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E-grāmata: Textiles and Clothing: Environmental Concerns and Solutions

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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 16-Jul-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Scrivener
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119526667
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Textiles and Clothing: Environmental Concerns and SolutionsPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 16-Jul-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Scrivener
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119526667
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This timely and important book aims to help achieve a more sustainable textile industry; researchers from both textile and environmental domains will benefit from reading it.

Since it is imperative to rehabilitate our damaged environmental ecosystems, there is a pressing demand for more sustainable green processes in the textile and clothing industry. As a consequence, greater emphasis needs to be placed on research into eco-friendly processes particularly suited for this industry. With this goal in mind, all environmental aspects relating to the textile and clothing industry are discussed in this book in four broad areas:





Highlights the negative impact on the environment by textile industries; Discusses textiles finishing by natural or eco-friendly means; Promotes natural dyes as environment-friendly alternatives to synthetics; Reviews textile effluents remediation via chemical, physical and bioremediation.

Included in the 11 informative chapters are topics covering the correlation between the environment and the processing and utilization of textiles and clothing. The book opens with a discussion on the direct impact that the textile industry has on the environment. The hazardous environmental consequences that synthetic dyes used to color textiles have on the environment are highlighted in the next chapter. Greener alternatives to dyeing are discussed in detail in the next chapters followed by a discussion of eco-friendly ways of finishing textiles. The book concludes with a section of chapters providing solutions to address the environmental hazards associated with the textile industry.
Preface xiii
1 Introduction to Textiles and the Environment
1(10)
Mohd Shabbir
Masoom Nairn
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Textile Fiber Manufacturing/Processing and the Environment
3(1)
1.3 Textile Finishing and the Environment
4(1)
1.4 Dyeing and the Environment
4(1)
1.5 Technologies and Methods to Cure the Textile-Infected Environment
5(2)
1.6 Reuse of Wastewater from the Textile Industry
7(1)
1.7 Conclusion and Perspectives
7(4)
References
8(3)
2 Synthetic Dyes: A Threat to the Environment and Water Ecosystem
11(16)
Mohd Yusuf
2.1 Introduction
11(1)
2.2 Environmental Hazards Parallel to Dye Applications
12(6)
2.2.1 Impact on Human Health
13(2)
2.2.2 Impact on Growth of Crops and Plants
15(1)
2.2.3 Impact on Water Ecosystem
16(2)
2.3 Regulations and Toxicological Prospects of Synthetic Dyes
18(5)
2.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
23(4)
References
24(3)
3 In Search of Natural Dyes Towards Sustainability from the Regions of Africa (Akebu-Lan)
27(18)
S. Anuradha Jabasingh
3.1 Role of Natural Dyes in the Tradition of the African Continent
28(2)
3.2 Indigenous Sources of Natural Dyes
30(4)
3.3 Dyeing and Processing Techniques
34(2)
3.4 Fashion Fabric with Natural Colors
36(5)
3.5 Natural Shades for Environmental Sustainability: Application Aspects
41(1)
3.6 Conclusions
42(3)
References
42(3)
4 Revitalization of Carotenoid-Based Natural Colorants in Applied Field: A Short Review
45(34)
Fazal-ur-Rehman
Shahid Adeel
Kaleem Khan Khosa
Mahwish Salman
Atta-ul-Haq
Sana Rafi
4.1 Introduction of Natural Dyes
46(1)
4.2 Carotenoids as Natural Colorant
46(2)
4.3 Classification of Carotenoids
48(6)
4.3.1 Structure-Based Carotenoids
48(1)
4.3.1.1 Carotene
48(2)
4.3.1.2 Xanthophylls
50(3)
4.3.2 Color
53(1)
4.3.2.1 Red
53(1)
4.3.2.2 Yellow
53(1)
4.3.2.3 Orange
54(1)
4.4 Sources of Carotenoids as Natural Pigment
54(3)
4.4.1 Plants
54(2)
4.4.2 Microorganisms
56(1)
4.5 Functional Assets of Carotenoids
57(3)
4.5.1 Antioxidant Activity
58(1)
4.5.2 Antimicrobial Activity
59(1)
4.5.3 Photoprotection Property
60(1)
4.6 Extraction Phenomenon of Carotenoids
60(5)
4.6.1 Conventional Methods
60(1)
4.6.1.1 Solvent Method
61(1)
4.6.1.2 Soxhlet Method
61(1)
4.6.2 Advanced Methods
61(1)
4.6.2.1 Supercritical Fluid Method
62(1)
4.6.2.2 Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)
63(1)
4.6.2.3 Ultrasound Method
63(1)
4.6.2.4 Microwave Radiation
64(1)
4.6.2.5 Ultraviolet Radiation
64(1)
4.6.2.6 Gamma Radiation
64(1)
4.7 Potential Resurgence of Carotenoids in Textile
65(3)
4.7.1 Marigold
65(1)
4.7.2 Saffron
66(1)
4.7.3 Pepper
67(1)
4.7.4 Annatto
67(1)
4.7.5 Tomato
68(1)
4.7.6 Delonix regia
68(1)
4.7.7 Sweet Potato
68(1)
4.8 Conclusion
68(11)
Acknowledgments
69(1)
References
69(10)
5 Environmentally Sound Dyeing of Cellulose-Based Textiles
79(22)
Nabil A. Ibrahim
Basma M. Eid
Tawfik A. Khattab
5.1 Introduction
79(1)
5.2 Cellulose-Based Textiles
80(1)
5.3 Common Preparation Processes and Environmental Impacts
81(1)
5.4 Dyeing of Cellulosic Substrates
82(2)
5.5 Environmental Impacts of Conventional Dyeing
84(4)
5.6 Cleaner Production Opportunities
88(1)
5.7 Future Trends
89(12)
References
95(6)
6 Environmentally-Friendly Textile Finishing
101(30)
Mohammad Tajul Islam
Syed Asaduzzaman
6.1 Use of Enzymes in Textile Finishing
101(6)
6.1.1 Bio-Polish
102(2)
6.1.2 Anti-Felting
104(1)
6.1.3 Denim Washing
105(2)
6.1.4 Hydrophilic Finishing
107(1)
6.2 Easy Care
107(3)
6.2.1 Finish Containing Low "Free Formaldehyde"
108(1)
6.2.2 Non-Formaldehyde Finish
108(2)
6.3 Softening Finishes
110(3)
6.4 Repellent Finishes
113(2)
6.4.1 Short-Chain Fluorocarbon
114(1)
6.5 Flame-Retardant (FR) Finish
115(4)
6.5.1 Replacing Bromine
117(1)
6.5.2 Replacing Formaldehyde Chemistry
118(1)
6.5.3 Novel Surface Chemistries
119(1)
6.6 Ultraviolet (UV) Protection Finish
119(1)
6.7 Plasma Treatment
120(2)
6.7.1 Plasma Application on the Finishing of Natural Fibers
121(1)
6.7.2 Plasma Application on the Finishing of Synthetic Fibers
121(1)
6.8 Energy-Efficient and Water-Saving Finishing Processes
122(9)
6.8.1 Low Wet Pickup Methods
122(1)
6.8.2 Hotmelt Polymers/Adhesives
123(1)
6.8.3 Minimization of Energy Consumption of Stenter Frames
123(1)
6.8.4 Emerging Processes
124(1)
References
124(7)
7 Functional Finishes for Cotton-Based Textiles: Current Situation and Future Trends
131(60)
Nabil A. Ibrahim
Basma M. Eid
Samar M. Sharaf
7.1 Introduction
131(2)
7.2 Easy Care Finishing
133(7)
7.2.1 Essential Properties of Finishing Agent
134(1)
7.2.2 Current Easy Care Finishing Agent
134(1)
7.2.3 Cross-Linking of Cellulose Structure
134(6)
7.2.4 Test Method
140(1)
7.3 Softening Finishes
140(10)
7.3.1 Desirable Properties
141(1)
7.3.2 Classification
142(1)
7.3.3 Chemical Structures
142(1)
7.3.4 Silicone Softeners
142(1)
7.3.4.1 Molecular Size
142(5)
7.3.4.2 Reactivity
147(1)
7.3.4.3 Chemical Structure
147(1)
7.3.5 Mode of Interaction
147(1)
7.3.6 Evaluation of the Performance of the Soft Finish
147(3)
7.4 Hydrophobic and Oleophobic Functional Finishes
150(1)
7.4.1 Mode of Actions
150(1)
7.4.2 Water-and Oil-Repellent Finishing Agents
151(1)
7.4.3 Test Methods
151(1)
7.5 Flame- Retardant Functional Finish
151(9)
7.5.1 Factors Affecting Functionalization
155(1)
7.5.2 Major Requirements
155(1)
7.5.3 Mode of Action
155(2)
7.5.4 Flame-Retardant Types
157(3)
7.5.5 Test Methods
160(1)
7.6 Antimicrobial Finish
160(8)
7.6.1 Mode of Action
160(1)
7.6.2 Requirement of Antimicrobial Finishes
161(1)
7.6.3 Antimicrobial Agents
161(1)
7.6.4 Methods of Application
161(1)
7.6.5 Test Methods
161(7)
7.7 UV Protection Functional Finishes
168(3)
7.7.1 Factors Affecting UV-Blocking Ability
168(1)
7.7.2 UV-Protection Mechanisms
168(1)
7.7.3 Application Methods
168(3)
7.7.4 Evaluation of UV-Protection Textiles
171(1)
7.8 Recent Developments in Functional Finishes
171(1)
7.9 Future Trends
171(20)
References
179(12)
8 Remediation of Textile Effluents via Physical and Chemical Methods for a Safe Environment
191(44)
Shumaila Kiran
Sofia Nosheen
Shazia Abrar
Sadia Javed
Nosheen Aslant
Gulnaz Afzal
Ikram Ahmad
Farhat Ijaz
8.1 Physical Methods for the Wastewater Treatment Processes
192(19)
8.1.1 Screening Removal System
192(1)
8.1.1.1 Types of Screens
192(1)
8.1.1.2 Coarse Screens
193(1)
8.1.1.3 Cleaned Screens through Hand
193(1)
8.1.1.4 Cleaned Screens through Mechanical Process
193(1)
8.1.1.5 Fine Screens
194(1)
8.1.1.6 Micro Screens
195(1)
8.1.2 Grit Chamber
195(1)
8.1.3 Skimming Tank
196(1)
8.1.4 Solids Separation through Sedimentation
197(1)
8.1.4.1 Parameters Influencing Sedimentation
197(1)
8.1.4.2 Types of Sedimentation Tank
197(1)
8.1.5 Filtration
198(1)
8.1.5.1 Membrane Technology
199(1)
8.1.5.2 Microfiltration
200(1)
8.1.5.3 Ultrafiltration (UF)
200(1)
8.1.5.4 Nanofiltration
201(1)
8.1.6 Reverse Osmosis
202(1)
8.1.7 Adsorption
203(1)
8.1.7.1 Adsorption by Activated Carbon (AC)
204(1)
8.1.7.2 Adsorption by Peat
205(1)
8.1.7.3 Absorption by Wood Chips
205(1)
8.1.7.4 Adsorption by Fly Ash and Coal (Mixture)
206(1)
8.1.7.5 Adsorption by Silica Gel
207(1)
8.1.8 Electro-Kinetic Coagulation
207(1)
8.1.9 Coagulation and Flocculation
208(1)
8.1.10 Ion Exchangers
209(2)
8.2 Chemical Methods for Wastewater Treatment
211(10)
8.2.1 Precipitation
211(1)
8.2.2 Flotation
211(1)
8.2.3 Neutralization
212(1)
8.2.4 Oxidation/Reduction
212(1)
8.2.5 Advanced Oxidation Process
213(1)
8.2.6 Cucurbituril
213(3)
8.2.7 Ozonation
216(2)
8.2.8 Photochemical Process
218(2)
8.2.9 Chlorination
220(1)
8.3 Conclusion
221(14)
Acknowledgments
222(1)
References
222(13)
9 Fenton and Photo-Fenton Oxidation for the Remediation of Textile Effluents: An Experimental Study
235(18)
Zubera Naseem
Haq Nawaz Bhatti
Munawar Iqbal
Saima Noreen
Muhammad Zahid
9.1 Introduction
236(1)
9.2 Materials and Methods
237(1)
9.3 Results and Discussion
237(8)
9.3.1 Effect of pH
237(2)
9.3.2 Effect of Contact Time
239(1)
9.3.3 Effect of Fe+2 Concentrations
240(1)
9.3.4 Effect of H2O2 Dose
241(1)
9.3.5 Effect of Initial Dye Concentration
242(1)
9.3.6 Effect of Temperature
243(1)
9.3.7 Effect of UV Radiation
244(1)
9.4 Kinetic Modeling
245(2)
9.4.1 Comparison of First-Order, Second-Order, and Behnajady-Modirshahla-Ghanbery Kinetic Models for AO3
245(2)
9.4.2 Comparison of First-Order, Second-Order, and Behnajady-Modirshahla-Ghanbery (BMG) Kinetic Models for AY 216 at Different Intensities of UV Radiation at a Wavelength of 365 nm
247(1)
9.5 Conclusions
247(6)
References
249(4)
10 Recent Advances in the Processing of Modern Methods and Techniques for Textile Effluent Remediation---A Review
253(36)
Sabiyah Akhter
Luqman Jameel Rather
Showkat A.H. Ganie
Ovas Ahmad Dar
Qazi Parvaiz Hassan
10.1 Introduction
254(1)
10.2 Pollution Problems with Associated Human Health and Environmental Risks
254(6)
10.3 Types of Textile Effluents
260(1)
10.4 Effluent Treatment
261(1)
10.5 Traditional/Conventional Physicochemical Methods for Effluent Removal
262(10)
10.5.1 Physical Methods
262(1)
10.5.1.1 Adsorption Process
262(3)
10.5.1.2 Irradiation
265(1)
10.5.1.3 Electro-Kinetic Coagulation
266(1)
10.5.1.4 Membrane Filtration/Separation
266(1)
10.5.2 Chemical Methods (Advanced Oxidative Processes)
267(1)
10.5.2.1 H202-Fe (II) Salts (Fenton's Reagent)
268(1)
10.5.2.2 Ozonation
269(1)
10.5.2.3 Photochemical Oxidation
270(1)
10.5.2.4 Sodium Hypochlorite
271(1)
10.5.2.5 Electrochemical Oxidation
271(1)
10.6 Biopolymers as Potential Wastewater Management Alternative
272(4)
10.7 Conclusion
276(13)
Acknowledgment
277(1)
References
278(11)
11 Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater Using Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration Technique (MEUF): A Brief Review
289(28)
Amnah Yusaf
Shahid Adeel
Muhammad Usman
Asim Mansha
Matloob Ahmad
11.1 Introduction
290(1)
11.2 Removal of Single Metals by MEUF
291(10)
11.2.1 Removal of Arsenic
291(1)
11.2.2 Removal of Cadmium
292(2)
11.2.3 Removal of Copper
294(1)
11.2.4 Removal of Chromium
295(1)
11.2.5 Removal of Uranium
295(1)
11.2.6 Removal of Gold
295(1)
11.2.7 Removal of Iron
296(1)
11.2.8 Removal of Lead
296(1)
11.2.9 Removal of Nickel
297(1)
11.2.10 Removal of Manganese
298(1)
11.2.11 Removal of the Platinum Group
298(1)
11.2.12 Removal of Americium
298(1)
11.2.13 Removal of Aluminum
298(1)
11.2.14 Removal of Palladium
298(1)
11.2.15 Removal of Zinc
299(1)
11.2.16 Removal of Metals in the Presence of Other Metals
299(2)
11.3 Factors Affecting the Efficiency of MEUF
301(5)
11.3.1 Effects of Surfactant Concentrations
301(1)
11.3.2 The Effect of Ratio of Concentration of Surfactant to Metal Ion (S/M)
302(1)
11.3.3 The Effect of Mixed Micellization
302(1)
11.3.4 Effect of pH Value
302(1)
11.3.5 Effects of Electrolytes
303(1)
11.3.6 Effects of Transmembrane Pressure
303(1)
11.3.7 Effect of Temperature
304(1)
11.3.8 Effect of Nature of Membrane
304(1)
11.3.9 The Effect of Concentration of Metal Ion in Feed
304(1)
11.3.10 The Effect of Operating Time
305(1)
11.3.11 The Effect of Rate of Feed Flow
305(1)
11.3.12 Effect of Applied Pressure
305(1)
11.3.13 Effect of Initial Concentration of Metal Ions
306(1)
11.4 Surfactant Recovery from Retentate
306(1)
11.5 Summary (in Tabulated Form)
306(4)
11.6 Conclusions
310(7)
References
310(7)
Index 317
Mohd Shabbir obtained his PhD degree in the field of natural dyes application on textiles from Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India in 2017. He is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Sanskriti University, Mathura, India where his main research focus is in natural dyes, nanomaterials for textiles, smart textiles, textiles chemistry and bio-synthesis of functional compounds for textiles.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
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