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E-grāmata: Understanding Global Climate Change: Modelling the Climatic System and Human Impacts

  • Formāts: 454 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 27-Jul-2021
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429511905
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  • Formāts: 454 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 27-Jul-2021
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429511905

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Climate change, a familiar term today, is far more than just global warming due to atmospheric greenhouse gases including CO2. In order to understand the nature of climate change, it is necessary to consider the whole climatic system, its complexity, and the ways in which natural and anthropogenic activities act and influence that system and the environment. Over the past 20 years since the first edition of Understanding Global Climate Change was published, not only has the availability of climate-related data and computer modelling changed, but our perceptions of it and its impact have changed as well. Using a combination of ground data, satellite data, and human impacts, this second edition discusses the state of climate research today, on a global scale, and establishes a background for future discussions on climate change. This book is an essential reference text, relevant to any and all who study climate and climate change.

Features











Provides a thought-provoking and original approach to the science of climate.





Emphasises that there are many factors contributing to the causation of climate change.





Clarifies that while anthropogenic generation of carbon dioxide is important, it is only one of several human activities contributing to climate change.





Considers climate change responses needed to be undertaken by politicians and society at national and global levels.





Totally revised and updated with state-of-the-art satellite data and climate models currently in operation around the globe.
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xvii
Biography xix
Abbreviations xxi
Chapter 1 The great global warming scare 1(74)
1.1 Climate change: The background
1(32)
1.1.1 The definition of climate
1(4)
1.1.2 The scale in time and space A
5(1)
1.1.3 Chaos
6(3)
1.1.4 The causes of climate change
9(1)
1.1.4.1 Events that occur outside the earth
9(1)
1.1.5 Natural events on the earth
10(8)
1.1.5.1 Plate tectonics
10(2)
1.1.5.2 The cryosphere
12(2)
1.1.5.3 The lithosphere, volcanic eruptions
14(1)
1.1.5.4 Ocean circulation
14(2)
1.1.5.5 The biosphere
16(2)
1.1.6 Human activities
18(15)
1.1.6.1 Carbon dioxide CO,
18(1)
1.1.6.2 Ozone
18(8)
1.1.6.3 Development of land areas
26(3)
1.1.6.4 Other greenhouse gases
29(2)
1.1.6.5 Human activities and the greenhouse effect
31(2)
1.2 The emergence of the modern environmental movement (alias the green movement)
33(14)
1.2.1 Back to nature
33(2)
1.2.2 Acid rain
35(2)
1.2.3 The club of Rome, limits to growth, the Stockholm conference 1972, only one earth, blueprint for survival
37(3)
1.2.4 Cold war cooperation between East and West
40(1)
1.2.5 Some more conferences
41(2)
1.2.6 The intergovernmental panel on climate change
43(2)
1.2.7 Why we disagree about climate change (Hulme 2009)
45(2)
1.3 Sustainability, survival
47(28)
1.3.1 Introduction
47(1)
1.3.2 Limits to growth, the Club of Rome
47(3)
1.3.3 Defining sustainability
50(3)
1.3.4 Our way of life
53(1)
1.3.5 The end of fossil fuels and other minerals
54(3)
1.3.6 Can the party continue?
57(9)
1.3.6.1 Gas
58(1)
1.3.6.2 Coal
58(1)
1.3.6.3 Nuclear
59(1)
1.3.6.4 Renewables
59(1)
1.3.6.5 Hydropower and geothermal
59(3)
1.3.6.6 Wind
62(1)
1.3.6.7 Solar
62(1)
1.3.6.8 Biofuels
63(2)
1.3.6.9 Waves, tidal systems, etc
65(1)
1.3.6.10 Hydrogen and fuel cells
65(1)
1.3.6.11 Cement/Concrete
65(1)
1.3.7 Sustainable energy without the hot air
66(2)
1.3.8 Population
68(1)
1.3.9 The collapse of former civilisations
69(1)
1.3.10 Easter island
70(1)
1.3.11 Incomplete collapse: Example the end of the roman empire
71(1)
1.3.12 Current environmental threats
71(4)
Chapter 2 The atmosphere 75(32)
2.1 Introduction
75(1)
2.2 Composition of the atmosphere
76(4)
2.3 The Earth's radiation budget
80(3)
2.3.1 Global energy flows
80(2)
2.3.2 Earth's radiation budget and climate
82(1)
2.4 Optically active minor gaseous components
83(10)
2.5 Aerosols
93(3)
2.5.1 Natural and anthropogenic aerosols in the atmosphere
93(1)
2.5.2 Aerosol optical properties
93(1)
2.5.3 Sulphate aerosols
94(1)
2.5.4 The spatial and temporal distribution of aerosols
95(1)
2.6 Clouds
96(11)
2.6.1 Formation of clouds
96(1)
2.6.2 Types of clouds
97(1)
2.6.3 Cloudiness and radiation
98(9)
Chapter 3 The hydrosphere 107(34)
3.1 Introduction
107(2)
3.2 The hydrological cycle
109(3)
3.3 The Oceans
112(6)
3.3.1 The thermohaline circulation
112(2)
3.3.2 Studies of heat and water balances in the world's oceans
114(3)
3.3.3 Nonlinearities in oceans and climate feedbacks
117(1)
3.4 The Lakes
118(3)
3.5 The Rivers
121(3)
3.6 Case-studies of hydrological applications
124(17)
3.6.1 Modelling the state of the Okhotsk Sea ecosystems
125(17)
3.6.1.1 The Aral Sea
128(5)
3.6.1.2 The future of the Aral Sea
133(1)
3.6.1.3 The water balance of the Aral Sea, a new recovery scenario
133(4)
3.6.1.4 Other threatened seas
137(4)
Chapter 4 The biosphere, lithosphere, and cryosphere 141(30)
4.1 Background
141(1)
4.2 The biosphere
142(12)
4.2.1 The cumulative carbon transfers since the industrial revolution
143(3)
4.2.2 The carbon cycle: annual data
146(8)
4.3 The lithosphere
154(3)
4.4 The cryosphere
157(14)
4.4.1 The Arctic and the Antarctic
160(5)
4.4.2 Glaciers
165(1)
4.4.3 Observations of the cryosphere
166(3)
4.4.4 Thermal radiation and the snow cover: exploration tools
169(2)
Chapter 5 Energy, the driver of the climate system 171(30)
5.1 Energy
171(2)
5.1.1 Why discuss energy?
171(1)
5.1.2 Renewable energy
171(2)
5.2 A digression: What is energy?
173(2)
5.3 The Green Agenda and energy, Energiewende
175(7)
5.4 The curse of intermittency
182(7)
5.5 Nuclear energy and the generation of electricity
189(3)
5.6 Energy resources and the environment
192(1)
5.7 Decarbonisation potential in the global energy system
193(2)
5.8 Radioactive environmental contamination from nuclear energy
195(6)
5.8.1 Nuclear accidents
195(2)
5.8.2 Nuclear waste management
197(4)
Chapter 6 Climate data, analysis, modelling 201(80)
6.1 Introduction
201(1)
6.2 Meteorological data
202(1)
6.3 Meteorological satellites
203(8)
6.4 Satellites and climate modelling
211(1)
6.5 The NASA Earth Observing System (EOS)
212(5)
6.6 Trace gases and pollutants
217(4)
6.7 Earth radiation budget, clouds, and aerosol
221(5)
6.7.1 The stratosphere
223(1)
6.7.2 The troposphere
224(2)
6.8 Volcanic eruptions
226(8)
6.8.1 The eruption of circa AD 535-6
226(2)
6.8.2 Ice core records
228(4)
6.8.3 Radiocarbon dating
232(1)
6.8.4 Tree Rings
232(2)
6.9 Aerosols and climate
234(8)
6.9.1 Introduction
234(1)
6.9.2 Modelling aerosol properties
235(1)
6.9.3 Climatic impacts of aerosols
236(1)
6.9.4 Tropospheric aerosols
237(1)
6.9.5 Sulphate aerosols
237(1)
6.9.6 Stratospheric aerosols
238(4)
6.10 Remote sensing and volcanic eruptions
242(15)
6.10.1 Satellite observations
248(2)
6.10.2 Aircraft observations
250(2)
6.10.3 Balloon observations
252(1)
6.10.4 Surface observations
253(2)
6.10.5 Climatic consequences of the Mount Pinatubo eruption
255(2)
6.11 Paleoclimatology
257(8)
6.11.1 Desertification
257(4)
6.11.2 Land degradation
261(1)
6.11.3 The concepts of land cover and land use
262(2)
6.11.4 Palaeoclimatic information: catastrophic changes
264(1)
6.12 Models
265(12)
6.12.1 Weather forecast models
266(2)
6.12.2 Climate-forecast models
268(2)
6.12.3 The surface boundary conditions
270(3)
6.12.4 Feedback mechanisms
273(1)
6.12.5 The use of general: circulation models
274(3)
6.13 Carbon dioxide and climate
277(4)
6.13.1 Numerical modelling for CO2 increase
277(4)
Chapter 7 The IPCC and its recommendations 281(80)
7.1 Introduction
281(1)
7.2 Soviet Climatology in the Second Half of the 20th Century
281(12)
7.2.1 The cold war period
281(7)
7.2.2 Soviet climate change dialogue with the West
288(1)
7.2.3 US-USSR climate science collaboration
288(1)
7.2.4 Soviet involvement in the activities of the WMO and IPCC
289(3)
7.2.5 The distinctive soviet contribution
292(1)
7.3 The IPCC Reports
293(19)
7.3.1 Background
293(1)
7.3.2 Why are the IPCC assessments so important?
294(1)
7.3.3 The IPCC first assessment
295(2)
7.3.4 The second and subsequent assessment reports
297(6)
7.3.4.1 Concerns about the IPCC's climate models
301(1)
7.3.4.2 Political manipulation
302(1)
7.3.4.3 Himalayan glaciers
302(1)
7.3.5 Predicted consequences of climate change
303(27)
7.3.5.1 Sea-level rise
304(1)
7.3.5.2 Freshwater resources
305(1)
7.3.5.3 Desertification
306(1)
7.3.5.4 Agriculture and food supply
306(2)
7.3.5.5 Natural ecosystems
308(1)
7.3.5.6 Impact on human health
309(1)
7.3.5.7 Costs
310(1)
7.3.5.8 Consensus and Validation
311(1)
7.4 The concept of global ecology
312(7)
7.5 Academician KiriII Kondratyev and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
319(4)
7.6 The UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol
323(5)
7.7 Climate predictions
328(2)
7.8 Cooling off on global warming
330(7)
7.8.1 The soviet climatologists
330(1)
7.8.2 Human-induced global warming sceptics
330(4)
7.8.3 How do we define mean global (or global mean) temperature?
334(3)
7.9 The Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC)
337(5)
7.9.1 The origins of the NIPCC
337(1)
7.9.2 The NIPCC report of 2008
338(10)
7.9.2.1 No consensus
340(1)
7.9.2.2 Why scientists disagree
340(1)
7.9.2.3 Scientific method vs. political science
340(1)
7.9.2.4 Flawed projections
341(1)
7.9.2.5 False postulates
341(1)
7.9.2.6 Unreliable circumstantial evidence
341(1)
7.9.2.7 Policy implications
341(1)
7.10 Politics, Margaret Thatcher and James Hansen
342(1)
7.11 The green movement and human-induced global warming
343(5)
7.12 Consensus
348(6)
7.12.1 Scientific consensus
348(2)
7.12.2 Surveys allegedly supporting consensus
350(1)
7.12.3 Evidence of lack of consensus
351(3)
7.12.3.1 Controversies
353(1)
7.12.3.2 Climate impacts
353(1)
7.12.3.3 Why scientists disagree
354(1)
7.12.3.4 Appeals to consensus
354(1)
7.13 Climate Models, C.P., SCC, and IAMB
354(7)
7.13.1 C.P. or ceteris paribus
354(2)
7.13.2 SCC, the social cost of carbon, carbon tax
356(5)
Chapter 8 Climate change: Energy resources-nuclear accidents 361(36)
8.1 Background
361(1)
8.2 Nuclear war and climate
361(2)
8.3 Nuclear energy, nuclear winter
363(2)
8.3.1 Nuclear energy
363(1)
8.3.2 Nuclear winter
364(1)
8.4 The big mistake surrounding the IPCC and the UNFCCC
365(4)
8.4.1 The Montreal Protocol and the Kyoto Protocol
366(2)
8.4.2 The United Nations and the Montreal: Kyoto Protocols
368(1)
8.5 What can I do?
369(10)
8.5.1 The Anthropocene
371(2)
8.5.2 Greta Thunberg; extinction rebellion
373(3)
8.5.3 Aims
376(1)
8.5.4 Principles
377(2)
8.6 Sustainability
379(4)
8.6.1 The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
382(1)
8.7 The World's most dangerous animal
383(1)
8.8 Economic growth is not our salvation
383(5)
8.9 Recent additions to the Climate Change Literature
388(4)
8.10 A new tool for environmental risk assessment: Natural time analysis
392(5)
References 397(22)
Index 419
Arthur Cracknell graduated in Physics from Cambridge University in 1961 and received his PhD in electronic band structure of metals from Oxford University in 1964. He worked as a lecturer in Physics at the Universities of Singapore and Essex before moving to Dundee University where he rose to become the Carnegie Professor of Physics. In Dundee he established a pioneering group in remote sensing with many graduate students (MSc and PhD). He and his collaborators have published over 300 research papers. With several different co-authors he has published 30 books on solid state physics and various aspects of remote sensing applications, several with Taylor & Francis/CRC, including of course the first edition of "Observing Global Climate Change." He is now an emeritus professor and continues to pursue his scientific interests.

Costas Varotsos graduated in Physics from National and Kapodistrian University of Athens in 1980 and received his PhD in Atmospheric Physics from University of Thessaloniki in 1984. He teaches since 1989 Atmospheric and Environmental Physics and Chemistry, which are also the main topics of his research interests (e.g., Remote Sensing, Climate Dynamics, Atmospheric Physics & Chemistry, Environmental Change, Non-linear Processes). He has established four international research Laboratories in the Department of Environmental Physics of NKUA. He has published 14 monographs with Springer and more than 300 research papers in refereed journals and contributed with specific chapters to 6 edited books in the fields of Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Physics & Chemistry, and Environmental Change.