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Introduction to Reptilian Toxicology |
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1 | (9) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (6) |
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7 | (2) |
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Global Threats Affecting the Status of Reptile Populations |
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9 | (26) |
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10 | (2) |
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Life History Characteristics and Ecologic Traits Related to Decline Susceptibility |
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12 | (3) |
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Life Span and Sexual Maturity |
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12 | (2) |
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Detectability of Population Declines |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Threats Resulting from Alteration or Loss of Habitat |
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15 | (3) |
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Conversion to Agriculture |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Aquatic Habitat Alteration |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Threats Resulting from Nonanthropogenic Causes |
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18 | (2) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Commercial Exploitation and Unsustainable Use |
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20 | (3) |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (3) |
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Exotic and Invasive Species Introductions |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (9) |
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27 | (8) |
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Use of Tissue Residues in Reptile Ecotoxicology: A Call for Integration and Experimentalism |
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35 | (28) |
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35 | (3) |
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A Comment on Biological Effects |
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38 | (1) |
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A Call for Integration and Experimentalism |
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38 | (7) |
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Applying the Integrative Approach |
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45 | (9) |
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Mechanisms of Contaminant Uptake in Juveniles and Adults |
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45 | (2) |
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Mechanisms of Contaminant Uptake in Embryos |
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47 | (2) |
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Factors Influencing Accumulation and Distribution among Tissues |
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49 | (4) |
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Contaminant Transport in Ecologic Systems |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (9) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (7) |
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Tools for Assessing Contaminant Exposure and Effects in Reptiles |
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63 | (60) |
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64 | (6) |
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64 | (1) |
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Tools to Assess Contaminant Exposure and Effects (Biomarkers) |
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65 | (3) |
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Assessing Contaminant Exposure and Effects in Reptiles --- Why? |
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68 | (2) |
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Current Status of Reptilian Biomarker Research |
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70 | (41) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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74 | (3) |
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77 | (1) |
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Differential Display Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Phase I Biotransformation; Cytochrome P450 Enzyme System |
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80 | (7) |
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87 | (3) |
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Antioxidant Enzymes and Factors |
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90 | (2) |
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Steroid Hormone and Protein Biomarkers |
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92 | (3) |
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95 | (2) |
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Additional Plasma and Serum Endpoints |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Tissue and Organ System Biomarkers |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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103 | (3) |
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106 | (1) |
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Bioenergetics: Metabolic Pathways and Regulation of Growth and Reproduction |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (12) |
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112 | (11) |
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Hepatic, Renal, and Adrenal Toxicology |
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123 | (26) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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Liver Function in Homeostasis |
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125 | (4) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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Protein Metabolism and Vitellogenesis |
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128 | (1) |
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Liver Function in Metabolism of Xenobiotics |
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129 | (5) |
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130 | (2) |
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Antioxidant Defense System |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Kidney Function in Homeostasis |
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136 | (4) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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The Renin--Angiotensin and Vasopressin Systems |
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137 | (1) |
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Adrenal Functions and Stress |
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138 | (1) |
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Hormone Metabolism and Hormone Receptors |
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139 | (1) |
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Kidney Function in Metabolism of Xenobiotics and in Antioxidant Defense |
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140 | (1) |
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Kidney as a Target Organ for Metals |
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141 | (1) |
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Summary and Connections to Other
Chapters |
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141 | (8) |
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141 | (8) |
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Developmental and Reproductive Effects |
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149 | (24) |
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150 | (2) |
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Focusing on Endocrine Disruptors |
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150 | (1) |
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Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination |
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150 | (2) |
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Signal Interference: Disrupting a Delicate Developmental Balance |
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152 | (4) |
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153 | (1) |
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A Mechanistic Example Using the Reptilian Developmental Model |
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154 | (2) |
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Species-Specific Considerations |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (7) |
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159 | (1) |
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No Threshold/Low Doses/Ecologic Relevance |
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159 | (1) |
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Endpoints: Hidden Disruption |
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160 | (1) |
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Considering Mixture Effects During Development |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Species-Specific Considerations |
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162 | (1) |
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The State-of-the-Science for Developmental Investigations in Reptiles |
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163 | (3) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (7) |
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167 | (6) |
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Neurotoxicology and Behavioral Effects in Reptiles |
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173 | (26) |
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174 | (1) |
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Major Issues with Neurotoxicology and Behavioral Effects Studies |
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175 | (5) |
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175 | (3) |
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178 | (1) |
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Family and Species Vulnerabilities |
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179 | (1) |
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Individual vs. Populations |
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179 | (1) |
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Fate to Effects: The Problem with Reptile Studies |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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Reptilian Models of Neurobehavioral Deficits |
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183 | (6) |
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183 | (1) |
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Temperature-Dependent Neurobehavioral Effects in Pine Snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) |
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184 | (1) |
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Neurobehavioral Deficits from Lead Exposure in Slider Turtles (Trachemys scripta) |
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185 | (3) |
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Other Neurobehavioral Effects That Can Serve as Models |
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188 | (1) |
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Endocrine Disruption and Neurotoxicology |
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189 | (1) |
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Summary and Research Directions |
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189 | (10) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (3) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (5) |
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Immunotoxicology and Implications for Reptilian Health |
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199 | (42) |
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Introduction to the Reptilian Immune System |
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200 | (4) |
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Wildlife Immunotoxicology |
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204 | (1) |
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Reptilian Immunotoxicology |
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204 | (18) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin |
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207 | (1) |
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DDE, TCDD, and Phytoestrogens |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
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Organochlorine Contaminants |
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213 | (6) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (9) |
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Testing Additional Contaminant Classes |
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223 | (1) |
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Choosing Reptilian Model Species |
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223 | (1) |
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Improving Immune Assessment Tools |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (10) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (9) |
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241 | (26) |
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242 | (4) |
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Historical Perspective of Genotoxicity and Genetic Ecotoxicology |
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242 | (1) |
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Genotoxic Compounds and Agents in the Environment |
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243 | (1) |
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Linking the Mechanism of Genotoxicity with Its Consequences |
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244 | (2) |
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The Use of Reptilian Species in the Study of Aquatic and Terrestrial Genotoxicity |
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246 | (6) |
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Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Reptilian Populations |
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249 | (1) |
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DNA Damage as a Biomarker of Exposure |
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249 | (2) |
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Neoplasia as a Biomarker of Effect |
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251 | (1) |
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Reptilian Models for Studies of Genotoxicity |
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252 | (7) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (2) |
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Potential Reproductive Impairments |
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254 | (1) |
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Potential Immune Suppression |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Future Models |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (8) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (7) |
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Reptile Ecotoxicology: Studying the Effects of Contaminants on Populations |
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267 | (32) |
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Populations: Theory and Background |
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268 | (5) |
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Ecotoxicology and the Importance of Population Studies |
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268 | (2) |
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Why Study Reptiles? Implications for Ecotoxicology |
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270 | (1) |
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Properties of Populations |
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271 | (1) |
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Impact of Contaminants on Populations |
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272 | (1) |
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Life History Characteristics |
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273 | (5) |
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273 | (1) |
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Life History Strategies of Reptiles |
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274 | (1) |
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Clutch Size or Offspring Number |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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Frequency of Reproduction |
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276 | (2) |
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Age and Size at First Reproduction |
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278 | (1) |
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Difficulties with Reptile Toxicology at the Population Level |
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278 | (4) |
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Separating Effects of Contaminants from Other Factors |
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278 | (1) |
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Selecting Appropriate Endpoints |
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279 | (1) |
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Unique Aspects of Reptile Populations |
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280 | (1) |
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Current Needs and Future Directions |
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281 | (1) |
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Need for Reptile Contamination Studies to Include Population Parameters |
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281 | (1) |
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Need for Nondestructive Sampling |
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281 | (1) |
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Need to Identify Reptile Model Organisms to Serve as Sentinels, Surrogates, and Bioindicators |
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282 | (1) |
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Candidate Reptile Species for Use as Sentinels |
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282 | (17) |
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282 | (1) |
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Freshwater Aquatic Turtles |
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283 | (1) |
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Red-Eared Slider Turtle (Trachemys scripta) |
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284 | (1) |
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Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) |
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284 | (1) |
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Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) |
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284 | (1) |
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Softshell Turtles (Apalone spp.) |
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285 | (1) |
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Diamondback Terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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Box Turtles (Terrapene spp.) |
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286 | (1) |
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Desert Tortoises (Gopherus spp.) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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Fence and Prairie Lizards (Sceloporus undulatus and S. occidentalis) |
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287 | (1) |
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Mediterranean Gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus) |
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288 | (1) |
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Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis) |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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Water Snakes (Nerodia spp.) |
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289 | (1) |
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Garter Snakes (Thamnophis spp.) |
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289 | (1) |
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Crocodylia (Alligators and Crocodiles) |
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290 | (1) |
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American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (9) |
| Index |
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299 | |
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