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E-grāmata: Tsunamiites: Features and Implications

Edited by Tsunemasa Shiki (Emeritus Professor, Kyoto University, Japan), Edited by Futoshi Nanayama (Paleogeodynamics Research Group, Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, Geological Survey ), Edited by Yoshinobu Tsuji (Professor, University of Tokyo, Japan), Edited by Teiji Yamazaki (Emeritus Professor, Osaka Kyoiku University, Japan)

Formāts: PDF+DRM
Izdošanas datums: 27-Nov-2020
Izdevniecība: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780128239407

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Oceanography (seas)

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Formāts: PDF+DRM
Izdošanas datums: 27-Nov-2020
Izdevniecība: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780128239407

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Oceanography (seas)

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Tsunamiites: Features and Implications, Second Edition, is an overview of the state-of-the art developments in sedimentology of tsunami-induced and tsunami-affected deposits, namely tsunamiites. It also highlights new problems and issues calling for additional investigation and provides insight into the direction for future tsunamiite research.

New to this edition: discussion of the impact of 2011 tsunami in Northern Japan as well as additional coverage of offshore tractive current deposition and deposition of boulders.

Includes a comprehensive overview of new developments in tsunamiites from leading experts
Covers future trends and development needs for researching sediments from tsunamis
New edition includes coverage and lessons learned from the 2011tsunami in Northern Japan

Contributors

Preface to the second edition

xvii

Chapter 1 Introduction: why a Book on Tsunamiites

(4)

T. Shiki

K. Minoura

Y. Tsuji

T. Yamazaki

References

(1)

Chapter 2 The term "Tsunamiite"

(4)

T. Shiki

T. Yamazaki

References

(2)

Chapter 3 Tsunamis and tsunami sedimentology

(44)

D. Sugawara

K. Minoura

F. Imamura

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Generation, propagation, and quantification

(10)

2.1 Generation of tsunamis

(4)

2.2 Propagation of tsunamis

(3)

2.3 Quantification of tsunamis

(2)

3 Tsunami sedimentology

(27)

3.1 The mechanics of sediment transport

(4)

3.2 Characteristics of tsunami deposits

(6)

3.3 A review of onshore tsunami sedimentation

(8)

3.4 The occurrences of tsunamis and tsunamiites

(7)

4 Concluding remarks

(1)

References

(6)

Chapter 4 Bedforms and sedimentary structures characterizing tsunami deposits

(12)

O. Fujiwara

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Differences of waveforms between tsunami- and storm-induced waves

(1)

3 Bedforms and sedimentary structures reflecting the tsunami waveform

(1)

4 Single-bed deposits

(1)

5 Multiple-bed deposits

(4)

5.1 Succession of sand sheets capped by mud drapes

(1)

5.2 Repeated reversal of current directions

(2)

5.3 Fining and thinning upwards series of sand sheets

(1)

6 Depositional model in shallow water

(1)

7 Conclusions

(1)

References

(3)

Chapter 5 Tsunami depositional processes reflecting the waveform in a small bay: interpretation from the grain-size distribution and sedimentary structures

(20)

O. Fujiwara

T. Kamataki

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Regional setting

(1)

2.1 The Paleo-Tomoe Bay and its Holocene deposits

(1)

2.2 Storm waves and tides around the Southern Boso Peninsula

(1)

3 Sedimentary facies of the tsunami deposits

(4)

3.1 Unit Tna

(3)

3.2 Unit Tnb

(1)

3.3 Unit Tnc

(1)

3.4 Unit Tnd

(1)

4 Grain-size distribution of the tsunami deposits

(3)

4.1 Sampling and methodology

(1)

4.2 The T3 tsunami deposit at location 58

(2)

4.3 The T3 tsunami deposit at location 45

(1)

5 Discussion

(7)

5.1 Tsunami waveform

(1)

5.2 Relationship between grain-size distribution and tsunami waveform

(3)

5.3 Discriminating tsunami deposits from storm deposits

(1)

5.4 Tsunami deposits with a saw-toothed grain-size distribution

(2)

6 Conclusions

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(3)

Chapter 6 Deposits of the 1992 Nicaragua tsunami

(24)

B. Higman

J. Bourgeois

1 Introduction

(2)

2 1992 tsunami deposits along the Nicaragua coast

(5)

2.1 Site-by-site observations

(3)

3 Tsunami deposits near Playa de Popoyo

(4)

4 Grading of the tsunami deposits

(9)

4.1 Landward grading

(5)

4.2 Vertical grading

101

(4)

5 Discussion

105

(1)

Appendix A

105

(2)

Field and laboratory protocols

105

(2)

Acknowledgments

107

(1)

References

107

(2)

Chapter 7 Sedimentary characteristics and depositional processes of onshore tsunami deposits: an example of sedimentation associated with the July 12, 1993 Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki earthquake tsunami

109

(18)

F. Nanayama

1 Introduction

109

(1)

2 General setting

110

(2)

3 Methods

112

(3)

3.1 Field survey

113

(1)

3.2 Sedimentary description

114

(1)

4 Results

115

(5)

4.1 General characteristics

115

(1)

4.2 Sedimentary structures

116

(1)

4.3 Sedimentary units and facies

116

(4)

5 Discussion

120

(4)

5.1 Sedimentary characteristics and facies of the 1993 onshore tsunami deposits

120

(2)

5.2 An ideal model of the 1993 tsunami sedimentation

122

(2)

6 Conclusions

124

(1)

Acknowledgments

124

(1)

References

124

(3)

Chapter 8 Distribution and significance of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposits: initial results from Thailand and Sri Lanka

127

(18)

K. Goto

F. Imamura

N. Keerthi

P. Kunthasap

T. Matsui

K. Minoura

A. Ruangrassamee

D. Sugawara

S. Supharatid

1 Introduction

127

(2)

2 Localities and methods of study

129

(3)

3 Distribution and significance of the tsunami deposits

132

(9)

3.1 Pakarang Cape, Thailand

132

(3)

3.2 Bang Sak beach, Thailand

135

(4)

3.3 Garanduwa, Sri Lanka

139

(2)

4 Discussion

141

(1)

5 Conclusion

142

(1)

Acknowledgments

143

(1)

References

143

(2)

Chapter 9 Thickness and grain-size distribution of Indian Ocean tsunami deposits at Khao Lak and Phra Thong Island, South-Western Thailand

145

(10)

S. Fujino

H. Naruse

A. Suphawajruksakul

T. Jarupongsakul

M. Murayama

T. Ichihara

1 Introduction

145

(1)

2 Study areas

146

(1)

3 Impact of the tsunami

146

(1)

4 Thickness and grain-size distribution

146

(4)

5 Discussion

150

(3)

6 Conclusions

153

(1)

Acknowledgments

153

(1)

References

153

(2)

Chapter 10 Lessons from the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami: implications for Paleotsunami research

155

(28)

D. Sugawara

1 Introduction

155

(1)

2 The 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami and its precursors

156

(3)

3 Lessons learned from the Tohoku-oki tsunami

159

(16)

3.1 Limitation of marine materials as evidence for tsunami inundation

159

(3)

3.2 Larger extent and lower preservation potential of offshore tsunami deposits

162

(3)

3.3 Possible false dating of Paleotsunami events due to tsunami-induced erosion

165

(3)

3.4 Uncertainties in tsunami inundation distance based on deposit extent

168

(2)

3.5 Spatial variability of deposit thickness and its relation to flow depth

170

(2)

3.6 Challenges to estimating earthquake size and extent from tsunami deposits

172

(3)

4 Conclusions

175

(1)

Acknowledgments

176

(1)

References

176

(7)

Chapter 11 An overview on offshore tsunami deposits

183

(10)

P.J.M. Costa

L. Feist

A.G. Dawson

I. Stewart

K. Reicherter

C. Andrade

1 Introduction

183

(1)

2 Offshore tsunami deposits --- current knowledge

184

(1)

3 Offshore tsunami deposits --- their features

185

(4)

3.1 Internal architecture

186

(1)

3.2 Textural and compositional aspects

187

(1)

3.3 Geochemical inferences

187

(1)

3.4 Palaeontological features

188

(1)

3.5 Differentiation from other high-energy events

189

(1)

4 Concluding remarks

189

(1)

Acknowledgments

190

(1)

References

190

(3)

Chapter 12 Combined investigation of tradition archives and sedimentary relics of tsunami hazards --- with reference to the Great 1700 Cascadia tsunami and other examples

193

(14)

Y. Tsuji

1 Introduction

193

(1)

2 The tsunami traces of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake and corresponding archives in Japan

194

(6)

2.1 An enormous tsunami told in stories down through tradition by native tribes of Canada

194

(1)

2.2 Modern traces of sudden subsidence of Cascadia coast and an accompanying earthquake

195

(1)

2.3 Sedimentary traces of tsunami flow and their formative influence

196

(1)

2.4 Date identification of the 1700 tsunami from documents of towns along the Japanese coast

197

(2)

2.5 Estimation of the occurrence time of the Great 1700 Cascadia earthquake

199

(1)

2.6 Estimation of magnitude of the 1700 Great Cascadia earthquake

200

(1)

2.7 Discussions on the 1700 Great Cascade earthquake

200

(1)

3 Examples from the Japanese islands

200

(2)

3.1 Documented Jogan tsunami of July 13, 869 CE and its sedimentary records

201

(1)

3.2 Other examples in Japan and their lessons

202

(1)

4 Lack of sedimentary relic --- A supplementary discussion

202

(1)

5 Conclusive remarks

203

(1)

Acknowledgments

204

(1)

References

204

(3)

Chapter 13 Deep-sea homogenites: sedimentary expression of a prehistoric megatsunami in the Eastern Mediterranean

207

(18)

M.B. Cita

1 Introduction

207

(1)

2 Deep-sea homogenites

208

(7)

2.1 Type A homogenites

209

(4)

2.2 Type B homogenites

213

(2)

3 Discussion

215

(5)

3.1 Data

216

(1)

3.2 Absence of tephra Z-2 in our data set

216

(1)

3.3 Absence of homogenites in the Herodotus abyssal plain

216

(3)

3.4 Comparison of type A and type B homogenites

219

(1)

4 Conclusions

220

(1)

5 Post scriptum

221

(1)

Acknowledgments

222

(1)

References

222

(3)

Chapter 14 Tsunami-related sedimentary properties of mediterranean homogenites as an example of deep-sea tsunamiite

225

(14)

T. Shiki

M.B. Cita

1 Introduction

225

(1)

2 Setting, types, and distribution of homogenites

226

(1)

3 Sedimentary properties

227

(3)

3.1 Structures and grain-size distribution

227

(3)

3.2 Constituents and their relation to other features

230

(1)

4 Discussion of sedimentological problems

230

(4)

4.1 Erosion of the deep-sea bottom

230

(1)

4.2 Genesis of the sandy division of the type B homogenite

231

(1)

4.3 High tsunami-induced suspension cloud

231

(2)

4.4 Accumulation rate of the suspended load

233

(1)

4.5 Records of shuttle movement and backwash current of tsunamis

233

(1)

5 Comparison with other deep-sea tsunamiites

234

(1)

6 Concluding remarks

235

(1)

Appendix: reflections on terminology

235

(1)

Acknowledgments

236

(1)

References

236

(2)

Additional comment to
Chapter 14

238

(1)

Further reading

238

(1)

Chapter 15 Volcanism-induced tsunamis and tsunamiites

239

(24)

Y. Nishimura

1 Introduction

239

(1)

2 Volcanism-induced tsunamis

239

(6)

2.1 The 1640 CE Hokkaido-Komagatake eruption and tsunami

240

(1)

2.2 The 1741 CE Oshima-Ohshima eruption and tsunami

241

(1)

2.3 The 1792 CE Unzen eruption and tsunami

242

(1)

2.4 The 1883 CE Krakatau eruption and tsunami

242

(1)

2.5 The 1888 CE Ritter tsunami

243

(1)

2.6 The 1994 CE Rabaul eruption and tsunamis

244

(1)

3 Volcanism-induced tsunamiites

245

(11)

3.1 Managua tsunami deposits of 3000-6000 BP

246

(1)

3.2 Santorini tsunami deposits of 3500 BP

247

(2)

3.3 Aniakchak tsunami deposits of 3500 BP

249

(1)

3.4 The 1640 CE Komagatake tsunami deposits

250

(1)

3.5 The 1883 CE Krakatau tsunami deposits

251

(1)

3.6 The 1994 CE Rabaul tsunami deposits

252

(3)

3.7 The 1996 CE Karymsky tsunami deposits

255

(1)

4 Discussion and summary

256

(26)

Acknowledgments

282

References

258

(5)

Chapter 16 Tsunamiites---conceptual descriptions and a possible example at the Cretaceous---Paleogene boundary in the Pernambuco Basin, Northeastern Brazil

263

(42)

G.A. Albertdo

P.P. Martins

F. Marini

1 Prologue

263

(1)

2 Introduction and previous studies

264

(2)

3 A theoretical approach toward the identification of tsunamiites

266

(6)

4 Methods and data analyses

272

(1)

5 Geological setting of the study area

273

(1)

6 Characteristics of the Poty quarry K/Pg boundary

274

(8)

7 The controversy about the position of the K/Pg boundary

282

(4)

8 Bed D, the possible tsunamiite and a tentative model

286

(9)

8.1 Characteristics of bed D

286

(5)

8.2 Semiquantitative modeling of the depositional process of bed D

291

(3)

8.3 Discussion of the tsunami process

294

(1)

9 Updated information on the area (K/Pg boundary at Poty quarry)

295

(2)

9.1 Discussion on alternative interpretations

295

(2)

9.2 Present situation of the K/Pg boundary section at Poty quarry

297

(1)

10 Concluding remarks

297

(2)

Acknowledgments

299

(1)

References

299

(6)

Chapter 17 Deep-sea tsunami deposits in the proto-Caribbean sea at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary

305

(26)

K. Goto

R. Tada

E. Tajika

T. Matsui

1 Introduction

305

(2)

2 Paleogeography of the proto-Caribbean sea and geological setting of the study sites

307

(1)

3 Sedimentary processes of the Penalver Formation

308

(8)

3.1 Stratigraphic setting and studied localities

308

(2)

3.2 Lithology and petrography at the type locality near Havana

310

(2)

3.3 Lateral and vertical variations in lithology, composition and grain size

312

(2)

3.4 Origin and sedimentary mechanism

314

(2)

4 Comparison of K/T-boundary deep-sea tsunami deposits in the proto-Caribbean sea

316

(8)

4.1 Cacarajicara Formation

317

(1)

4.2 Moncada Formation

318

(2)

4.3 DSDP sites 536 and 540

320

(3)

4.4 Comparison of the thickness and sedimentary structures of the K/T-boundary deep-sea tsunami deposits in the proto-Caribbean sea

323

(1)

4.5 Compositional variations of the K/T-boundary deep-sea tsunami deposits in the proto-Caribbean sea

324

(1)

5 Implications for the genesis and number of tsunami currents at the K/T boundary

324

(3)

6 Conclusions

327

(1)

Acknowledgments

327

(1)

References

327

(4)

Chapter 18 The genesis of oceanic impact craters and impact-generated tsunami deposits

331

(22)

K. Goto

1 Introduction

331

(1)

2 Morphology of oceanic impact craters

332

(1)

3 The generation of tsunamis by oceanic impacts

333

(3)

3.1 Crater-generated tsunamis

334

(2)

3.2 Landslide-generated tsunamis

336

(1)

4 Impact-generated tsunami deposits inside and outside the oceanic impact craters

336

(3)

4.1 Deposits formed by water flowing into an oceanic impact crater

336

(1)

4.2 Impact-generated deposits outside an oceanic impact crater

337

(2)

5 Distribution and significance of the K/T-boundary tsunami deposits around the Chicxulub crater

339

(8)

5.1 The K/T-boundary impact event

339

(1)

5.2 On the edge of the Yucatan platform

340

(3)

5.3 The Gulf of Mexico region

343

(1)

5.4 The proto-Caribbean sea region (DSDP sites, Haiti and Cuba)

344

(2)

5.5 The Atlantic Ocean

346

(1)

5.6 The Pacific Ocean

347

(1)

6 Significance and distribution of the K/T-boundary tsunami deposits

347

(1)

7 Summary

348

(1)

Acknowledgments

348

(1)

References

349

(4)

Chapter 19 Tsunami boulder deposits --- a strongly debated topic in paleo-tsunami research

353

(30)

A. Scheffers

1 Introduction

353

(6)

1.1 A short glance on tsunami and paleotsunami research

353

(4)

1.2 Costal boulders, tsunami boulders, and the role of their depositional environment on dislocation process and history

357

(2)

2 Examples of tsunami boulder deposition

359

(13)

2.1 Documented case studies of recent tsunami events

360

(3)

2.2 Boulders deposited by paleotsunami events

363

(9)

3 Conclusion

372

(2)

References

374

(9)

Chapter 20 Characteristic features of tsunamiites

383

(22)

T. Shiki

T. Tachibana

O. Fujiwara

K. Goto

F. Nanayama

T. Yamazaki

1 Introduction

383

(1)

2 Characteristics of tsunamis and tsunami deposition

384

(6)

2.1 Diastrophic nature of tsunamis and tsunamiite deposition

384

(1)

2.2 Length of tsunami waves and sedimentary structures in tsunamiites

385

(2)

2.3 Shuttle movement of tsunamis and its records

387

(1)

2.4 Shuttle movement versus gravity flows and tsunamiite variety

388

(1)

2.5 Tsunamiites as marker horizons

389

(1)

2.6 Associated sediments

390

(1)

3 Sedimentary structures in tsunamiite beds

390

(4)

3.1 Sedimentary structures in a sedimentary set

391

(1)

3.2 Grading in a layer and fining upward through stacked layers

392

(1)

3.3 Current structures

393

(1)

4 Constituents of tsunamiites

394

(1)

5 Tsunamiite features in various environments

395

(5)

5.1 Coastal plain

395

(1)

5.2 Coastal lacustrine basin

396

(1)

5.3 Beach

397

(1)

5.4 Nearshore

397

(1)

5.5 Bottom of bays

397

(1)

5.6 Shallow sea including continental shelf

398

(1)

5.7 Deep-sea environments

399

(1)

6 Conclusive remarks

400

(1)

Acknowledgments

401

(1)

References

401

(4)

Chapter 21 Sedimentology of tsunamiites reflecting chaotic events in the geological record --- significance and problems

405

(18)

T. Shiki

T. Tachibana

1 Introduction

405

(1)

2 Tsunamiites as records of ancient events

406

(3)

2.1 Studies of impact-induced tsunamiites

406

(1)

2.2 Earthquake-induced tsunamiites and tectonics in geological time

407

(1)

2.3 Volcanic-eruption-induced tsunamiites

408

(1)

2.4 Submarine slides and tsunamiites

409

(1)

3 Patterns of tsunamiite occurrence in time

409

(7)

3.1 Meteorite-impact frequency and tsunamiites

410

(1)

3.2 Earthquake-induced tsunamiite occurrences and sea-level change

411

(5)

3.3 Slump-induced tsunamiites and sea-level change

416

(1)

4 Preservation potential of tsunamiites

416

(2)

5 Conclusive remarks and future studies

418

(1)

Acknowledgments

418

(1)

References

418

(5)

Selected bibliography

423

(30)

Index

453

Tsunemasa Shiki is Emeritus Professor at Kyoto University in Japan. Studies of subjects in sedimentology, marine Geology, disaster prevention. Yoshinobu Tsuji, Head of Institute of Studies of Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Prevention. Formerly, Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Studies of Tsunami sediments with special attention to their historical documents. T. Yamazaki, Emeritus Professor of Osaka Kyoiku University, Sedimentology, Volcano-stratigraphy, Lithology, Toyonaka City, Osaka, Japan Chief of Senior Researcher at the Geological Survey of Japan, AIST and visiting Professor at the Center for Marine Environment Studies, Kumamoto University, Japan. Professor Nanayama specializes in the modern sedimentary process, sedimentary geology, sedimentary petrology, and earth science.

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