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Time And Age: Time Machines, Relativity And Fossils [Hardback]

(University Of York, Uk)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 248 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 27-Apr-2015
  • Izdevniecība: Imperial College Press
  • ISBN-10: 1783265833
  • ISBN-13: 9781783265831
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  • Cena: 83,33 €
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Time And Age: Time Machines, Relativity And FossilsPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 248 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 27-Apr-2015
  • Izdevniecība: Imperial College Press
  • ISBN-10: 1783265833
  • ISBN-13: 9781783265831
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781783265831.html
Keywords:
Time and Age explores how time is defined by man. It follows the development of our means for measuring time from early methods using the flow of water or the steady burning of candles through to the atomic clock that records time with incredible precision.The classical idea of time as something that progresses at a uniform rate and as something that is the same to all observers was overturned by Einstein's Theory of Relativity. The conclusions coming from this theory are described, including the anti-intuitive twin paradox where one twin, returning from a journey to a distant star, is younger than his twin brother.Also covered is how age can be determined in a wide range of situations, such as how we work out the age of the Universe to how we calculate the age of artefacts that are just a few centuries old.
Introduction v
The Measurement of Time
Chapter 1 Astronomical Time
3(16)
1.1 Early Concepts of Time
3(1)
1.2 The Day
4(2)
1.3 The Month
6(2)
1.4 The Year
8(1)
1.5 The Influence of Time on Life
8(4)
1.5.1 Plants and time
8(2)
1.5.2 Animals and time
10(1)
1.5.3 Humans and time
11(1)
1.6 Calendars
12(4)
1.6.1 The Sumerian calendar
12(1)
1.6.2 The Mayan calendar
13(1)
1.6.3 The Roman, Julian and Gregorian calendars
14(2)
1.7 The Changing of the Seasons
16(3)
Chapter 2 Early Recording of Time
19(18)
2.1 Sundials
19(6)
2.1.1 The equatorial sundial
19(4)
2.1.2 The equation of time
23(1)
2.1.3 Other designs of sundials
24(1)
2.2 Candle Clocks
25(3)
2.3 Water Clocks
28(9)
2.3.1 Outflow water clocks
29(2)
2.3.2 Inflow water clocks
31(2)
2.3.3 Mechanized water clocks
33(4)
Chapter 3 Mechanical Clocks
37(18)
3.1 The Salisbury Cathedral Clock
37(2)
3.2 Pendulum-Controlled Clocks
39(5)
3.3 Navigation and Time
44(9)
3.3.1 John Harrison and his sea clocks
47(4)
3.3.2 Harrison and his watches
51(2)
3.4 Modern Mechanical Watches
53(2)
Chapter 4 Modern Timekeeping
55(20)
4.1 Standards of Time
55(1)
4.2 Quartz Clocks
56(7)
4.2.1 The piezoelectric effect
57(2)
4.2.2 Resonance
59(2)
4.2.3 The essential mechanism of a quartz clock or watch
61(1)
4.2.4 The accuracy of a quartz timepiece
62(1)
4.3 The Atomic Clock
63(12)
4.3.1 Radiation from atoms and molecules
64(1)
4.3.2 The mechanism of an atomic clock
65(6)
4.3.3 Portable atomic clocks
71(4)
Time and Relativity
Chapter 5 Time and Space
75(22)
5.1 The Concept of Relativity
75(7)
5.1.1 Light and the ether
76(1)
5.1.2 An attempt to detect the ether
77(5)
5.2 Einstein's Postulate
82(3)
5.2.1 Physics at the beginning of the 20th century
83(2)
5.3 The Theories of Relativity and Their Consequences
85(12)
5.3.1 Spacetime
89(1)
5.3.2 Time and gravity
90(1)
5.3.3 Before, after or simultaneously?
91(6)
The Ages of Astronomical Entities
Chapter 6 The Age of the Universe
97(16)
6.1 Observing the Universe
97(1)
6.2 The Distances of Astronomical Objects
98(11)
6.2.1 The parallax method
98(3)
6.2.2 Main-sequence stars
101(2)
6.2.3 Using Cepheid variables
103(2)
6.2.4 The Doppler effect
105(1)
6.2.5 Spinning galaxies
106(2)
6.2.6 Using supernovae as standard sources
108(1)
6.3 Hubble and the Expanding Universe
109(4)
Chapter 7 The Ages of Globular Clusters and Young Stars
113(16)
7.1 Early Material in the Universe
113(1)
7.2 Clusters of Stars
114(3)
7.3 The Birth, Life and Death of a Star
117(6)
7.3.1 Collapse to the main sequence
118(2)
7.3.2 The Final Journey to Obscurity
120(3)
7.4 The Duration of the Main Sequence and the Age of Globular Clusters
123(1)
7.5 The Age of Evolving Young Stellar Objects
124(5)
Chapter 8 The Age of the Solar System
129(24)
8.1 A Brief Description of the Solar System
129(1)
8.2 Radioactivity
130(2)
8.3 Radioactive Dating: A Simple Procedure
132(2)
8.3.1 Reaction chains
134(1)
8.4 Some Important Decays for Age Determination
134(1)
8.5 Rocks, Grains and Minerals
134(2)
8.6 Examples of Dating Using Radioactive- Decay Systems
136(6)
8.6.1 The rubidium —> strontium system
137(1)
8.6.2 A mathematical treatment of the rubidium —> strontium system
138(2)
8.6.3 Uranium —> lead and thorium —> lead
140(1)
8.6.4 The mathematics of the lead—lead isochron
141(1)
8.7 The Age of the Earth
142(4)
8.8 The Mass Spectrometer
146(2)
8.9 The Age of the Solar System
148(5)
Ages on Earth
Chapter 9 The Age of the Continents
153(10)
9.1 The Mobile Earth
153(1)
9.2 The Evidence for Continental Drift
154(1)
9.3 The Mechanism of Continental Drift
155(5)
9.4 Plate Tectonics
160(1)
9.5 Defining the Age of Continents
161(2)
Chapter 10 The Ages of Fossils
163(14)
10.1 What is a Fossil?
163(3)
10.2 Stratigraphy
166(2)
10.3 Fossil Ages Determined from Surrounding Rocks
168(3)
10.4 The Use of Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)
171(3)
10.5 Fission Track Dating
174(1)
10.6 What is Learned from the Dating of Fossils?
174(3)
Chapter 11 The History of Life on Earth
177(26)
11.1 The Hadean Era (4,500-3,800 Ma BP)
177(1)
11.2 The Archaean Era (3,800-2,500 Ma BP)
178(1)
11.3 The Proterozoic Era (2,500-543 Ma BP)
178(1)
11.3.1 The Ediacaran period (600-543 Ma BP)
178(1)
11.4 The Paleozoic Era (543-251 Ma BP)
179(8)
11.4.1 The Cambrian period (543-488 Ma BP)
179(2)
11.4.2 The Ordovician period (488-444 Ma BP)
181(1)
11.4.3 The Silurian period (444-416 Ma BP)
182(1)
11.4.4 The Devonian period (416-360 Ma BP)
183(2)
11.4.5 The Carboniferous period (360-299 Ma BP)
185(2)
11.4.6 The Permian period (299-251 Ma BP)
187(1)
11.5 The Mesozoic Era (251-65.5 Ma BP)
187(5)
11.5.1 The Triassic period (251-200 Ma BP)
188(1)
11.5.2 The Jurassic period (200-145 Ma BP)
189(2)
11.5.3 The Cretaceous period (145-65.5 Ma BP)
191(1)
11.6 The Cenozoic Era (65.5 Ma BP to Present)
192(11)
11.6.1 The Tertiary period (65.5-1.8 Ma BP)
192(7)
11.6.1.1 The Palaeocene epoch (65.5-56 Ma BP)
192(1)
11.6.1.2 The Eocene epoch (56-34 Ma BP)
193(2)
11.6.1.3 The Oligocene epoch (34-23 Ma BP)
195(1)
11.6.1.4 The Miocene epoch (23-5.3 Ma BP)
196(1)
11.6.1.5 The Pliocene epoch (5.3-1.8 Ma BP)
197(2)
11.6.2 The Quaternary period (1.8 Ma BP to present)
199(6)
11.6.2.1 The Pleistocene epoch (1.8 Ma-11,500 years BP)
200(1)
11.6.2.2 The Holocene epoch (11,500 years BP to present)
201(2)
Chapter 12 The Ages of Archaeological Remains
203(22)
12.1 Archaeology and Palaeontology
203(1)
12.2 The Occurrence of Carbon-14 on Earth
204(1)
12.3 The Techniques of Radiocarbon Dating
205(3)
12.3.1 Removing contamination and preparation of samples
206(2)
12.4 The Beta-Counting Method
208(7)
12.4.1 Numerical aspects of beta-counting
210(2)
12.4.2 Sources of error in beta-counting
212(3)
12.5 The Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) Method
215(1)
12.6 The Role of Dendrochronology and Similar Techniques
216(5)
12.7 Thermoluminescence Dating
221(4)
Index 225