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xvii | |
| About the Editors |
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xix | |
| About the Lead Contributors |
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xxi | |
| Guest Foreword |
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xxix | |
| Guest Biography |
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xxxiii | |
| Editor's Prologue: Blockchain Movement for Global Climate Actions |
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xxxv | |
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Interlude I How to Read This Book |
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Section 1 Scene-Setting --- What's Going On? |
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3 | (60) |
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Chapter 1 A Conversation with Dr. Kelce Wilson on the Foundations of the Blockchain |
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5 | (10) |
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Chapter 2 A Conversation with Masterminds in Blockchain and Climate Change |
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15 | (8) |
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2.1 Unleashing the Potential of Blockchain in Addressing Climate Change |
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16 | (1) |
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2.2 Blockchain's Role in Peer-to-peer Energy Trading |
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16 | (1) |
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2.3 Closing the Private Finance Gap |
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17 | (1) |
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2.4 Restoring Faith in Climate Negotiations |
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18 | (1) |
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2.5 Finance 4.0.---Incentivizing a Sharing Economy |
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19 | (2) |
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2.6 The Future of Blockchain |
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21 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 Blockchain 101: What is Blockchain and How Does This Revolutionary Technology Work? |
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23 | (12) |
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3.1 Introduction to Distributed Ledgers |
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23 | (2) |
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3.1.1 It All Started With Bitcoin |
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23 | (1) |
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3.1.2 The Essence of Distributed Ledgers |
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24 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Various Degrees of (De)centralization |
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24 | (1) |
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3.2 Examples of Distributed Ledgers |
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25 | (4) |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Alternative Cryptocurrencies |
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28 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Enterprise Blockchain Frameworks |
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29 | (1) |
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3.3 The Four Main Use Cases of Distributed Ledgers |
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29 | (2) |
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3.3.1 Peer-to-peer Value Transfer |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Immutable Source of Truth ("Proof of) |
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30 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Enforceable Agreements |
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30 | (1) |
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3.4 Challenges and Road Ahead |
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31 | (2) |
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3.4.1 Real World Enforcement |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Decoding the Current Global Climate Finance Architecture |
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35 | (28) |
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35 | (1) |
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4.2 Scale of Climate Investment Required |
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35 | (2) |
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4.3 The State of Climate Finance Post-Paris Agreement |
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37 | (9) |
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4.3.1 The "Gap" between Pledged and Disbursed Finance |
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38 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Global Climate Finance Architecture |
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38 | (5) |
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4.3.3 Private Climate Finance |
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43 | (2) |
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4.3.4 Civil Society Efforts |
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45 | (1) |
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4.4 Climate Finance Market Observations |
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46 | (4) |
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4.4.1 Climate Mitigation Investment Trends in Major Sectors |
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47 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Adaptation Investment Trends in INDCs |
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48 | (2) |
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4.5 Barriers for Unlocking Climate Finance |
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50 | (2) |
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4.6 Current Climate Finance Instruments to Bridge the "Gap" |
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52 | (2) |
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4.7 Problems with Climate Finance Tracking |
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54 | (3) |
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4.7.1 Adaptation Finance Transparency |
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55 | (2) |
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4.8 Blockchain---The Trust Machine |
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57 | (6) |
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59 | (4) |
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Section 2 Blockchain for Smarter Renewable Energy Deployment |
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63 | (72) |
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Chapter 5 How Blockchain can Democratize Global Energy Supply |
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65 | (18) |
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65 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Assertion One: Centralized Power Equals Magnified Inequalities |
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66 | (1) |
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5.1.3 Assertion Two: The Paradox of the Internet |
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66 | (1) |
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5.1.4 Assertion Three: Ensure both Decentralized Participation and Authority |
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66 | (1) |
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5.1.5 Assertion Four: Energy Supply is Ripe for Democratization by Blockchains |
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66 | (1) |
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5.1.6 Verdict: Who Decides the Rules? |
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67 | (1) |
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5.2 Section 1: Blockchain for Energy's Opportunities and Challenges |
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67 | (5) |
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67 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Equals Magnified Inequalities |
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68 | (1) |
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5.2.3 The Paradox of the Internet |
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69 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Ensure both Decentralized Participation and Authority |
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69 | (2) |
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5.2.5 Energy Supply is Ripe for Democratization by Blockchains |
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71 | (1) |
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5.2.6 Who Decides the Rules? |
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71 | (1) |
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5.3 Section 2: Case Studies |
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72 | (3) |
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72 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Incentivizing Prosumers |
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72 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Reflecting Desires of Communities |
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73 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Building Trust, Making Trading Easy and Engaging |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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5.4.1 Solar Nano4easing Made Viable |
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76 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Benefiting from the Renewables Revolution |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (3) |
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5.5.1 Rewarding Solar Generation |
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77 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Aiming to Support 30% of Global Power Production |
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78 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Spinning the Solar Wheel |
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79 | (1) |
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5.5.4 Lykke Global Marketplace |
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79 | (1) |
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5.5.5 Smappee Energy Monitor |
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79 | (1) |
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5.5.6 EkWateur Exchanging SolarCoin for Energy |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (3) |
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81 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 How Blockchains Will Industrialize a Renewable Grid |
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83 | (10) |
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6.1 From One to Many to Millions |
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85 | (1) |
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6.2 Distributed Grid Meets Distributed Computing |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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6.4 Some Assembly Required |
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88 | (5) |
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90 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Efficient Power Markets: Reimagining the Global Market with Ethereum |
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93 | (6) |
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7.1 What's Wrong with the Power Market Today---The Birth of Volt Markets |
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93 | (1) |
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7.2 Public Blockchain for Global Power Trends |
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94 | (1) |
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7.3 The Vision: Trading Renewable Energy Certificates on a Global Blockchain Platform |
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95 | (1) |
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7.4 Design Philosophy for Energy Assets in Peer-to-peer Trading Systems |
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96 | (1) |
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7.5 The Rise of New Assets and Market Efficiency |
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97 | (2) |
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98 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 Flexibility Trading Platform---Using Blockchain to Create the Most Efficient Demand-side Response Trading Market |
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99 | (12) |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (1) |
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8.2.1 What Does Blockchain Fundamentally Change? |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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8.4 The Need for a Liquid, Efficient Flexibility Market |
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103 | (1) |
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8.5 Flexibilty Market Redesign |
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104 | (2) |
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8.6 Collaborative Trading |
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106 | (2) |
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8.7 Centralized Monopoly vs. Decentralized Blockchain Platform |
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108 | (1) |
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8.8 Transformation Potential of Blockchain in DSR Trading |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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109 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 NRGcoin---A Blockchain-based Reward Mechanism for Both Production and Consumption of Renewable Energy |
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111 | (24) |
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111 | (2) |
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9.2 Traditional Support Policies |
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113 | (4) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Drawbacks of NM and FiT |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (9) |
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117 | (4) |
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9.3.2 Benefits and Drawbacks |
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121 | (2) |
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9.3.3 Answers to the Four Key Questions |
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123 | (3) |
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9.4 Practical Implementation |
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126 | (3) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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9.4.3 Possible Mitigation Strategies |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (6) |
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130 | (5) |
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Section 3 Blockchain for Smoother International Climate Finance Transfers |
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135 | (64) |
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Chapter 10 Blockchain---Powering and Empowering the Poor in Developing Countries |
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137 | (16) |
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137 | (1) |
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10.2 Where Does Blockchain Fit in? |
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138 | (1) |
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10.3 Immutable Identity on Blockchain |
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138 | (2) |
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10.4 Blockchain and Tracking Financial Flows to the Poor |
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140 | (1) |
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10.5 Blockchain and Tracking Results |
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141 | (2) |
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10.6 Blockchain and Renewable Energy |
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143 | (3) |
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10.7 Blockchain and Mobilization of Capital |
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146 | (1) |
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10.8 Faster Cheaper Remittances |
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147 | (1) |
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10.9 Crowdfunding Through Digital Currencies and Initial Coin Offerings |
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148 | (1) |
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10.10 What Still Needs to Be Done to Take This to Scale? |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (3) |
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150 | (3) |
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Chapter 11 Disintermediating the Green Climate Fund |
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153 | (12) |
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153 | (1) |
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11.2 The Second Millennium Solution |
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154 | (1) |
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11.3 Second Millennium Legitimacy |
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154 | (1) |
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11.4 Disintermediation Potential |
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155 | (1) |
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11.5 Decentralizing Legitimacy |
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156 | (1) |
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11.6 Disintermediated Democracy |
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157 | (2) |
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11.7 Voter Eligibility and Registration |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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11.9 Addressing Voter Engagement |
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159 | (1) |
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11.10 Where Does the Project Stand? |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (3) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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Chapter 12 COCOA---Crowd Collaboration for Climate Adaptation |
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165 | (14) |
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Cristian Retamal Gonzalez |
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165 | (1) |
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12.2 Challenges Facing Adaptation Finance |
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166 | (2) |
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12.2.1 Adaptation Ideas Could Come From Unforeseen Origins |
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166 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Origination of Adaptation Measures and Traditional Flows of Climate Finance |
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167 | (1) |
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12.2.3 The Sources of the Problem |
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167 | (1) |
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12.2.4 COCOA: Crowd Collaboration for Climate Adaptation |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (5) |
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168 | (2) |
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12.3.2 Knowledge Sharing (Stage Performing) |
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170 | (1) |
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12.3.3 Multicriteria Analysis |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (3) |
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12.4.1 Technical Challenges |
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173 | (1) |
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12.4.2 Scalability Challenges |
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174 | (1) |
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12.4.3 Possible Strategies to Address Technical Challenges |
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175 | (1) |
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12.4.4 Possible Strategies to Address Scalability Challenges |
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176 | (1) |
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12.5 Corollary: COCOA'S Contribution to the Climate Efforts |
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176 | (3) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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Chapter 13 Using Smart Algorithms, Machine Learning, and Blockchain Technology to Streamline and Accelerate Dealflow in Climate Finance |
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179 | (10) |
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181 | (2) |
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13.1.1 Tiered Validation Process |
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182 | (1) |
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13.1.2 Investment Aggregation Tools |
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182 | (1) |
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13.1.3 Matchmaking Platform |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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13.5 Example 1---Deal Aggregation |
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185 | (1) |
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13.6 Example 2---Corporate PPAs |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (2) |
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Chapter 14 Addressing Water Sustainability With Blockchain Technology and Green Finance |
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189 | (10) |
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14.1 "Green" as a Principle Concept: Intro, Facts, and Recent Numbers |
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189 | (1) |
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14.2 Thinking Circular: Applying Systems Thinking |
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190 | (1) |
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14.3 Blockchain for Commerce |
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191 | (1) |
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14.4 Blockchain Applications for the Water Industry |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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14.4.2 Reporting Repository/Compliance Reporting/Audit |
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192 | (1) |
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14.4.3 Data Reconciliation |
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192 | (1) |
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14.4.4 Bond Issuance on Blockchain |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (6) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (3) |
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Section 4 Blockchain for Fraud-Free Emissions Management |
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199 | (72) |
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Chapter 15 Central Banks and Blockchains: The Case for Managing Climate Risk with a Positive Carbon Price |
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201 | (76) |
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201 | (2) |
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15.1.1 The Paris Agreement |
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201 | (1) |
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15.1.2 Likelihood of a Climate Catastrophe |
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201 | (1) |
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15.1.3 Central Bank Narrative on Climate Risk |
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202 | (1) |
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15.2 Managing Climate Risk with a Positive Carbon Price |
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203 | (2) |
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15.2.1 Positive Carbon Price |
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203 | (1) |
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15.2.2 New Model for Externalities |
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204 | (1) |
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15.3 The Avoiding Catastrophe Storyline |
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205 | (4) |
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205 | (3) |
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15.3.2 Resolving the Climate Paradox |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (3) |
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15.4.1 The Global 4C Platform |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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15.4.3 Fees and Commissions |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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15.4.5 International Business Model |
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212 | (1) |
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15.5 Discussion and Conclusions |
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212 | (65) |
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214 | (3) |
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Chapter 16 Carbon Deposits---Using Soil and Blockchains to Achieve Net-Zero Emissions |
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217 | (1) |
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16.1 Carbon Deposit: An Innovative Concept |
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217 | (1) |
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16.2 Soil Carbon Sequestration |
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218 | (1) |
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16.3 Carbon-Deposit Payment to Farmers |
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219 | (1) |
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16.4 Agricultural Practices and Soil Health |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (4) |
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16.6 Soil Carbon Monitoring and Verification |
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225 | (1) |
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16.7 A Blockchainized Soil Carbon Accounting Platform |
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226 | (1) |
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16.8 Carbon-Deposit System---An Old Concept Run in a New Way |
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227 | (2) |
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Chapter 17 Blockchain Ecosystem for Carbon Markets, Environmental Assets, Rights, and Liabilities: Concept Design and Implementation |
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229 | (14) |
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17.1 Background and Rationales |
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229 | (1) |
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17.2 Decentralized Autonomous Organization Integral Platform for Climate Initiatives (DAO IPCI) |
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230 | (5) |
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17.2.1 Advancing the Current Market Approach |
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231 | (1) |
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17.2.2 The Context for "Mitigation Tokens" |
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231 | (1) |
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17.2.3 The Architecture of the Emissions Trading Market |
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232 | (1) |
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17.2.4 Operationalizing the Paris Agreement with Blockchain |
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232 | (3) |
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17.3 Principles of Concept Design |
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235 | (2) |
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17.3.1 Advantages of DAO IPCI's Blockchain Ecosystem |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (2) |
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17.5.1 MITO Operational Model |
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239 | (1) |
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17.5.2 Proceeds from MITO |
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239 | (1) |
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17.5.3 Contributions of MITO to Address Climate Change |
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239 | (1) |
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17.6 The Way Forward for DAO IPCI Blockchain Ecosystem |
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240 | (3) |
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Chapter 18 How a Blockchain Network Can Ensure Compliance With Clean Development Mechanism Methodology and Reduce Uncertainty About Achieving Intended Nationally Determined Contributions |
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243 | (12) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
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18.2 Blockchain Enhancement of the Function of the CER Marketplace |
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245 | (2) |
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18.3 Use of Validation CDM Data on the Blockchain |
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247 | (2) |
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18.4 How Blockchain Technology May Benefit the CDM |
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249 | (2) |
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18.5 Looking Ahead---Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (3) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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Chapter 19 Networked Carbon Markets: Permissionless Innovation With Distributed Ledgers? |
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255 | (16) |
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19.1 Connecting Carbon Markets |
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255 | (1) |
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19.2 What Types/Levels of Market Should We Support? |
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256 | (2) |
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256 | (1) |
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19.2.2 Single Emissions Trading System (ETS) Level |
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256 | (1) |
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19.2.3 Connecting Carbon Markets |
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256 | (2) |
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19.3 What Is Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)? |
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258 | (5) |
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19.3.1 Designing for Use Cases |
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258 | (3) |
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19.3.2 Designing for Diffusion |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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19.5.1 What System Can We Have if We Don't Have a Single Ledger? |
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264 | (1) |
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19.6 Transaction Mechanism (Matrix 2.) |
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265 | (1) |
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19.6.1 Are Smart Contracts Fit for Purpose? |
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265 | (1) |
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19.6.2 How to Enable Consensus without Mining? |
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266 | (1) |
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19.7 Permissions (Matrix 3.) |
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266 | (1) |
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19.7.1 How Can Permissions Be Distributed? |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (4) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (3) |
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Section 5 Blockchain for Better Green Finance Law Enforcement |
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271 | (52) |
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Chapter 20 How to Trust Green Bonds: Blockchain, Climate and the Institutional Bond Markets |
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273 | (16) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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20.4 The Market that Might Have Been |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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20.6 The Culture of Green Bonds |
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279 | (1) |
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20.7 The Market of the Future |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (2) |
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20.9 The Future of Monitoring |
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283 | (1) |
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20.10 Bring on the Blockchain |
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284 | (1) |
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20.11 The Magic of Traceability |
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285 | (1) |
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20.12 Blockchain in Theory |
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286 | (1) |
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20.13 Carbon Needs a Price |
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|
287 | (2) |
|
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
Chapter 21 Utilizing Blockchain for Better Enforcement of Green Finance Law and Regulations |
|
|
289 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21.1 Why Blockchain Matters? |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
21.2 Blockchain as an Enabling Instrument for the International Legal Frameworks |
|
|
290 | (4) |
|
21.2.1 Implementation of the Paris Agreement---Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (Article 6) |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
21.2.2 Implementation of the Paris Agreement---Global Climate Finance Transfers (Article 9) |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
21.2.3 Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
21.2.4 Execution of Results-Based Financing by Multilateral Development Finance Institutions |
|
|
292 | (2) |
|
21.3 Blockchain in Enforcing Domestic Green Finance Law: China's Experience |
|
|
294 | (6) |
|
21.3.1 Establishing the Green Financial System |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
21.3.2 Integrating Environmental Risks in Assessing Investment Proposals |
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
21.3.3 Emissions Trading as a Market-Based Instrument |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
21.3.4 Unleashing the Potential of Blockchain With a Better Regulatory Environment |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
|
300 | (3) |
|
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
|
301 | (2) |
|
Chapter 22 Blockchain and Smart Contracts: Complementing Climate Finance, Legislative Frameworks, and Renewable Energy Projects |
|
|
303 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
303 | (8) |
|
|
|
304 | (7) |
|
22.2 Smart Contracts for Self-Executing Obligations |
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|
311 | (3) |
|
22.2.1 Leveraging Smart Contracts |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
22.2.2 Using Smart Contracts in Efforts Against Climate Change |
|
|
311 | (2) |
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
22.3 The Dawn of a New Economy |
|
|
314 | (2) |
|
22.3.1 A Novel Way to Funding Renewable Energy Projects |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
22.3.2 Appreciation of Token Values |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
|
316 | (7) |
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|
|
317 | (2) |
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|
|
319 | (4) |
| Index |
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323 | |
