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xii | |
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xiv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvi | |
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1 | (44) |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (5) |
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1.2 Adult Second Language Acquisition: Acquisition Potential and L1 Effects |
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8 | (9) |
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1.2.1 Can Grammatical Representations Distinct from One's Native Language Be Acquired in Adulthood? |
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12 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Is There a Critical Period for Adult Normative Language? |
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14 | (3) |
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1.3 Who Is a Multilingual? |
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17 | (6) |
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1.4 Linguistic Transfer as a Construct |
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23 | (4) |
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1.5 Previous Language Experience ≠ Metalinguistic Knowledge |
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27 | (4) |
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1.6 The Scientific Method in L3 Theorizing: Predictions and Falsifiabity |
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31 | (9) |
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1.7 Theory Building and the Importance of Solid Foundations |
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40 | (2) |
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1.8 Taking Stock: The What, When, How and Why of Transfer in L3 Acquisition |
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42 | (3) |
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2 Theoretical Approaches to Sequential Multilingualism |
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45 | (30) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (15) |
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2.1.1 Generative Approaches |
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47 | (4) |
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2.1.2 Usage-Based Approaches |
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51 | (5) |
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56 | (2) |
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2.1.4 Dynamic Systems Theory |
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58 | (3) |
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2.2 Sociolinguistic Approaches |
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61 | (6) |
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2.3 Educational Approaches |
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67 | (6) |
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2.4 Taking Stock: Multiple Perspectives, Multiple Interactions |
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73 | (2) |
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3 Multilingual Lexis (Acquisition and Processing) and Phonology |
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75 | (41) |
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75 | (1) |
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3.1 One Brain, Multiple Languages |
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76 | (4) |
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3.2 Processing and the Multilingual Lexicon |
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80 | (19) |
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3.2.1 Language (Non)Selectivity in Lexical Access |
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81 | (6) |
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3.2.2 Lexical Representation and Incorporation in Multilingual ism |
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87 | (8) |
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3.2.3 Verbal Fluency and Processing Speed |
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95 | (4) |
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3.3 Lexical Acquisition in a Third or Further Language |
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99 | (8) |
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3.4 Phonology in L3/Ln Acquisition |
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107 | (5) |
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112 | (4) |
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4 Transfer in Multilingual Morphosy ntax |
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116 | (72) |
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116 | (2) |
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4.1 Transfer in L2 Acquisition |
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118 | (3) |
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4.2 Current L3/Ln Transfer Models |
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121 | (33) |
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4.2.1 The Default L1 Transfer Scenario |
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121 | (6) |
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4.2.2 The L2 Status Factor |
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127 | (7) |
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4.2.3 The Cumulative Enhancement Model |
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134 | (7) |
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4.2.4 The Linguistic Proximity Model |
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141 | (6) |
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147 | (7) |
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4.3 The Typological Primacy Model |
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154 | (29) |
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4.3.1 The Framework: Why Wholesale Transfer? |
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155 | (5) |
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4.3.2 Why the TPM Rejects the Role of Consciousness in Determining Typological Similarity |
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160 | (1) |
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4.3.3 How Does the Parser Determine Typological Proximity? |
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161 | (6) |
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167 | (15) |
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4.3.5 Conclusions about the TPM |
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182 | (1) |
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4.4 Taking Stock: Moving Toward an Overview of What the Available Data Can Tell Us |
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183 | (5) |
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5 A Review of Published Work |
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188 | (59) |
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188 | (3) |
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5.1 Why a Systematic Review? |
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191 | (2) |
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5.2 Study Retrieval and Inclusion Criteria |
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193 | (1) |
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5.3 Demographics of Included Studies |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (15) |
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198 | (9) |
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5.4.2 Methodological Factors |
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207 | (4) |
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5.5 Results: Correlations of Methodological Variables within Each Macro-Variable Category |
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211 | (12) |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (2) |
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5.5.3 Typological Transfer |
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217 | (3) |
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220 | (1) |
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5.5.5 Nonfacilitative Transfer |
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221 | (2) |
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5.6 Interpreting the Data: Contcxtualizing and Understanding What Correlations Mean for Subsets and the Superset of Studies |
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223 | (12) |
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5.7 Implications of Methodological Choice: A Snapshot from the Existing Literature |
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235 | (8) |
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243 | (4) |
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6 Moving On and Going Forward in L3/Ln Acquisition |
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247 | (16) |
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247 | (1) |
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6.1 Is Transfer the Same in L3 Acquisition for All Bilingual Types? |
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248 | (4) |
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250 | (2) |
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6.2 Consequences for the LI and L2: Does the L3 Affect Them in the Same Way? |
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252 | (2) |
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6.3 Is It Easier to Overcome LI versus L2 Transfer during L3 Development? |
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254 | (2) |
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6.4 A Note on Cross-Module Converging Evidence |
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256 | (2) |
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6.5 Complementary Evidence from Neurolinguistic Methodologies |
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258 | (3) |
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6.6 Taking Stock: A Few Closing Points |
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261 | (2) |
Appendix A |
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263 | (4) |
Appendix B |
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267 | (3) |
Appendix C |
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270 | (3) |
References |
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273 | (46) |
Index |
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319 | |