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Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications, Third Edition 3rd edition [Hardback]

(Sunnyvale, California, USA), (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 766 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 1202 g, 27 Tables, black and white; 38 Illustrations, color; 265 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sērija : Mechanical Engineering
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Sep-2011
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0824758897
  • ISBN-13: 9780824758899
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications, Third Edition 3rd editionPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 766 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 1202 g, 27 Tables, black and white; 38 Illustrations, color; 265 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sērija : Mechanical Engineering
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Sep-2011
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0824758897
  • ISBN-13: 9780824758899
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780824758899.html
Keywords:
"The book provides a unique and comprehensive treatment of the science, technology, and applications for industrial and medical ultrasonics, including low and high power implementations. The discussion of applications is combined with the fundamental physics, the reporting of the sensors/transducers and systems for the full spectrum of industrial, nondestructive testing and medical/bio-medical uses. It includes citations of numerous references and covers both main stream and the more unusual and obscure applications of ultrasound"--

"There have been significant advances in the science, the technology employed in commercial systems, and in both the scope and the range of applications of ultrasound since the second edition of this book was published in January 1988. The present edition includes discussion of many of these advances and improvements; additional figures and numerous new references are provided. In 1988 it became a requirement to write technical papers using SI (Standard International) units rather than British units. Theparameters reported are now completely described by SI units: Meters now replace feet. Velocity is now in kilometers/sec. Frequency is in Hertz rather than cycles per second and so on. These up-dates and new material, combined with the core content developed for the 2nd edition make it, in effect, a new book"--

Recent advances in power electronics greatly benefit the multidisciplinary field of modern ultrasonics. More powerful, compact, and versatile electronic chips and software enable new computer-based devices for real-time data capture, storage, analysis, and display and advance the science and technology employed in commercial systems and applications of ultrasound. Reviewing the scientific basis behind these improvements, Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications, Third Edition discusses them in detail, with new and additional figures and references, offering a completely revised and expanded examination of the state of modern ultrasonics.

This new edition of a bestselling industry reference discusses the full breadth of ultrasonics applications for industrial and medical use and provides the fundamentals and insights gathered over the authors’ collective 80 years in the field. It provides a unique and comprehensive treatment of the science and technology behind the latest advancements and applications in both low and high power implementations. Coverage combines fundamental physics, a review and analysis of sensors and transducers, and the systems required for the full spectrum of industrial, nondestructive testing and medical and biomedical uses. It includes citations of numerous references and covers both main stream and the more unusual and obscure applications of ultrasound.

Ultrasonics is ubiquitous in its industrial applications for sensing, NDT, and process measurements, in high power forms for processing and sonochemistry, as well as in medical procedures where it is used for diagnosis, therapy and surgery. This book provides a complete overview of the field, presenting numerous applications, cutting-edge advancements and improvements, additional figures and references, and a look at future directions.

Preface to the Third Edition xvii
Preface to the Second Edition xxi
Preface to the First Edition xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
Chapter 1 Ultrasonics: A Broad Field 1(26)
1.1 Introduction
1(4)
1.2 Brief Early History
5(2)
1.3 Underwater Sound (SONAR)
7(1)
1.4 Medical and Biological Ultrasonics
8(3)
1.5 Industrial Ultrasonics
11(3)
1.6 Nondestructive Testing/Evaluation
14(1)
1.7 Ultrasonics in Electronics
15(1)
1.8 Physical Acoustics
16(4)
1.9 Ultrasonic Systems: Transmitters and Receivers
20(1)
1.10 Low-Intensity Applications
21(1)
1.11 High-Intensity Applications
22(1)
1.12 Modern Ultrasonics: An Interdisciplinary Field
22(1)
References
23(4)
Chapter 2 Elastic Wave Propagation and Associated Phenomena 27(74)
2.1 Introduction
27(2)
2.2 Power Delivered to an Oscillating System
29(1)
2.3 Velocity of Sound
29(7)
2.3.1 Velocity of Sound in Solids
30(3)
2.3.2 Velocity of Sound in Liquids
33(1)
2.3.3 Velocity of Sound in Gases
34(2)
2.4 Impingment of an Ultrasonic Wave on a Boundary between Two Media
36(20)
2.4.1 Simple Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence
37(3)
2.4.2 Some Basic Mechanics
40(2)
2.4.3 General Considerations of Incident Waves
42(2)
2.4.4 Development of General Equations for Reflection and Refraction Where Mode Conversion Is Possible
44(6)
2.4.5 Wave Incident on a Liquid–Solid Plane Interface, Semi-Infinite Media
50(2)
2.4.6 Shear Wave at a Solid–Solid Interface Polarized Parallel to the Plane of the Interface
52(3)
2.4.7 Reflection, Refraction, and Mode Conversion in General Applications of Ultrasonic Energy
55(1)
2.5 Transmission through Thin Plates
56(3)
2.6 Diffraction
59(6)
2.6.1 Huygens' Principle
59(4)
2.6.2 Diffraction in Three-Dimensional Space
63(1)
2.6.3 Directivity Pattern
64(1)
2.6.4 Focusing
64(1)
2.7 Standing Waves
65(2)
2.8 Doppler Effect
67(3)
2.9 Superposition of Waves
70(2)
2.10 Attenuation of an Ultrasonic Wave
72(20)
2.10.1 Attenuation Due to Beam Spreading
72(1)
2.10.2 Attenuation Due to Scattering
73(15)
2.10.2.1 Scattering from a Cylindrical Obstruction in a Homogeneous Medium
75(1)
2.10.2.2 Scattering by a Sphere in a Homogeneous Medium
75(2)
2.10.2.3 Scattering from a Disk-Shaped Cavity in the Path of an Ultrasonic Beam
77(1)
2.10.2.4 Scattering from an Elastic Isotropic Sphere in a Homogeneous Medium
77(1)
2.10.2.5 Numerical Techniques to Study Wave Propagation and Scattering
78(5)
2.10.2.6 Scattering in Practice
83(5)
2.10.3 Attenuation Due to Hysteresis
88(1)
2.10.4 Attenuation Due to Other Mechanisms
88(1)
2.10.5 Measurement System Models
88(6)
2.10.5.1 Resolution
90(1)
2.10.5.2 Signal-to-Noise and Measurement Window
91(1)
2.11 Relaxation
92(2)
2.12 High-Power Phenomena
94(3)
2.12.1 Cavitation
95(2)
References
97(4)
Chapter 3 Fundamental Equations Employed in Ultrasonic Design and Applications 101(40)
3.1 Introduction
101(1)
3.2 Simple Spring–Mass Oscillator
102(5)
3.2.1 Ideal Condition-Simple Harmonic Motion
102(2)
3.2.2 Real Condition-Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
104(1)
3.2.3 Effect of Damping on Phase Relationships-The Forced Oscillator
105(2)
3.3 Wave Equations
107(3)
3.3.1 Plane-Wave Equation
108(1)
3.3.2 General Wave Equation
109(1)
3.4 Solution of the Plane-Wave Equation, Linear System
110(9)
3.4.1 General Solution
110(1)
3.4.2 Free–Free Longitudinally Vibrating Uniform Bar
111(2)
3.4.3 Stress in a Vibrating Uniform Bar
113(1)
3.4.4 Mechanical Impedance
114(2)
3.4.5 Quality Factor (Q)
116(3)
3.5 Transverse-Wave Equation
119(1)
3.6 Solution of the Transverse-Wave Equation
120(10)
3.6.1 Clamped–Free Uniform Bar
121(5)
3.6.2 Free–Free Bar (Bar Free at Both Ends)
126(3)
3.6.3 Clamped–Clamped Bar (Bar Clamped at Both Ends)
129(1)
3.6.4 Effect of Geometry on Transverse Vibrations of Bars
129(1)
3.7 Plate Waves
130(9)
3.7.1 General
130(1)
3.7.2 Lamb Waves
131(5)
3.7.3 Rayleigh Waves
136(1)
3.7.4 Flexural Plates
136(6)
3.7.4.1 Rectangular Plate with Simply Supported Edges
137(1)
3.7.4.2 Free Circular Plate
138(1)
3.7.4.3 Circular Plate with Its Center Fixed
138(1)
3.7.4.4 Finite Exciting Sources (Transducers)
139(1)
References
139(2)
Chapter 4 Design of Ultrasonic Horns for High Power Applications 141(30)
4.1 Introduction
141(1)
4.2 Horn Equations
141(1)
4.3 Types of Horns
142(15)
4.3.1 Cylinder or Uniform Bar as an Ultrasonic Horn
142(1)
4.3.2 Stepped Horn (Double Cylinder)
142(1)
4.3.3 Exponentially Tapered Horn
143(3)
4.3.4 Wedge-Shaped Horns
146(5)
4.3.5 Conical Horns
151(4)
4.3.6 Catenoidal Horns
155(2)
4.4 Combining Sections of Different Configurations for Practical Applications
157(2)
4.5 Effect of Damping on the Operation of Horns
159(1)
4.6 Wide Horns and Horns of Large Cross Section
160(7)
4.6.1 Wide-Blade Type Horns
162(2)
4.6.2 Horns of Large Cross Section
164(1)
4.6.3 Rotating Hollow Horn
164(3)
4.7 Advanced Horn and System Design
167(2)
References
169(2)
Chapter 5 Basic Design of Ultrasonic Transducers 171(48)
5.1 Introduction
171(3)
5.2 Equivalent Circuits
174(1)
5.3 Piezoelectric Transducers
175(17)
5.3.1 Equivalent Circuit of a Simple Piezoelectric Transducer
178(2)
5.3.2 Efficiency of a Simple Piezoelectric Transducer
180(1)
5.3.3 Maximum Power Transfer between Electronic Power Source and Simple Piezoelectric Transducers
181(2)
5.3.4 Determining Transformation Factor (a) for the Piezoelectric Transducer Material
183(1)
5.3.5 Quality Factor (Q) of Piezoelectric Transducers
183(1)
5.3.6 KLM and Examples of Designs Using Transducer Model
184(1)
5.3.7 Piezoelectric Transducers for High-Intensity Applications
185(4)
5.3.8 Pulse-Type Transducers for Low-Intensity Applications Sensing
189(1)
5.3.9 Piezoelectric Polymers for Transducers
190(1)
5.3.10 Piezoelectric Materials and Their Properties
191(1)
5.4 Magnetostrictive Transducers
192(9)
5.4.1 Maximum Power Transfer to the Magnetostrictive Transducer
197(1)
5.4.2 Efficiency of the Magnetostrictive Transducer
198(1)
5.4.3 Magnetostrictive Transducers for High-Intensity Applications
198(2)
5.4.4 Giant Magnetostrictive Materials
200(1)
5.4.5 Comparative Properties between Selected Magnetostrictive Materials
200(1)
5.5 Electromagnetic Devices
201(1)
5.6 Pneumatic Devices (Whistles)
202(4)
5.6.1 Some Practical Applications of Pneumatic Whistles
205(2)
5.6.1.1 Coating Fine Particles
205(1)
5.6.1.2 Controlling Foam in Large Industrial Tanks for Liquids
206(1)
5.7 Mechanical Devices
206(1)
5.8 Some Special High-Frequency Transducers
207(5)
5.8.1 Electromagnetic Coupling
207(1)
5.8.2 Electrostatic Coupling
208(1)
5.8.3 Surface Acoustic Wave Devices
208(1)
5.8.4 Resistive Layer Transducers
209(1)
5.8.5 Laser Ultrasonics
210(1)
5.8.6 Ultrasonic Arrays
211(1)
5.9 Transducer-Generated Wave Fields
212(3)
5.10 General Remarks
215(1)
References
216(3)
Chapter 6 Determining Properties of Materials 219(40)
6.1 Introduction
219(1)
6.2 Approximate Methods for Measurement of Velocity and Attenuation
220(4)
6.2.1 Measurement of Velocity and Attenuation in Isotropic Solids
220(3)
6.2.2 Measurement of Velocity and Attenuation in Fluids
223(1)
6.3 Methods of Measuring Velocity of Sound
224(18)
6.3.1 Interferometer Method
225(1)
6.3.2 Resonance Method
226(1)
6.3.3 "Sing-Around" Method
226(2)
6.3.4 Pulse-Superposition Method
228(1)
6.3.5 Pulse-Echo-Overlap Method
229(1)
6.3.6 Measurements in Materials of High Attenuation
230(3)
6.3.7 Measurements at High Temperatures
233(4)
6.3.8 Measurements at High Pressures
237(3)
6.3.9 Water and Other Reference Materials
240(2)
6.4 Low-Frequency Measurements of Elastic Moduli and Poisson's Ratio
242(3)
6.4.1 Measuring Flexural and Longitudinal Resonant Frequencies of Bars
242(2)
6.4.2 Measuring Torsional Resonant Frequencies of Isotropic Bars
244(1)
6.4.3 Determining Poisson's Ratio, Young's Modulus, and Shear Modulus from Flexural and Torsional Resonance Data
244(1)
6.5 Density, Viscosity and Particle Size Measurements
245(7)
6.5.1 Ultrasonic Device for Quantitative Density Measurements of Slurries
245(1)
6.5.2 Viscosity Measurements by Ultrasonics
246(4)
6.5.3 Ultrasonic Diffraction Grating Spectroscopy for Particle Size and Viscosity
250(1)
6.5.4 Particle Size in Emulsions, Colloids, and Slurries
251(1)
6.6 Determining Properties of Plastics and High Polymers
252(1)
6.7 General Comments on Measuring Acoustical Properties of Materials
253(4)
References
257(2)
Chapter 7 Nondestructive Testing: Basic Methods and General Considerations 259(46)
7.1 Introduction
259(1)
7.2 Basic Methods
260(6)
7.2.1 Resonance Methods
260(1)
7.2.2 Pulse Methods
261(3)
7.2.3 Acoustic Emission Technique
264(2)
7.3 Factors Affecting Resolution and Sensitivity
266(3)
7.3.1 Near-Field Effects
266(1)
7.3.2 Properties of the Materials
267(2)
7.4 Unconventional Techniques Used for Nondestructive Testing
269(9)
7.4.1 Eddy Sonic Inspection Method
269(1)
7.4.2 Sonic Analysis
269(2)
7.4.3 Acoustic Impact Technique
271(2)
7.4.4 Ultrasonic Spectroscopy
273(2)
7.4.5 Critical Angle Analysis
275(3)
7.5 Instrumentation
278(23)
7.5.1 Coupling Energy to the Test Object
279(2)
7.5.2 Resonance Methods
281(2)
7.5.2.1 Transducers
282(1)
7.5.2.2 Data Recording
283(1)
7.5.3 Pulse Methods
283(5)
7.5.3.1 Transducers
283(2)
7.5.3.2 Data Recording
285(3)
7.5.4 Acoustic Emission Methods
288(1)
7.5.5 Phased Arrays Systems
289(1)
7.5.6 Some Specialized Equipment
289(1)
7.5.7 Commonly Used Specifications and Standards
290(16)
7.5.7.1 Standards for Ultrasonic Inspection
290(3)
7.5.7.2 Methods Used to Determine Flaw Size
293(8)
References
301(4)
Chapter 8 Use of Ultrasonics in the Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Metals 305(66)
8.1 Introduction
305(1)
8.2 Internal Structure of Metals
306(15)
8.2.1 Material Evaluation Based on Velocity and Attenuation of Ultrasound
309(5)
8.2.2 Surface Hardness Measurements
314(1)
8.2.3 Evaluation of Sintered Products
315(1)
8.2.4 Elastic and Anelastic Asymmetry of Metals and Acoustic Measurement of Residual Stress
315(4)
8.2.5 Fatigue, Aging, and Monitoring for Metals
319(2)
8.3 Inspection of Basic Structures and Products
321(29)
8.3.1 Welds
321(6)
8.3.2 Tubes, Pipes, and Shells
327(6)
8.3.2.1 Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structural Integrity of Underground Pipelines
333(1)
8.3.3 Plates and Strips
333(5)
8.3.4 Forgings
338(2)
8.3.5 Bearings and Bearing Materials
340(1)
8.3.6 Castings
341(3)
8.3.7 Rails
344(5)
8.3.8 Wires
349(1)
8.3.9 Rivets
349(1)
8.4 Inspection of Hot Metals
350(2)
8.4.1 Hot Steel
350(1)
8.4.2 Following the Liquid–Solid Interface During Cooling of Ingots
351(1)
8.5 Determination of Bond Integrity
352(3)
8.6 Thickness Measurements
355(3)
8.7 Inspection of Solder Joints
358(3)
8.7.1 Acoustic Microscopy
360(1)
8.8 In-Service Inspection of Nuclear Reactors
361(4)
References
365(6)
Chapter 9 Use of Ultrasonics in the Inspection and Characterization of Nonmetals 371(34)
9.1 Introduction
371(1)
9.2 Concrete
372(4)
9.3 Ceramics and Ceramic Coatings
376(3)
9.4 Timber, Wood, and Wood Composites
379(2)
9.5 Paper
381(1)
9.6 Leather
382(1)
9.7 Plastics, Polymers, and Composites
382(15)
9.7.1 Inspection of Fibrous-Bonded Composites
385(7)
9.7.2 Tires
392(1)
9.7.3 Polymer Membranes
393(2)
9.7.4 Energetic Materials and Solid Rocket Motors
395(2)
9.7.5 Low Density Foams (Aerogel)
397(1)
9.8 Adhesive Bond Integrity
397(2)
References
399(6)
Chapter 10 Imaging, Process Control, and Miscellaneous Low-Intensity Applications 405(54)
10.1 Introduction
405(1)
10.2 Ultrasonic Imaging
405(20)
10.2.1 Historical Background
406(2)
10.2.2 Electron Acoustic Image Converter
408(5)
10.2.3 Schlieren Imaging
413(3)
10.2.4 Liquid Levitation Imaging
416(1)
10.2.5 Ultrasonic Imaging with Liquid Crystals
416(1)
10.2.6 Photographic Methods of Imaging by Ultrasonics
417(1)
10.2.7 Ultrasonic Holography
418(4)
10.2.8 Acoustic Microscopy
422(2)
10.2.9 Ultrasonic Arrays
424(1)
10.2.10 Applications of Ultrasonic Imaging
425(1)
10.3 Process Monitoring, Measurement, and Control
425(22)
10.3.1 Ultrasound in Process Industries
427(1)
10.3.2 Ultrasonic Systems and Measurements
427(1)
10.3.3 Velocity and Attenuation Measurement to Characterize Media and Monitor Processes
428(1)
10.3.4 Monitoring Solidification (Interface Sensing)
429(1)
10.3.5 Acoustic Time Domain Reflectometry
429(1)
10.3.6 Three-Phase Reactors
430(1)
10.3.7 Process Tomography Using Ultrasonic Methods
431(1)
10.3.8 Ultrasonic Transducers: Process Industry Applications
432(1)
10.3.9 Density Measurement
432(3)
10.3.10 Ultrasonic Characterization of Multiphase Fluids and Flow
435(4)
10.3.10.1 Slurry Particle Size and Concentration
435(2)
10.3.10.2 Ultrasonic Device for Empirical Measurements of Slurry Concentration
437(1)
10.3.10.3 Measurement of Viscosity Using Ultrasonic Reflection Techniques
438(1)
10.3.10.4 Ultrasonic Diffraction Grating Spectroscopy for Particle Size and Viscosity in Slurries
438(1)
10.3.10.5 Ultrasonic Backscatter Measurement for Slurry Concentration and Phase Changes
438(1)
10.3.11 Fluid Flow Measurement, Velocity Profiles, and Rheology
439(8)
10.3.11.1 Velocity Profiles and Rheology
443(3)
10.3.11.2 Ultrasonic Liquid-Level Methodology
446(1)
10.3.11.3 Multiphase Flow "Visualization"
446(1)
10.3.12 Pressure and Temperature
447(1)
10.4 Underwater Applications
447(1)
10.5 Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors and Delay Lines
448(2)
10.6 Application in Gases
450(2)
References
452(7)
Chapter 11 Applications of High-Intensity Ultrasonics: Basic Mechanisms and Effects 459(36)
11.1 Introduction
459(1)
11.2 General Discussion
460(6)
11.2.1 Energy and Energy Conversion
463(2)
11.2.2 Interaction Zones
465(1)
11.3 Mechanical Effects
466(9)
11.3.1 Cavitation
466(2)
11.3.2 Dispersions, Homogenization, and Emulsification
468(3)
11.3.3 Agglomeration and Flocculation
471(1)
11.3.4 Precipitates and Sols
471(1)
11.3.5 Enhancement of Heat Transfer
471(3)
11.3.6 Diffusion through Membranes
474(1)
11.4 Chemical Effects: Sonochemistry
475(13)
11.4.1 Depolymerization
477(4)
11.4.2 Polymerization
481(1)
11.4.3 Catalysis
482(1)
11.4.4 Precipitation
483(1)
11.4.5 Metals
483(1)
11.4.6 Crystallization
484(1)
11.4.7 Sonoluminescence
485(3)
11.5 Metallurgical Effects
488(3)
References
491(4)
Chapter 12 Applications of High-Intensity Ultrasonics Based on Mechanical Effects 495(68)
12.1 Introduction
495(1)
12.2 Cleaning
496(14)
12.2.1 Principles of Ultrasonic Cleaning
496(1)
12.2.2 Factors That Affect the Cleaning Operation
497(1)
12.2.3 Types of Ultrasonic Cleaners
498(2)
12.2.4 Electronic Generators for Ultrasonic Cleaners
500(1)
12.2.5 Choice of Ultrasonic Cleaning Fluids
500(2)
12.2.6 Procedures for Ultrasonic Cleaning
502(4)
12.2.7 Methods of Evaluating Ultrasonic Cleaners
506(4)
12.3 Machining, Forming, and Joining
510(23)
12.3.1 Machining
510(5)
12.3.2 Metal Forming
515(4)
12.3.3 Accelerated Fatigue Testing
519(4)
12.3.4 Deburring
523(1)
12.3.5 Compaction of Powder Metals and Similar Materials
524(2)
12.3.6 Soldering
526(1)
12.3.7 Welding
527(13)
12.3.7.1 Welding Metals
527(2)
12.3.7.2 Welding Thermoplastic Materials
529(4)
12.4 Liquid Atomization and Droplet Formation
533(7)
12.5 Agglomeration and Flocculation
540(3)
12.5.1 Agglomeration
541(1)
12.5.2 Standing Wave Separators
541(1)
12.5.3 Flocculation
542(1)
12.6 Drying and Dewatering
543(4)
12.6.1 Acoustical Drying
543(1)
12.6.2 Electroacoustic Dewatering
543(4)
12.7 Agricultural Applications
547(1)
12.7.1 Tomato Pollination
547(1)
12.7.2 Germination of Seeds
547(1)
12.8 Pest Control
548(1)
12.9 Control of Foams
549(1)
12.10 Coating Materials and Particles
550(1)
12.11 Preparation of Carbon Spheres
551(1)
12.12 Glassware Testing
551(1)
12.13 Dispersions and De-Agglomeration
552(3)
12.13.1 Dyes and Pigments
552(1)
12.13.2 Preparation of Specimens for Study under Electron Microscopes
552(1)
12.13.3 Preparation of Soil Samples for Analysis
553(1)
12.13.4 Dispersion of Clay Suspensions
553(1)
12.13.5 Dispersion of Chlorinated Pesticides and Other Solutions
554(1)
12.13.6 Emulsification of Flotation Agents
555(1)
12.13.7 Dispersion of Sodium in Hydrocarbons
555(1)
12.13.8 Dispersion of Heterogeneous Phases in Molten Metals
555(1)
References
555(8)
Chapter 13 Applications of Ultrasonics Based on Chemical Effects-Sonochemistry 563(20)
13.1 Introduction
563(1)
13.2 Sonochemistry
563(6)
13.3 Industrial Processes
569(6)
13.3.1 Accelerated Etching
569(2)
13.3.2 Treating Beverages, Juices, and Essential Oils
571(1)
13.3.3 Treatment of Sewage
572(1)
13.3.4 Extraction Processes
573(1)
13.3.5 Demulsification of Crude Petroleum
574(1)
13.4 Miscellaneous Chemical Effects and Applications
575(1)
13.5 Electrolysis and Electroplating
576(1)
13.6 Preparation of Nanomaterials
577(1)
References
578(5)
Chapter 14 Medical Applications of Ultrasonic Energy 583(76)
14.1 Introduction
583(2)
14.2 Power Measurements and Dosages
585(4)
14.3 Basic Mechanisms and Principles
589(4)
14.3.1 Mechanisms
589(3)
14.3.2 Effect on Human Blood
592(1)
14.3.3 Effect on Tissue Regeneration
593(1)
14.4 Diagnosis
593(20)
14.4.1 Principles
595(1)
14.4.2 Equipment
595(1)
14.4.3 Ultrasonic Contrast Agents
596(1)
14.4.4 Diagnosis by Reflection Methods
597(12)
14.4.4.1 Abdomen and Uterus
597(2)
14.4.4.2 Neurology
599(3)
14.4.4.3 Abdominal-Liver
602(1)
14.4.4.4 Ophthalmology
603(1)
14.4.4.5 Three-Dimensional Ultrasound
604(1)
14.4.4.6 Cardiac
605(2)
14.4.4.7 Tomography and Holography
607(2)
14.4.4.8 Miscellaneous
609(1)
14.4.5 Diagnosis by Doppler Methods
609(4)
14.5 Therapy
613(7)
14.5.1 Equipment
614(1)
14.5.2 Physical Therapy
614(4)
14.5.2.1 Rheumatic and Related Disorders
617(1)
14.5.3 Sonicated Drug Delivery
618(2)
14.5.3.1 Phonophoresis
618(1)
14.5.3.2 Diffusion of Subcutaneous Injections
619(1)
14.5.3.3 Blood–Brain Barrier
619(1)
14.5.3.4 Ultrasonic Gene and Drug Delivery and Activation
619(1)
14.5.4 Miscellaneous Medical Therapy Applications of Ultrasound
620(1)
14.5.4.1 Ophthalmic Therapy
620(1)
14.5.4.2 Effects on Paced Hearts
620(1)
14.6 Surgery
620(23)
14.6.1 Equipment
621(1)
14.6.2 High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound-Hyperthermia
621(8)
14.6.2.1 Cancer
622(5)
14.6.2.2 Neurosonic Surgery
627(1)
14.6.2.3 Applications of Hyperthermia
628(1)
14.6.3 Shock Wave Lithotripsy
629(1)
14.6.4 Tissue Dissection and Ablation
630(8)
14.6.4.1 Phacoemulsification
631(2)
14.6.4.2 Ultrasonic Surgery Using Tissue Fragmentation
633(1)
14.6.4.3 Ultrasonic-Assisted Lipoplasty
633(1)
14.6.4.4 Ultrasonic Scalpels
634(1)
14.6.4.5 Intravascular Surgery (Thrombolysis)
634(2)
14.6.4.6 Physics of Tissue Dissection and Ablation
636(2)
14.6.5 Ultrasound in Dentistry
638(2)
14.6.6 Selected Other Ultrasonic Surgical Procedures
640(8)
14.6.6.1 Laryngeal Papillomatosis
640(1)
14.6.6.2 Meniere's Disease
640(2)
14.6.6.3 Stapedectomy
642(1)
14.6.6.4 Selective Hypophysectomy
643(1)
14.7 Tissue Characterization
643(3)
14.8 High-Frequency Imaging/Acoustic Microscopy
646(2)
14.9 Ancillary Application of Biomedical and Research Applications
648(1)
14.9.1 Cell and Spore Disruption
648(1)
References
649(10)
Glossary 659(4)
Appendix A 663(22)
Appendix B 685(4)
Author Index 689(24)
Subject Index 713
Sunnyvale, California, USA Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA