Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
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xix | |
Introduction |
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1 | (4) |
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Chapter 1 The Basic Physics of Ultrasound |
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5 | (20) |
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5 | (4) |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Energy Spectrum of a Pulse |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (4) |
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Characteristic Acoustic Impedance, Z0 |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 The Interaction of Ultrasound with Tissue |
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25 | (14) |
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Reflection and Transmission at a Plane Interface |
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25 | (4) |
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25 | (2) |
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Reflection at an Angle and Refraction |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (4) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (3) |
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34 | (3) |
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Attenuation Coefficient (α) |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (1) |
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The Journey of the Ultrasound Pulse |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (20) |
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40 | (3) |
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Huygen's Wavelet Model and Diffraction |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (3) |
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Beam Forming with Transducer Arrays |
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47 | (3) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (2) |
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Beam Shape and Beam Steering |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (4) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
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Resolution Versus Penetration |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 The Ultrasound Probe |
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59 | (14) |
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59 | (3) |
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59 | (2) |
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Single Crystal Technology |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (2) |
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1-D, 1.5-D, and 2-D Arrays |
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68 | (4) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 Image Formation |
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73 | (22) |
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74 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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B-Mode or Greyscale Image (Brightness Mode) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (4) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (2) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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Synthetic Aperture Imaging |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (3) |
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86 | (3) |
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89 | (3) |
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90 | (1) |
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Pros and Cons of Harmonic Imaging |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 The B-Mode Scanner |
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95 | (16) |
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Transmission Side of a Scanner |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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PRF -- Pulse Repetition Frequency |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Receive Side of a Scanner (Rx) |
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97 | (5) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Analogue to Digital Converter -- ADC |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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Dynamic Range and Transfer Function (Greyscale Mapping) |
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102 | (4) |
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103 | (1) |
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Transfer Function or Grey Scale Mapping |
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103 | (3) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (3) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Image Quality and Artefacts |
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111 | (30) |
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111 | (1) |
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Frame Rate: Frames Per Second (fps) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Interpolation -- Writing in `Extra Lines' |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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Frame Averaging or Persistence |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (4) |
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119 | (1) |
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Colour Enhancement of Grayscale Images |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (5) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (4) |
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127 | (3) |
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Poorly Adjusted Time Gain Control (TGC) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Shadowing from the Transducer Surface |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (4) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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Probe -- Interface Reverberation |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (2) |
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135 | (1) |
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Side Lobes and Grating Lobes |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 Principles of Doppler Ultrasound |
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141 | (34) |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (7) |
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Block Diagram of CW Doppler Instrument |
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146 | (1) |
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Detection of Direction of Flow |
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146 | (2) |
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The Doppler Waveform Display (Sonogram) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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1 Slowly Moving Blood Flow in a Vessel |
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148 | (1) |
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2 Fast Moving Blood Flow in a Vessel |
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149 | (3) |
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152 | (1) |
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Pulsed Wave Doppler (PW Doppler) and Range Gating |
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152 | (8) |
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Detection of the Doppler Signal |
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153 | (1) |
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Block Diagram of Pulsed Doppler Instrument with Sonogram Display |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (2) |
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Appearance of Aliasing on the Sonogram |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Intrinsic Spectral Broadening (ISB) |
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160 | (2) |
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Question: What Doppler Angle Should We Use? |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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Length and Depth of Sample Volume |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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Baseline Offset and Invert |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (3) |
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170 | (3) |
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170 | (1) |
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Intrinsic Spectral Broadening |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 Principles of Colour Doppler Ultrasound |
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175 | (28) |
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177 | (3) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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CDU and the Doppler Angle |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (2) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Discrimination of Stationary Targets |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (2) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) |
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194 | (3) |
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Myocardial Strain Imaging |
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197 | (2) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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Using TDI to Measure Strain |
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198 | (1) |
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Speckle Tracking Echocardiography STE |
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199 | (3) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 Making Measurements |
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203 | (22) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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How Accurate or Precise Do We Need To Be? |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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Systematic and Random Errors |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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Ultrasound Measurements in Practice |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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Sonographer-Based Constraints |
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209 | (1) |
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Principles for Making Reliable Measurements |
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209 | (4) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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Measurement of Circumference, Area, and Volume |
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213 | (3) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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Use a Simplified Model of the Target |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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Surface Segmentation and Automated Methods |
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214 | (2) |
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Doppler Waveform Measurements |
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216 | (3) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (2) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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Colour Doppler Ultrasound |
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221 | (1) |
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Measurement of Volume Flow Q |
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221 | (3) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (1) |
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Chapter 11 Safety and Quality Assurance |
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225 | (24) |
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Energy, Power, and Intensity |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (3) |
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Factors Affecting Damage Potential |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (2) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (3) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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Bio-effects from Ultrasound |
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240 | (1) |
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Quality Assurance and Routine Checks |
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241 | (1) |
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Suggested Routine User Checks |
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241 | (3) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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New Techniques in Ultrasound |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (2) |
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Chapter 12 Advanced Topics |
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249 | (28) |
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249 | (2) |
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Behaviour of Bubbles in the Ultrasound Field |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (2) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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Advanced Micro-Bubble Techniques |
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255 | (1) |
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B-Flow Blood Vessel Imaging |
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256 | (4) |
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Doppler Measurement of Pressure Gradients |
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260 | (1) |
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Advanced Image Processing |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) |
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263 | (5) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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Needle Visualisation and Guidance |
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271 | (3) |
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274 | (3) |
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Chapter 13 Ultrafast Ultrasound |
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277 | (24) |
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Synthetic Aperture Imaging (SA) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (4) |
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283 | (1) |
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Speed of Sound Correction |
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283 | (3) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (5) |
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Ultrafast Colour Doppler (UFCD) |
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286 | (3) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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Vector Flow Imaging (VFI) |
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291 | (7) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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Transverse Oscillation (TO) |
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293 | (3) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (3) |
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301 | (28) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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Methods of Applying The Distorting Force |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (4) |
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SE with Manual or Physiological Palpation |
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303 | (4) |
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307 | (3) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (2) |
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310 | (4) |
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Stress Concentration Artefacts |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging (ARFI Imaging) |
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314 | (2) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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Shear Wave Elastography (SWE) |
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316 | (4) |
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316 | (4) |
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320 | (2) |
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Supersonic Shear Imaging (SSI) |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (3) |
Appendix 1 Knobology |
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329 | (6) |
Appendix 2 Handling Equations and Decibels |
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335 | (10) |
Appendix 3 The Unfocused Transducer Beam Shape |
|
345 | (4) |
Index |
|
349 | |