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Turkish: An Essential Grammar: An Essential Grammar [Hardback]

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(Bogazici Uiversity, Turkey), (The University of Oxford, UK)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 368 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 840 g, 30 Tables, black and white
  • Sērija : Routledge Essential Grammars
  • Izdošanas datums: 12-Oct-2010
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 0415462681
  • ISBN-13: 9780415462686
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Turkish: An Essential Grammar: An Essential GrammarPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 368 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 840 g, 30 Tables, black and white
  • Sērija : Routledge Essential Grammars
  • Izdošanas datums: 12-Oct-2010
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 0415462681
  • ISBN-13: 9780415462686
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780415462686.html
Keywords:
Turkish: An Essential Grammar is a concise, user-friendly guide to the most important structures of contemporary Turkish.

Presenting a fresh and accessible description of the language, this engaging grammar uses clear, jargon-free explanations offering practical guidance on understanding and constructing words and sentences correctly.

Key features include:











pronunciation guide clear grammatical explanations frequent use of examples from colloquial and formal speech, accompanied by translations illustrative tables and a series of appendices to complement the explanations full glossary of grammatical terms.

With numerous language examples bringing grammar to life, this truly essential reference work will prove invaluable to all students looking to master the patterns of modern Turkish, which are often very different from those in English or other European languages.

Asl Göksel is Associate Professor of Linguistics in the Department of Western Languages and Literatures at Boaziēi University, Istanbul.

Celia Kerslake is Lecturer in Turkish in the Faculty of Oriental Studies at the University of Oxford.

The two authors previously collaborated on the writing of Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar (Routledge, 2005)
Preface xvi
Abbreviations and other notation used in this book xviii
Chapter 1 The alphabet and pronunciation
1(11)
1.1 The Turkish alphabet
1(1)
1.2 Consonants
2(2)
1.3 `g' (soft g)
4(1)
1.4 Pronouncing double consonants
5(1)
1.5 Vowels
6(2)
1.6 Long vowels
8(1)
1.7 Other points affecting pronunciation
8(1)
1.8 Word stress
9(3)
Chapter 2 Spelling and punctuation
12(11)
2.1 Regularity of spelling
12(1)
2.2 The circumflex
12(2)
2.3 The spelling of foreign names
14(1)
2.4 The use of capital and lower case letters
15(1)
2.5 The apostrophe
16(4)
2.6 Hyphenation
20(1)
2.7 Other punctuation marks
21(1)
2.8 The difference between suffixes and particles
22(1)
Chapter 3 Forming words and compounds
23(15)
3.1 Suffixation
23(1)
3.2 Non-variable suffixes and particles
24(1)
3.3 Attaching suffixes to words
25(1)
3.4 Irregular changes in stems and suffixes
26(1)
3.5 Vowel harmony
27(2)
3.6 Vowel loss
29(1)
3.7 Consonant alternation: p/b, t/d, c/c, k/g, k/g
30(1)
3.8 Consonant doubling
31(1)
3.9 Reduplication
32(2)
3.10 Noun compounds
34(1)
3.11 -(s)i compounds
35(2)
3.12 `Incomplete' words in conjoined structures
37(1)
Chapter 4 The noun and the noun phrase
38(23)
4.1 General
38(1)
4.2 Modifiers in the noun phrase
38(1)
4.3 Functions of the noun phrase
39(1)
4.4 Basics of noun inflection
40(1)
4.5 Plural marking
40(2)
4.6 Possessive marking
42(1)
4.7 Ambiguities in possessive marking
43(1)
4.8 Ambiguities in the marking of -(s)i compounds
44(1)
4.9 Case marking
45(2)
4.10 Noun phrases with no case marker
47(1)
4.11 The accusative case marker -(y)i
48(2)
4.12 The dative case marker -(y)e
50(1)
4.13 The locative case marker -de
51(1)
4.14 The ablative case marker -deri
52(1)
4.15 The comitative/instrumental case marker -(y)le
53(1)
4.16 The genitive case marker -(n)in
53(1)
4.17 The genitive-possessive construction
54(1)
4.18 Partitive constructions
55(1)
4.19 Definite, indefinite and categorial noun phrases
56(2)
4.20 Generic noun phrases
58(1)
4.21 The formation of nouns from nouns and adjectives
58(2)
4.22 The formation of nouns from verbs
60(1)
Chapter 5 Adjectives, determiners, quantifiers
61(12)
5.1 Adjectives
61(1)
5.2 Nouns used as adjectives
62(1)
5.3 Formation of adjectives with -li and -siz
62(2)
5.4 Formation of adjectives with -lik
64(1)
5.5 Formation of adjectives with -ci and -(y)ici
65(1)
5.6 Formation of adjectives with -(e)l and -sel
65(1)
5.7 Formation of adjectives with -(i)msi and -(i)mtrak
66(1)
5.8 Formation of adjectives with -ce
66(1)
5.9 Formation of diminutive adjectives with -(eli)cik
67(1)
5.10 Other suffixes that form adjectives from nouns and adjectives
67(1)
5.11 Other suffixes that form adjectives from verbs
67(1)
5.12 Formation of adjectivals with -ki
68(1)
5.13 Comparative construction with adjectives
69(1)
5.14 Superlative construction with adjectives
69(1)
5.15 Determiners
70(1)
5.16 Quantifiers
71(2)
Chapter 6 Numerals and numerical expressions
73(9)
6.1 Cardinal numerals
73(1)
6.2 Ordinal numerals
74(1)
6.3 Distributive numerals
75(1)
6.4 The enumerator tane
76(1)
6.5 Fractions and percentages
76(2)
6.6 Dates
78(1)
6.7 Clock time
79(1)
6.8 Expressions of measure
80(1)
6.9 Expressions of age
80(1)
6.10 Arithmetical expressions
80(2)
Chapter 7 Adverbials
82(17)
7.1 Types of adverbial
82(1)
7.2 Adjectives used as adverbs
83(1)
7.3 The formation of adverbs with the suffix -ce
83(1)
7.4 The formation of adverbials with bir bicimde or olarak
84(1)
7.5 Locating an event in time
84(3)
7.6 Days of the week
87(1)
7.7 Seasons of the year
88(1)
7.8 Once and sonra
88(1)
7.9 Recurring time locations
89(1)
7.10 Frequency
89(1)
7.11 Duration in time
90(1)
7.12 Miscellaneous time-related adverbials
91(1)
7.13 Adverbials of place
92(1)
7.14 Directional adverbs
93(1)
7.15 Adverbials of manner
93(1)
7.16 Modal adverbs
94(1)
7.17 Adverbs of quantity or degree
95(1)
7.18 Ancak, yalniz and other exclusive adverbs
96(1)
7.19 Particularizing adverbials
96(1)
7.20 Aym and other adverbs of precision
97(1)
7.21 Advrbs that have special uses in negative sentences: bic, bir turlu, pek, fazla, o kadar
97(2)
Chapter 8 Postpositional phrases
99(12)
8.1 The form and function of postpositional phrases
99(1)
8.2 Bare postpositions
99(1)
8.3 Group 1: Postpositions with non-case-marked or genitive-marked complements
100(1)
8.4 Group 2: Postpositions with dative-marked complements
101(1)
8.5 Group 3: Postpositions with ablative-marked complements
102(2)
8.6 Possessive-marked postpositions
104(1)
8.7 Spatial postpositions
104(3)
8.8 Possessive-marked postpositions outside the spatial group
107(2)
8.9 Postpositional phrases used as adjectivals
109(1)
8.10 Postpositional phrases used as subject complements
110(1)
Chapter 9 Pronouns
111(19)
9.1 General
111(1)
9.2 Personal pronouns
111(2)
9.3 Omission of personal pronouns
113(1)
9.4 Usage of personal pronouns
114(1)
9.5 Reflexive pronouns: kendi-
114(2)
9.6 Usage of reflexive pronouns
116(1)
9.7 Usage of kendisi as a personal pronoun
116(1)
9.8 Usage of reflexive pronouns for emphasis
117(1)
9.9 Other usages of kendi(-)
117(1)
9.10 Reciprocal pronouns: birbiri-
118(1)
9.11 Demonstrative pronouns: bu, su and o (and their derivatives bura-/sura-/ora- and boyle/soyle/oyle)
119(4)
9.12 Usage of bu, su and o (and their derivatives)
123(2)
9.13 Use of the suffix -(s)i to form pronouns
125(2)
9.14 Use of the suffix -ki to form pronouns
127(1)
9.15 Other pronominal expressions: insan `one', bir sey `something', `anything', `nothing', kimse `anyone', `no one', berkes `everyone', her sey `everything'
128(2)
Chapter 10 Conjunctions
130(11)
10.1 General
130(1)
10.2 ve `and', -(y)le `and', -(y)ip and other strategies used to express addition
131(2)
10.3 de `and', `too', `but'
133(1)
10.4 ...de...de `both...and ...'and other enumerating conjuctions
134(1)
10.5 ya (da) `or' and other conjunctions presenting alternatives
134(1)
10.6 ama `but', fakat `but' and other adversative conjunctions
135(2)
10.7 ki and ya
137(1)
10.8 cunku `because' and other causal conjunctions
137(1)
10.9 Other conjunctions
138(3)
Chapter 11 Basic sentence structure
141(4)
11.1 General
141(1)
11.2 Flexibility of word order
141(1)
11.3 Omission of subject and object
142(1)
11.4 Sentence types
142(1)
11.5 Expression of `be' and `have'
143(1)
11.6 Person marking in main clauses
143(1)
11.7 The expression of tense, aspect and modality
143(2)
Chapter 12 Person marking in sentences
145(7)
12.1 General
145(1)
12.2 The z-group
145(2)
12.3 The k-group
147(1)
12.4 The m-group
148(1)
12.5 Imperative person marking
148(1)
12.6 The position of the 3rd person plural marker -ler
149(1)
12.7 Using the appropriate person marker
149(3)
Chapter 13 The copula: predicates with -y- ('be') and ol- ('be'/'have')
152(6)
13.1 General
152(1)
13.2 -(y)di, -(y)mis and -(y)se: the copular markers
152(3)
13.3 ol-
155(1)
13.4 ol-in main clauses
155(1)
13.5 ol- with subordinating suffixes
156(2)
Chapter 14 Nominal sentences
158(7)
14.1 General
158(1)
14.2 Linking sentences
158(1)
14.3 Types of subject complement
159(1)
14.4 Varlyok sentences
160(1)
14.5 Locative var/yok sentences ('there is/are' and `there is no/are no')
160(1)
14.6 Possessive var/yok sentences ('have' and `have not')
161(1)
14.7 The overlap between the two types of var/yok sentence
161(1)
14.8 Tense, aspect and modality in nominal sentences
162(1)
14.9 degil
163(1)
14.10 Ovelapping uses of degil and yok
164(1)
Chapter 15 Verbal sentences
165(14)
15.1 General
165(1)
15.2 Components of a verbal sentence
166(1)
15.3 Types of object
167(1)
15.4 Use of the direct object
168(1)
15.5 Types of verb
168(2)
15.6 Verbs with objects that are sentence-like
170(1)
15.7 Unusual verbs
171(1)
15.8 Voice suffixes
171(1)
15.9 Causative: -dir (and other forms)
172(3)
15.10 Passive: il, -(i)n
175(1)
15.11 Impersonal Passive constructions
176(1)
15.12 Reflexive: -(i)n
177(1)
15.13 Reciprocal: -(i)s
178(1)
Chapter 16 The verb form
179(17)
16.1 Basics of verb inflection
179(1)
16.2 Negating verbs: -me
179(1)
16.3 Tense, aspect and modalit markers
180(1)
16.4 Expressing present tense with -(i)yor and -mekte
181(2)
16.5 Expressing present tense with the aorist: -(e/i)r/-z
183(2)
16.6 Expressing the past
185(1)
16.7 Completed events in the past: -di and -mis
185(2)
16.8 Expressing the future: -(y)ecek
187(1)
16.9 Combinations of stem suffixes with the past copular marker -(y)di
188(1)
16.10 -(i)yordu and -mekteydi
188(1)
16.11 -(e)rdi/-(i)rdi/-mezdi
189(1)
16.12 -misti/-diydi/-mismis
189(1)
16.13 -(y)ecekti and -(i)yordu
190(1)
16.14 ol-in verbal predicates (compound verb forms)
190(2)
16.15 ver-, kal-, dur- as auxiliary verbs
192(1)
16.16 The auxiliary verb et-and nominal-verb compounds
192(1)
16.17 Subordinating suffixes: -(y)en, -digi/-(y)ecegi, -me,-mek, -(y)is
193(1)
16.18 Inflection of verbs marked with -digi/-(y)ecegi, -me, -mek, -(y)is
194(1)
16.19 The formation of verbs from nouns and adjectives
195(1)
Chapter 17 Modality
196(15)
17.1 Possibility and impossibility: -(y)ebil and -(y)eme
196(2)
17.2 Permission: -(y)ebilir
198(1)
17.3 Speculation: -(y)ebilir
198(1)
17.4 Obligation: the verbal stem suffix -meli
199(1)
17.5 Necessity expressed with gerek/lazim
199(2)
17.6 Necessity/obligation expressed with zorunda/durumunda
201(1)
17.7 Negating statements of necessity/obligation
201(1)
17.8 Commands and prohibitions
202(2)
17.9 Suggestions: -(y)eyim, -(y)elim, -sin(ler) and some other forms
204(1)
17.10 Requests and promises: -(e/i)r/-z (aorist)
205(1)
17.11 Wishes: -se(ydi)
205(1)
17.12 Indirectly or newly acquired information: -mis/-(y)mis
206(2)
17.13 Statements of general or wide validity: -dir and -(e/i)r/-z (aorist)
208(1)
17.14 -dir as a marker of formal language
209(1)
17.15 Assumptions, conjectures and hopes: modal adverbs, -dir and -(e/i)r/-z (aorist)
209(2)
Chapter 18 Questions
211(19)
18.1 Wh-questions
211(1)
18.2 Inflection of wh-phrases
212(3)
18.3 Kim `who', ne `what' and nere- `where'
215(2)
18.4 Kac `how many' and ne kadar `how much'
217(1)
18.5 Hangi `which'
218(1)
18.6 Nasil `how'
219(1)
18.7 Yes/no questions
219(1)
18.8 The position of mi in a predicate
220(2)
18.9 degil mi?
222(1)
18.10 oyle mi?
223(1)
18.11 Alternative questions
223(1)
18.12 Rhetorical questions
224(1)
18.13 Questions with ya `what if', `what about'
224(1)
18.14 Modal adverbs used in questions
225(1)
18.15 Responses to wh-questions
226(1)
18.16 Responses to yes/no questions
227(2)
18.17 Responses to var mt/yok mu
229(1)
Chapter 18 Word order and intonation
230(10)
19.1 Flexible word order
230(1)
19.2 Intonation
231(1)
19.3 Neutral word order and intonation in statements
231(2)
19.4 The function of flexible word order and intonation
233(1)
19.5 Making an item prominent
233(2)
19.6 The position of adverbs and adverbial clauses
235(1)
19.7 Word order and intonation in wh-questions
236(1)
19.8 Word order and intonation in yes/no questions
237(1)
19.9 When mi does not follow the predicate
238(1)
19.10 The expression of surprise and disbelief
238(2)
Chapter 20 Relative clauses
240(12)
20.1 General
240(1)
20.2 Suffixes that are used in forming relative clauses
241(1)
20.3 Basic structure of relative clauses with -(y)en
242(1)
20.4 Basic structure of relative clauses with -digi/-(y)ecegi
242(2)
20.5 Tense and aspect in relative clauses
244(1)
20.6 The auxiliary verb ol- in relative clauses
245(1)
20.7 ol- in relative clauses based on nominal sentences
246(1)
20.8 Pronominal relative clauses
247(1)
20.9 Special uses of -(y)ecek
248(1)
20.10 Complex structures involving genitive-possessive constructions
249(1)
20.11 Relative clauses involving possessive-marked postpositions
250(1)
20.12 Ordering relative clauses with respect to other modifiers
251(1)
20.13 Using ki in relative clauses
251(1)
Chapter 21 Noun clauses
252(14)
21.1 The function of noun clauses in the sentence
252(1)
21.2 The form of noun clauses
252(2)
21.3 Noun clauses with -mek
254(1)
21.4 -mek clauses as object of main verb
254(2)
21.5 Noun clauses with -me
256(1)
21.6 Possessive-marked -me clauses as subject of the sentence
257(1)
21.7 Possessive-marked -me clauses as objects of verbs
258(1)
21.8 -mek and -me clauses with iste- as main verb: wanting to do something/wanting something to happen
258(1)
21.9 Possessive-marked -me clauses in indirect commands
259(1)
21.10 Noun clauses with -digi/-(y)ecegi
260(1)
21.11 Indirect statements
260(1)
21.12 Indirect questions
261(2)
21.13 Noun clauses with -(y)is
263(1)
21.14 Overlapping uses of -me, -digi and -(y)is
264(1)
21.15 The auxiliary verb ol-in noun clauses
264(1)
21.16 Noun clauses formed with diye
264(1)
21.17 Noun clauses formed with ki
265(1)
Chapter 22 Adverbial clauses
266(15)
22.1 General
266(2)
22.2 -digi gibi, -(y)ecegi gibi
268(1)
22.3 -digi halde, -(y)ecegi halde
268(1)
22.4 -digi icin, -(y)ecegi icin
269(1)
22.5 -digi kadar, -(y)ecegi kadar
269(1)
22.6 -diginden beri
269(1)
22.7 -digine gore, -(y)ecegine gore
270(1)
22.8 -digi takdirde
270(1)
22.9 -digi zaman, -diginde, -(y)ecegi zaman
270(1)
22.10 -dikce
271(1)
22.11 -dikten sonra
271(1)
22.12 -meden (once)
271(1)
22.13 -mek icin, -meye, -mesi icin
272(1)
22.14 -mek uzere
272(1)
22.15 -mekle
273(1)
22.16 -mekle birlikte
273(1)
22.17 -mektense
273(1)
22.18 -(y)e...-(y)e
273(1)
22.19 -(y)ecegine
274(1)
22.20 -(y)ecek kadar
274(1)
22.21 -(e/i)r... -mez
274(1)
22.22 -(y)eli (beri)
275(1)
22.23 -(y)erek
275(1)
22.24 -(y)ince
275(1)
22.25 -(y)inceye kadar
276(1)
22.26 -(y)ken
276(1)
22.27 Adverbial clauses formed with dive
277(1)
22.28 Adverbial clauses formed with gibi
278(1)
22.29 Adverbial clauses formed with ki
279(1)
22.30 Adverbial clauses formed with madem(ki)
279(1)
22.31 The auxiliary verb ol-in adverbial clauses
280(1)
Chapter 23 Conditional sentences
281(6)
23.1 The conditional markers -se and -(y)se/ise
281(1)
23.2 `Open' conditions: -(y)se with the aorist (-(e/i)rse/-mezse)
282(1)
23.3 `Knowable' conditions: -(y)se in other contexts
282(1)
23.4 Hypothetical conditions: -se
283(1)
23.5 Impossible conditions: -seydi
283(1)
23.6 Conditional clauses with -mis ol-
284(1)
23.7 Conditional clauses with -(y)ecek ol-
284(1)
23.8 Conditional clauses containing -se and de/bile
284(1)
23.9 -(y)se de
285(1)
23.10 Conditional clauses containing wh-phrases
285(1)
23.11 Summary
286(1)
Chapter 24 Conversational features
287(10)
24.1 Polite and/or formal modes of address
287(1)
24.2 Casual and familiar forms of address
288(1)
24.3 Greeting and parting expressions
289(2)
24.4 Thanks and apologies
291(1)
24.5 Commonly occurring conversational responses
292(1)
24.6 Other conversational responses
292(2)
24.7 Formulaic wishes
294(1)
24.8 Interjections
295(1)
24.9 Conversational fillers
296(1)
Appendix A Inflection of nouns 297(1)
Appendix B Inflection of nominal predicates 298(2)
Appendix C Overview of verbal inflection 300(2)
Appendix D Inflection of verbs 302(8)
Appendix E Marking of subordinate clauses 310(2)
Appendix F Verbs taking oblique objects 312(4)
Appendix G Commonly used verbs that take noun clause objects 316(4)
Appendix H Nouns of ethnicity and nationality; names of countries, regions and names of languages 320(6)
Appendix I Commonly used reduplicated words 326(2)
Appendix J List of conjunctions 328(2)
Appendix K Common Turkish abbreviations 330(3)
Glossary of grammatical terms 333(6)
Index 339
Asl? Göksel is Associate Professor of Linguistics in the Department of Western Languages and Literatures at Bo?aziēi University, Istanbul., Celia Kerslake is Lecturer in Turkish in the Faculty of Oriental Studies at the University of Oxford.