root growth |
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515 | (2) |
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Gingival healing and loss of marginal attachment |
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517 | (1) |
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Complications due to early loss of teeth |
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517 | (2) |
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519 | (1) |
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520 | (9) |
| 21 Injuries to the Supporting Bone |
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529 | (27) |
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Terminology, frequency and etiology |
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529 | (1) |
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529 | (1) |
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530 | (6) |
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536 | (1) |
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536 | (4) |
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Fractures of the mandible or maxilla |
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540 | (4) |
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544 | (1) |
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Fractures of the mandible or maxilla in children |
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545 | (1) |
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Fractures of the mandible or maxilla in adults |
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546 | (4) |
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550 | (1) |
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551 | (5) |
| 22 Injuries to the Primary Dentition |
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556 | (33) |
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556 | (1) |
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Epidemiology and etiology |
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557 | (5) |
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Clinical and radiographic findings and treatment of various injury types |
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562 | (14) |
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Complications in the primary dentition |
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576 | (5) |
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Space loss after premature tooth loss |
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581 | (1) |
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Speech problems due to early loss of primary incisors |
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581 | (1) |
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582 | (2) |
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584 | (5) |
| 23 Injuries to Developing Teeth |
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589 | (37) |
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Terminology, frequency and etiology |
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589 | (4) |
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Clinical, radiographic and pathologic findings |
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593 | (18) |
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611 | (5) |
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616 | (2) |
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618 | (8) |
| 24 Soft Tissue Injuries |
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626 | (22) |
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Terminology, frequency and etiology |
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626 | (1) |
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Types of soft tissue trauma |
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626 | (1) |
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627 | (15) |
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Wound closure materials and principles |
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642 | (1) |
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642 | (1) |
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643 | (1) |
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644 | (1) |
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644 | (4) |
| 25 Management of Trauma-Related Pulp Disease and Tooth Resorption |
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648 | (70) |
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Introduction-Tribute to Miomir Cvek, DDS, Odont Dr. 1927-2008 |
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648 | (1) |
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Trauma-related pulp disease |
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648 | (1) |
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Crown and crown-root fractures without pulp exposure |
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648 | (2) |
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Crown and crown-root fractures with pulp exposure |
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650 | (13) |
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663 | (7) |
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Luxation and avulsion injuries |
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670 | (28) |
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698 | (1) |
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External invasive tooth resorption following trauma |
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699 | (8) |
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707 | (2) |
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709 | (9) |
| 26 Regenerative Endodontics |
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718 | (21) |
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718 | (1) |
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Diagnosis of traumatic dental injuries and revascularization of teeth with an open apex |
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718 | (14) |
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732 | (1) |
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733 | (6) |
| 27 Reinforcing Endodontically Treated Teeth |
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739 | (13) |
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739 | (1) |
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Structural consideration in endodontically treated teeth |
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739 | (1) |
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Biomechanical considerations in endodontically treated teeth |
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739 | (1) |
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Fractures in endodontically treated teeth |
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740 | (1) |
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Strengthening of coronal structure |
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741 | (1) |
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Steps to strengthen coronal tooth structure |
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741 | (3) |
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Strengthening of root structure |
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744 | (1) |
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Steps to strengthening the root structure |
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745 | (3) |
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748 | (1) |
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749 | (1) |
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749 | (3) |
| 28 Orthodontic Management of the Traumatized Dentition |
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752 | (40) |
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752 | (1) |
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Orthodontic treatment planning |
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753 | (6) |
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Treatment principles for various trauma types |
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759 | (5) |
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764 | (15) |
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779 | (6) |
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785 | (2) |
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787 | (5) |
| 29 Restoration of Traumatized Teeth with Resin Composites |
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792 | (15) |
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Long-term prognosis of resin composite restorations |
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792 | (1) |
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793 | (4) |
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797 | (1) |
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Critical points in the restorative procedure |
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798 | (6) |
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804 | (1) |
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804 | (3) |
| 30 Restorations Using Porcelain Laminate Veneers |
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807 | (17) |
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807 | (1) |
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807 | (2) |
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809 | (1) |
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Tooth preparation and veneer design |
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810 | (4) |
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814 | (1) |
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814 | (1) |
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815 | (5) |
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820 | (1) |
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821 | (3) |
| 31 Resin-Bonded Bridges and Conventional Bridges in the Anterior Region |
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824 | (10) |
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824 | (1) |
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824 | (4) |
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Disadvantages with tooth supported FDPs |
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828 | (1) |
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Prognosis of tooth supported FDPs, RBBs and implant-supported single crowns (ISC) |
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829 | (2) |
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Complications of FDPs, RBBs and ISC |
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831 | (1) |
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831 | (1) |
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832 | (2) |
| 32 Dentoalveolar Ankylosis, Decoronation and Alveolar Bone Preservation |
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834 | (19) |
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834 | (1) |
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The normal and damaged periodontal ligament |
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834 | (1) |
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Development of dentoalveolar ankylosis |
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835 | (1) |
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Clinical diagnosis of ankylosis |
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835 | (1) |
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Methods to prevent ankylosis |
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835 | (1) |
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835 | (1) |
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Ankylosis in adult patients |
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835 | (1) |
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Ankylosis in young, still growing, patient |
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836 | (1) |
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Infraposition (infraocclusion) |
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836 | (1) |
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Treatment options of infraposition |
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836 | (2) |
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838 | (1) |
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Alveolar bone development after decoronation of ankylosed teeth |
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838 | (8) |
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846 | (1) |
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Preservation of the alveolar process |
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847 | (2) |
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Implants and root remnants |
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849 | (1) |
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850 | (1) |
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850 | (3) |
| 33 Autotransplantation of Teeth to the Anterior Region |
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853 | (25) |
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853 | (1) |
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853 | (1) |
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854 | (8) |
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Orthodontic considerations |
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862 | (2) |
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Restorative considerations |
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864 | (8) |
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872 | (2) |
|
|
|
874 | (1) |
|
|
|
875 | (3) |
| 34 Strategies for Treatment of Tooth Loss after Trauma to the Anterior Region of Young Patients |
|
878 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
878 | (1) |
|
Growth of the anterior maxilla |
|
|
878 | (1) |
|
Prosthetic alternatives in the early mixed dentition |
|
|
879 | (1) |
|
Orthodontic space closure |
|
|
879 | (3) |
|
Important consideration when planning for later implant treatment |
|
|
882 | (4) |
|
|
|
886 | (1) |
|
|
|
886 | (2) |
| 35 Implant Therapy in the Esthetic Zone |
|
888 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Indications for dental implants in trauma patients |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
|
|
888 | (2) |
|
Biologic aspects in esthetic implant sites |
|
|
890 | (1) |
|
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
The concept of comfort and danger zones |
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
To create and maintain a harmonious soft tissue |
|
|
893 | (1) |
|
To create and maintain a harmonious alveolar process |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
Horizontal augmentation techniques |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
GBR technique: simultaneous approach |
|
|
895 | (2) |
|
GBR technique: staged approach |
|
|
897 | (3) |
|
Rationale for the described techniques |
|
|
900 | (1) |
|
Vertical augmentation techniques |
|
|
901 | (1) |
|
Segment osteotomy with interpositional graft |
|
|
902 | (1) |
|
|
|
902 | (3) |
|
|
|
905 | (1) |
|
|
|
905 | (7) |
| 36 Esthetic Considerations in Restoring the Traumatized Dentition: a Biologic Approach |
|
912 | (21) |
|
|
|
|
|
Tribute to Sverker Toreskog 1936-2013 |
|
|
912 | (1) |
|
|
|
912 | (1) |
|
Replacement of a missing maxillary central incisor |
|
|
912 | (14) |
|
Replacement of a missing maxillary lateral incisor |
|
|
926 | (1) |
|
|
|
927 | (1) |
|
Replacement after loss of multiple maxillary anterior teeth |
|
|
928 | (1) |
|
Restoring fractured teeth |
|
|
928 | (2) |
|
The Toreskog/Myrin concept |
|
|
930 | (1) |
|
|
|
930 | (1) |
|
|
|
931 | (2) |
| 37 Prevention of Dental and Oral Injuries |
|
933 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
933 | (3) |
|
Means to prevent dental maxillofacial injuries |
|
|
936 | (1) |
|
Appliances to prevent dental injuries |
|
|
936 | (13) |
|
Other applications for the use of mouthguards |
|
|
949 | (2) |
|
|
|
951 | (1) |
|
|
|
952 | (3) |
| 38 Prognosis of Traumatic Dental Injuries: Statistical Considerations |
|
955 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Identifying prognosis related factors |
|
|
955 | (1) |
|
Expressing prognosis quantitatively |
|
|
955 | (4) |
|
|
|
959 | (1) |
|
|
|
960 | (1) |
|
|
|
960 | (2) |
| 39 Splinting of Traumatized Teeth |
|
962 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
Influence of splinting on dental tissues |
|
|
962 | (1) |
|
Requirements for an acceptable splint |
|
|
963 | (1) |
|
|
|
963 | (1) |
|
Testing the mechanical properties of various splinting types |
|
|
963 | (5) |
|
Recommendations for splinting type and duration |
|
|
968 | (2) |
|
|
|
970 | (1) |
|
|
|
970 | (2) |
| 40 Bleaching of the Discolored Traumatized Tooth |
|
972 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Etiology of discoloration |
|
|
972 | (1) |
|
|
|
972 | (1) |
|
|
|
973 | (3) |
|
|
|
976 | (2) |
|
|
|
978 | (1) |
|
|
|
978 | (1) |
|
|
|
979 | (3) |
| 41 Economic Aspects of Traumatic Dental Injuries |
|
982 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
982 | (1) |
|
Costs of traumatic dental injuries |
|
|
982 | (1) |
|
|
|
983 | (4) |
|
|
|
987 | (2) |
|
|
|
989 | (3) |
| 42 Information to the Public, Patients and Emergency Services on Traumatic Dental Injuries |
|
992 | (17) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
992 | (1) |
|
|
|
992 | (1) |
|
Information aiming at increasing the knowledge on how to act at the place of accident |
|
|
993 | (6) |
|
Development of a public awareness campaign |
|
|
999 | (2) |
|
Information to emergency services |
|
|
1001 | (1) |
|
|
|
1001 | (3) |
|
|
|
1004 | (1) |
|
|
|
1004 | (5) |
| 43 Dental Trauma Guide |
|
1009 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
www.dentaltraumaguide.org |
|
|
1009 | (3) |
|
|
|
1012 | (2) |
|
|
|
1014 | (1) |
| 44 International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) |
|
1015 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1015 | (1) |
|
Start of the organization |
|
|
1015 | (1) |
|
|
|
1016 | (1) |
|
IADT Treatment Guidelines for Traumatic Dental Injuries |
|
|
1016 | (2) |
|
|
|
1018 | (2) |
| Appendix 1 |
|
1020 | (3) |
| Appendix 2 |
|
1023 | (1) |
| Appendix 3 |
|
1024 | (1) |
| Appendix 4 |
|
1025 | (2) |
| Index |
|
1027 | |
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