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E-grāmata: Therapeutic Dressings and Wound Healing Applications

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The latest research on techniques for effective healing of chronic and difficult to heal wounds

The healing of chronic wounds is a global medical concern, specifically for patients suffering from obesity and type II diabetes. Therapeutic Dressing and Wound Healing Applications is an essential text for research labs, industry professionals, and general clinical practitioners that want to make the shift towards advanced therapeutic dressing and groundbreaking wound application for better healing.

This book takes a clinical and scientific approach to wound healing, and includes recent case studies to highlight key points and areas of improvement. It is divided into two key sections that include insight into the biochemical basis of wounds, as well as techniques and recent advancements. Chapters include information on: 

&;      Debridement and disinfection properties of wound dressing

&;      Biofilms, silver nanoparticles, and honey dressings

&;      Clinical perspectives for treating diabetic wounds

&;      Treating mixed infections

&;      Wound healing and tissue regeneration treatments

&;      Gene based therapy, 3D bioprinting and freeze-dried wafers 

Anyone looking to update and improve the treatment of chronic wounds for patients will find the latest pertinent information in Therapeutic Dressing and Wound Healing Applications.

List of Contributors
xiii
Series Preface xvii
Preface xix
1 Chronic Wound Healing: Molecular and Biochemical Basis
1(20)
Sophia Tate
Keith Harding
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Acute Wound Healing
1(2)
1.3 Categories of Chronic Wound
3(1)
1.3.1 Pressure Ulcers
3(1)
1.3.2 Venous Stasis Ulcers
4(1)
1.3.3 Ischaemic Ulcers
4(1)
1.3.4 Diabetic Foot Ulcers
4(1)
1.4 How a Chronic Wound Develops: Intrinsic Components
4(9)
1.4.1 Cell Phenotype
5(1)
1.4.2 Immune Cells and Inflammatory Mediators
6(2)
1.4.3 Reactive Oxygen Species
8(1)
1.4.4 Growth Factors
8(4)
1.4.5 The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases
12(1)
1.5 How a Chronic Wound Develops: Extrinsic Factors
13(2)
1.5.1 Infection
13(1)
1.5.2 Nutrition
13(1)
1.5.3 Tobacco Smoking
14(1)
1.5.4 Hypoxia and Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury
15(1)
1.6 Concluding Remarks
15(6)
References
16(5)
2 Clinical Perspectives for Treating Chronic Wounds
21(22)
Barun Majumder
Kirstie Lane
Diane Beck
Sandeep Singh
Duniya Majumder
2.1 Background
21(1)
2.2 Aetiology of Diabetic Foot Ulcers
22(1)
2.3 Standard of Care for Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers
22(1)
2.4 Commonly Used Wound Dressings for Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Their Mechanism of Action
22(1)
2.5 Absorbent and Superabsorbent Dressings
23(1)
2.6 Alginates
23(1)
2.7 Films
23(1)
2.8 Foams
24(1)
2.9 Honeys
24(1)
2.10 Hydrogels
25(1)
2.11 The Role of a Split Thickness Skin Graft in Diabetic Foot Ulcers
25(1)
2.12 Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
25(2)
2.13 Larval Therapy
27(1)
2.14 Clinical Case Studies from Multidisciplinary Diabetic Foot Clinic
27(12)
2.14.1 Neuropathic Wound
27(2)
2.14.2 Ischaemic Wound
29(2)
2.14.3 Neuro-Ischaemic Wound
31(2)
2.14.4 Osteomyelitis
33(2)
2.14.5 Charcot's Foot
35(1)
2.14.6 Necrotising Fasciitis in a Patient with Diabetes
36(3)
2.15 Summary
39(4)
Acknowledgements
39(1)
References
39(4)
3 Prediction, Prevention, Assessment, and Management of Skin Tears in the Aging Population
43(16)
Kimberly LeBlanc
Karen Campbell
3.1 Introduction
43(1)
3.2 Skin Tear Prevalence and Incidence
44(1)
3.3 Predicting Skin Tears
45(2)
3.4 Prevention
47(2)
3.5 ISTAP Risk Reduction Program
49(3)
3.5.1 General Health
49(1)
3.5.2 Mobility
50(1)
3.5.3 Skin
51(1)
3.6 Assessment
52(2)
3.7 Management
54(1)
3.8 Treatment
54(1)
3.9 Conclusion
55(4)
References
55(4)
4 Importance of Debriding and Wound Cleansing Agents in Wound Healing
59(32)
Gwendolyn Cazander
Bianca K. den Ottelander
Sandra Kamga
Martijn C.H.A. Doomen
Tim H.C. Damen
Anne Marie E. van Well
4.1 What is Debridement?
59(1)
4.2 The History of Debridement
59(1)
4.3 Why Undertake Debridement?
60(2)
4.4 Debridement Techniques and Wound Cleansing Agents
62(19)
4.4.1 Mechanical Debridement
62(10)
4.4.2 Biological Debridement
72(2)
4.4.3 Enzymatic Debridement
74(3)
4.4.4 Autolytic Debridement
77(2)
4.4.5 Wound Cleansing
79(1)
4.4.6 Other Debridement Therapies
80(1)
4.5 What is the Future of Debridement?
81(10)
References
82(9)
5 Treatment of Mixed Infections in Wounds
91(24)
Asif Ahmed
Joshua Boateng
5.1 Introduction
91(3)
5.1.1 Wound Healing Process
92(1)
5.1.2 Types of Chronic Wounds
92(2)
5.2 Prevalence of Mixed Infections
94(6)
5.2.1 Bacterial-Fungal Interactions
95(3)
5.2.2 Bacterial-Bacterial Interactions
98(1)
5.2.3 Host Responses to Mixed Infections and Drug Resistance
99(1)
5.3 Management of Mixed Infected Wounds
100(4)
5.3.1 Clinical and Microbiological Diagnosis
101(1)
5.3.2 Debridement and Cleansing
101(1)
5.3.3 Antimicrobial Therapies
102(2)
5.3.4 Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
104(1)
5.3.5 Phage Therapy
104(1)
5.4 Summary and Future Perspectives
104(11)
References
105(10)
6 Treatment of Biofilms in Infected Wounds
115(22)
Philip Debrah
Awo Afi Kwapong
Mansa Fredua-Agyeman
6.1 Introduction
115(1)
6.2 Why and How Biofilms Form
116(2)
6.3 Wound Biofilms
118(1)
6.3.1 Wound Healing
119(1)
6.4 Biofilms and Wounds
119(7)
6.4.1 Simulation of Biofilms in Wounds
120(6)
6.5 Treatment of Biofilms in Wounds
126(2)
6.5.1 Biofilm Eradication
126(2)
6.5.2 Current Treatment Protocols
128(1)
6.6 Clinical Examples
128(1)
6.7 Summary
128(9)
References
130(7)
7 Freeze-Dried Wafers for Wound Healing
137(20)
Shiow-Fern Ng
7.1 Introduction
137(1)
7.2 Wafer as a Modern Wound Dressing
138(1)
7.3 Freeze-Drying Process
139(1)
7.4 Wafer Preparation
140(1)
7.5 Wafer Assessments
141(5)
7.5.1 Morphology
142(2)
7.5.2 Swelling Index
144(1)
7.5.3 Mechanical Properties
145(1)
7.5.4 In Vitro Drug Release
145(1)
7.5.5 Cell Viability
146(1)
7.6 Wafer Biopolymers
146(4)
7.6.1 Alginate
147(1)
7.6.2 Chitosan
148(1)
7.6.3 Carboxymethylcellulose
149(1)
7.7 Conclusion
150(7)
References
150(7)
8 Silver and Silver Nanoparticle-Based Antimicrobial Dressings
157(28)
Joshua Boateng
Ovidio Catanzano
8.1 Introduction
157(10)
8.1.1 Brief History of Silver as an Antibiotic
159(1)
8.1.2 Mechanism of Action
160(4)
8.1.3 Bacterial Resistance to Silver
164(3)
8.2 Silver Dressings in Wound Healing
167(8)
8.2.1 Silver-Based Antimicrobial Dressings
169(1)
8.2.2 Silver Nanoparticle-Based Antimicrobial Dressings
170(5)
8.3 Cost-Effectiveness of Silver Dressings
175(1)
8.4 Concluding Remarks
176(9)
References
177(8)
9 Hydrogel Dressings
185(24)
Galiya S. Irmukhametova
Grigoriy A. Mun
Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy
9.1 Introduction
185(2)
9.1.1 Classification by Origin of Materials Used to Prepare Hydrogels
186(1)
9.1.2 Classification by Composition and Structure of Hydrogels
186(1)
9.1.3 Classification by the Type of Cross-Linking
187(1)
9.1.4 Classification Based on the Shape and Dimensions of Hydrogels
187(1)
9.1.5 Classification Based on the Charge of Macromolecules Forming Hydrogels
187(1)
9.1.6 Classification Based on Functional Properties of the Hydrogels
187(1)
9.2 Mechanism of Hydrogel Swelling
187(4)
9.2.1 Swelling of Temperature-Sensitive Hydrogels and Their Application in Wound Healing
189(1)
9.2.2 Swelling of Light-Sensitive Hydrogels
190(1)
9.2.3 Swelling of Electro-Sensitive Hydrogels
191(1)
9.3 Application of Hydrogels as Wound Dressings
191(2)
9.4 Industrial Methods for the Synthesis of Hydrogels for Wound Dressings
193(5)
9.4.1 Polymerization Methods
193(2)
9.4.2 Cross-Linking of Polymers
195(3)
9.5 Antimicrobial Hydrogels with Special Additives
198(2)
9.6 Conclusion
200(9)
Acknowledgments
201(1)
References
201(8)
10 Gene Therapy for the Treatment of Chronic Wounds
209(26)
Marcos Garcia-Fuentes
10.1 Introduction
209(1)
10.2 Pharmacodynamics of Gene Therapy in Chronic Wounds
210(2)
10.2.1 Signalling Supplementation
210(1)
10.2.2 Pathway Inhibition
211(1)
10.3 Administration Routes and Methods
212(1)
10.3.1 Systemic Delivery
212(1)
10.3.2 Topical Delivery
212(1)
10.3.3 Intralesional Delivery
213(1)
10.4 Gene Delivery Systems
213(8)
10.4.1 Physical Methods
214(1)
10.4.2 Viral Vectors
215(2)
10.4.3 Chemical Delivery Systems
217(3)
10.4.4 Gene-Activated Matrices
220(1)
10.5 Clinical Evaluation
221(5)
10.6 Conclusion
226(9)
Acknowledgements
226(1)
References
227(8)
11 Honey in Wound Healing
235(20)
Emi Maruhashi
11.1 The History of Honey
235(1)
11.2 Composition
236(1)
11.3 Honey Research
236(1)
11.4 Medical Grade Honey
237(1)
11.5 Modes of Action
238(4)
11.6 Applications and Specific Wound Types
242(4)
11.7 Practical Considerations
246(1)
11.8 Novel Concepts and Conclusions
247(8)
References
248(7)
12 Regeneration Using Tissue Engineered Skin Strategies
255(36)
Lucilia P. da Silva
Mariana T. Cerqueira
Alexandra P. Marques
12.1 Introduction
255(1)
12.2 Skin Physiology and Wounding
256(2)
12.3 Skin Tissue Engineering
258(1)
12.4 Evolving Skin Tissue Engineering Strategies
259(23)
12.4.1 Balancing the Inflammatory Phase
261(2)
12.4.2 Enhancement of Re-Epithelialization
263(6)
12.4.3 Target of Dermal Matrix Synthesis and Remodeling
269(1)
12.4.4 Re-Establishment of the Vascular Network
270(10)
12.4.5 Innervation Shaping
280(1)
12.4.6 Appendages and Pigmentation
281(1)
12.5 Conclusion
282(9)
References
283(8)
13 Local Delivery of Growth Factors Using Wound Dressings
291(24)
Ovidio Catanzano
Joshua Boateng
13.1 Wound Dressings as Delivery Platforms for Growth Factors
291(1)
13.2 Growth Factors Involved in the Wound Healing Process
292(4)
13.3 Local Delivery of Growth Factors Using Wound Dressings
296(3)
13.4 Integration of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Wound Dressings
299(1)
13.5 Enhancing Local Growth Factor Expression Using Gene Therapy
300(2)
13.6 Wound Delivery of Growth Factors from Living Systems
302(3)
13.7 Regulatory Considerations
305(1)
13.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
306(9)
References
307(8)
14 Electrospinning Technologies in Wound Dressing Applications
315(22)
Giuseppina Sandri
Silvia Rossi
Maria Cristina Bonferoni
Carla Caramella
Franca Ferrari
14.1 Introduction
315(1)
14.2 Basic Concept and Electrospinning Set-Up
316(2)
14.3 Parameters Affecting the Electrospinning Process
318(1)
14.4 Process Parameters
319(2)
14.4.1 Electric Field Strength
319(1)
14.4.2 Flow Rate
319(1)
14.4.3 Needle-to-Collector Distance
320(1)
14.4.4 Collector and Needle Types
320(1)
14.5 Solution Parameters
321(2)
14.5.1 Molecular Weight and Polymer Concentration
321(1)
14.5.2 Surface Tension
322(1)
14.5.3 Conductivity/Surface Charge Density
322(1)
14.5.4 Environmental Parameters
322(1)
14.6 Biomedical Applications of Nanofibrous Membranes
323(2)
14.6.1 Wound Dressings and Wound Healing
323(2)
14.6.2 Electrospun Dressings
325(1)
14.7 Chemicophysical and Biopharmaceutical Characterizations
325(2)
14.8 Dressing/Scaffold Parameters Affecting Cell Functions
327(1)
14.9 Materials for Fabricating Nanofibers
328(5)
14.9.1 Biopolymers
328(5)
14.10 Concluding Remarks
333(4)
References
333(4)
15 The Place of Biomaterials in Wound Healing
337(30)
Annalisa Bianchera
Ovidio Catanzano
Joshua Boateng
Lisa Elviri
15.1 Introduction to Biomaterials for Wound Healing
337(2)
15.1.1 Definition of Biomaterials
337(1)
15.1.2 Functional Requirements of Wound Repair Biomaterials
338(1)
15.1.3 Classification of Biomaterials Commonly Used in Wound Healing
338(1)
15.2 Synthetic Biomaterials for Wound Healing
339(4)
15.2.1 Polyurethanes and their Derivatives
340(1)
15.2.2 Poly L-Lactic Acid
340(1)
15.2.3 Poly(Ethylene Glycol)
341(1)
15.2.4 Polycaprolactone
341(1)
15.2.5 Poly(Glycolic Acid) and Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid)
342(1)
15.3 Natural Biomaterials for Wound Healing
343(7)
15.3.1 Polysaccharide-Based Biomaterials
343(5)
15.3.2 Protein-Based Biomaterials
348(2)
15.4 Application of Biomaterials in Wound Healing
350(7)
15.4.1 Traditional and Impregnated Dressings
350(2)
15.4.2 Hydrogels
352(1)
15.4.3 Film Dressings
353(1)
15.4.4 Foam Dressings
354(1)
15.4.5 Nanofiber-Based Dressings
355(1)
15.4.6 Three-Dimensional Printed Dressings
356(1)
15.5 New Trends in Biomaterials for Wound Healing
357(1)
15.5.1 Extracellular Matrix-Derived Biomaterials
357(1)
15.5.2 Tissue Engineered Skin Substitutes
357(1)
15.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
358(9)
References
359(8)
16 Wound Dressings and Pressure Ulcers
367(18)
Michael Clark
16.1 Overview
367(1)
16.2 Introduction to Pressure Ulcers
367(2)
16.3 The Impact of Pressure Ulcers
369(1)
16.4 Managing Pressure Ulcers
370(1)
16.5 Wound Dressings in Pressure Ulcer Treatment
371(6)
16.6 Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Wound Dressings
377(3)
16.6.1 Pressure Ulcers at the Nose
378(1)
16.6.2 Pressure Ulcers at the Heel
378(1)
16.6.3 Pressure Ulcers at the Sacrum
378(2)
16.7 Conclusions
380(5)
References
380(5)
17 3D Printed Scaffolds for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration
385(14)
Atabak Ghanizadeh Tabriz
Dennis Douroumis
Joshua Boateng
17.1 Introduction
385(1)
17.2 3D Printing
386(1)
17.3 Laser-Based Bioprinting
387(2)
17.4 Jet-Based Printing
389(2)
17.5 Extrusion-Based Printing
391(2)
17.6 Hybrid Printing
393(2)
17.7 Conclusions
395(4)
References
395(4)
Index 399
Edited by

Joshua Boateng received his Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences (Drug Delivery and Formulation) at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, under a Pfizer-sponsored project to develop novel formulations for wound healing applications. He has authored more than 70 peer-reviewed scientific publications and is on the Editorial Board of 3 international scientific journals, including the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. He won the 2009 University of Greenwich Early Career Research Award and has reviewed for more than 60 international scientific journals. He is currently a Reader (Associate Professor) in Pharmaceutical Science and Formulation Technologies at the University of Greenwich.
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