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1 Setting the Scene: Motivation, Location, and Methods |
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1 | (16) |
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1.1 Why This Book? Motivations for the Research |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Akarenga University and the DACP |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2.1 Akarenga University |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2.2 The Discussion and Communication Program |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.4 Research Methods: Data Collection and Analysis |
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4 | (5) |
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1.4.1 Critical Ethnography |
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4 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Field Notes and Participant Observation |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (2) |
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1.4.4 Documents and Artifacts |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (3) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.5.2 The `Native Speaker' Frame |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (5) |
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12 | (5) |
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Part I Theorising the `Native Speaker' Frame |
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2 `Native Speakers' and Native-speakerism |
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17 | (30) |
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17 | (1) |
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2.2 Historical Perspectives on Standardization and the `Native Speaker' |
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17 | (2) |
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2.3 The `Native Speaker' in Theoretical and Applied Linguistics |
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19 | (5) |
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2.3.1 Theoretical Linguistics |
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19 | (1) |
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2.3.2 The `Native Speaker' in Applied Linguistics |
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20 | (1) |
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2.3.3 Attempts to Define the `Native Speaker' |
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20 | (2) |
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2.3.4 The `Native Speaker' as a Social Construct |
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22 | (1) |
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2.3.5 The Use of `Native Speaker' in This Book |
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23 | (1) |
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2.4 Native-speakerism in ELT: Ideology, Power and Professional Discourses |
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24 | (13) |
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2.4.1 Theoretical Precursors to Native-speakerism |
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24 | (2) |
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2.4.2 Native-speakerism, Professional Discourses and Issues in the Field |
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26 | (5) |
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2.4.3 Semantic Shift, Redefinition and `Post-native-speakerism' |
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31 | (6) |
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2.5 Native-speakerism and Cultural Resistance |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (8) |
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40 | (7) |
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3 The `Native Speaker' Frame: Establishing a Theoretical Framework |
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47 | (32) |
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47 | (1) |
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3.2 Framing, Frame Analysis, and Ideology |
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47 | (7) |
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48 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Collective Action Frames |
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49 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Frames and Ideology |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (3) |
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3.3 Systemic Racism and the White Racial Frame |
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54 | (2) |
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54 | (1) |
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3.3.2 The White Racial Frame |
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55 | (1) |
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3.4 Conceptualising the `Native Speaker' Frame |
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56 | (3) |
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3.4.1 Native-speakerism in Retreat |
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57 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Conceptualizing the Frame |
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57 | (2) |
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3.5 Constructing the `Native Speaker' Frame: Professional Discourses |
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59 | (9) |
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3.5.1 The Idealized `Native Speaker' |
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60 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Western Methodological Normativity |
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61 | (2) |
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3.5.3 Non-Western Methodological and Educational Inferiority |
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63 | (1) |
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3.5.4 Methodological Standardization |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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3.5.6 Students and Cultural Deficiency |
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66 | (2) |
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3.6 Resistance: Reframing, Counter-Framing, and Frame Transformation |
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68 | (2) |
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3.7 Conclusion: The `Native Speaker' Frame as a Theoretical Framework |
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70 | (9) |
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72 | (7) |
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Part II Identifying the `Native Speaker' Frame 4 Equality in a `Professional Utopia' |
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79 | (106) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (11) |
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4.2.1 Hiring and Contacts |
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81 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Duties and Responsibilities of Instructors |
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83 | (5) |
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4.2.3 Images and Advertising |
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88 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Perceptions of Teachers |
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89 | (2) |
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91 | (8) |
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4.3.1 Institutional and Personal Reasons: Diversity as an Intrinsic Good |
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91 | (3) |
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4.3.2 Professional Reasons: English as a Tool, and `Doing the Job' |
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94 | (5) |
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4.4 Professionalism in the Context of the Unified Curriculum |
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99 | (3) |
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4.5 Conclusion: Equality, and the Retreat of Overt Native-Speakerism |
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102 | (3) |
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103 | (2) |
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5 Educational Technology and the `Native Speaker' Frame |
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105 | (30) |
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105 | (1) |
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5.2 Four Native-Speakerist Discourses |
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105 | (2) |
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5.3 Discourse 1: Japanese Educational Technology Is Inherently Deficient |
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107 | (6) |
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5.4 Discourse 2: Western Educational Technology Is Normative |
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113 | (8) |
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5.4.1 Lesson Staging: PPP and the `Akarenga Method' |
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114 | (2) |
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5.4.2 A Notional/Functional Syllabus |
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116 | (2) |
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5.4.3 Learner-Centeredness |
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118 | (3) |
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5.5 Discourse 3: Students Need to Be Trained |
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121 | (8) |
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5.5.1 Trained in how to Communicate |
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122 | (3) |
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5.5.2 Trained in how they Should Learn |
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125 | (2) |
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5.5.3 Trained in What they Should Learn |
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127 | (2) |
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5.6 Discourse 4: English-Only Is the Best Policy |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (4) |
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132 | (3) |
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6 Professionalism, Training, and Reinforcement |
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135 | (20) |
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135 | (1) |
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6.2 Training, Orientation, and Reinforcement |
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136 | (1) |
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6.3 Centre Qualification Bias |
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137 | (2) |
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6.4 Orientation and the Instilling of Professional Expectation |
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139 | (3) |
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6.5 Observation, Development, and Reinforcement |
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142 | (7) |
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142 | (2) |
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6.5.2 Faculty Development Sessions |
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144 | (5) |
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149 | (1) |
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6.7 Conclusion - `The Native Speaker' Frame' in the DACP |
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150 | (5) |
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152 | (3) |
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7 Official Policy and Acts of Cultural Resistance |
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155 | (20) |
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155 | (2) |
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7.2 The Reading Circle: Introducing New Ideas |
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157 | (8) |
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158 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Freedom: Topics and Tone |
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159 | (2) |
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7.2.3 The Reading Circle as Cultural Resistance |
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161 | (4) |
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7.3 JDACP and `The Inverted Curriculum' -- Changing Perspectives |
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165 | (4) |
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165 | (1) |
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7.3.2 The JDACP as Cultural Resistance |
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166 | (1) |
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7.3.3 New Perspectives from the JDACP |
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167 | (2) |
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7.4 Defying the English-Only Policy |
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169 | (3) |
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172 | (3) |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (10) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (6) |
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8.2.1 Professional Equality |
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175 | (1) |
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8.2.2 The `Native Speaker' Framing of the DACP |
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176 | (2) |
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8.2.3 Training and Reinforcement |
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178 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Cultural Resistance |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (4) |
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183 | (2) |
Appendices |
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185 | (2) |
Index |
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187 | |