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E-grāmata: Towards an Ecological Intellectual Property: Reconfiguring Relationships Between People and Plants in Ecuador

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Towards an Ecological Intellectual Property: Reconfiguring Relationships Between People and Plants in EcuadorPalielināt
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This book focuses on analysing how legal systems set the terms for interactions between human beings and plants.

The story that the book recounts is one of experimental lawmaking in Ecuador, a country where over the past decade, governmental officials and civil society advocates have attempted to reconfigure how human individuals and institutions relate to nature, by following an "eco-centric" approach to lawmaking. In doing so, Ecuadorian legislators, administrators, and judges have taken seriously the ontologies of non-human entities, including plants, through a process that has required the continuous navigation of tensions with certain "logics" that pervade conventional legal regimes. The book endeavours to disrupt these conventional assumptions and approaches to lawmaking by taking seriously alternative strategies to reconstitute interactions between people and plants. In doing so, the book argues in favour of an "ecological turn" in laws that govern vegetal life. The analysis is based on a close examination of the experiences that lawmakers in Ecuador have had when experimenting with innovative approaches to re-form relationships between human and non-human beings. Concretely, these experiments have yielded constitutional, legislative, and regulatory changes that inform the inquiry of how intellectual property and plant genetic resources laws – both in Ecuador and worldwide – could become more "ecological" in nature.

The argument that the book develops is based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork and empirical research in Ecuador, complemented by archival and doctrinal legal analysis. The contents of the book will be of interest to an academic audience of legal scholars and postgraduate students in law, in addition to scholars and students in the fields of anthropology, sociology, socio-legal studies, and science and technology studies.



This book focuses on analysing how legal systems set the terms for interactions between human beings and plants.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements

Introduction

A Note on Methodology

Structure of the Book and
Chapter Summaries

Part 1: Conventional Approaches to the Governance of Human-Plant
Interactions

Chapter
1. Taking Plants Seriously in Law

1.1. Challenging the Epistemology of Plants

1.2. Recognising Nature as a Subject with Rights

1.3. Eco-centric Ecuador: Constitutional Protections for Pachamama

1.4. Towards an "Ecological Turn" in Law

Chapter
2. Turning Plants into Intellectual Property

2.1. Plants as Inventions

2.2. The Emergence of Systems for Plant Breeders Rights

2.3. Alternatives to the Plant Breeders Rights Model of Intellectual
Property for Plants

Chapter
3. Universalising an Instrumental Approach to Plants in Law

3.1. The Contraction of Policy Space for Intellectual Property Lawmaking

3.2. The Expansion of UPOV as Explained by Free Trade Agreements

Chapter
4. The Logic of Plant Genetic Resources

4.1. The End of the Common Heritage Approach

4.2. The Emergence of the Global Biodiversity Treaties

4.3. The Instrumental, Economic, and Proprietary Logics of Plant Genetic
Resources

Part 2: Experimenting with an Eco-Centric Approach: An Ecuadorian Story

Chapter
5. Reconfiguring Intellectual Property in Ecuador

5.1. The Ingenios Act: Intellectual Property Meets Sumak Kawsay

5.2. The Making of the Ingenios Act

5.3. The Aspirations of the Ingenios Act

5.4. The New Institutionalism of the Ingenios Act

5.5. The Ingenios Act: Reimagination or Recapitulation?

Chapter
6. The Ecuadorian Approach to Intellectual Property for Plants

6.1. The Reconstitution of the Plant Variety in the Ingenios Act

6.2. The Limits of Intellectual Property for Plants in the Ingenios Act

Chapter
7. Alternatives to Conventional Legal Imaginaries for Human-Plant
Interactions

7.1. Seed Law as an Alternative to Intellectual Property

7.2. Traditional Knowledge Protection as an Alternative to Intellectual
Property

7.3. Food Sovereignty as an Alternative to Intellectual Property

Chapter
8. Lessons from the Ecuadorian Experiment with an Ecological Turn in
Lawmaking

8.1. Pachamama Goes to Court: Adjudicating the Rights of Nature

8.2. What the Rights of Nature Jurisprudence Means for Plants

8.3. Lessons from Eco-Centric Experiments in Lawmaking

Bibliography

Appendix I: Tables

Appendix II: Figures
David J Jefferson is Research Fellow and Member of the Australian Research Council (ARC) Laureate Project Harnessing Intellectual Property to Build Food Security in the TC Beirne School of Law, The University of Queensland, Australia. David holds a PhD in Law from the University of Queensland and a JD from the University of California, Davis.
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