| Preface to Second Edition |
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xv | |
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1 Understanding the physical universe |
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1 | (8) |
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1.1 The programme of physics |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 The building blocks of matter |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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1.4 The fundamental interactions |
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5 | (1) |
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1.5 Exploring the physical universe: the scientific method |
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5 | (2) |
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1.6 The role of physics: its scope and applications |
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7 | (2) |
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2 Using mathematical tools in physics |
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9 | (22) |
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2.1 Applying the scientific method |
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9 | (1) |
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2.2 The use of variables to represent displacement and time |
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9 | (1) |
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2.3 Representation of data |
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10 | (2) |
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2.4 The use of differentiation in analysis: velocity and acceleration in linear motion |
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12 | (4) |
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2.5 The use of integration in analysis |
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16 | (5) |
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2.6 Maximum and minimum values of physical variables: general linear motion |
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21 | (2) |
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2.7 Angular motion: the radian |
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23 | (2) |
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2.8 The role of mathematics in physics |
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25 | (6) |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (3) |
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3 The causes of motion: dynamics |
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31 | (32) |
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31 | (1) |
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3.2 The first law of dynamics (Newton's first law) |
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32 | (1) |
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3.3 The fundamental dynamical principle (Newton's second law) |
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33 | (3) |
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36 | (2) |
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3.5 Time dependent forces: oscillatory motion |
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38 | (2) |
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3.6 Simple harmonic motion |
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40 | (4) |
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3.7 Mechanical work and energy: power |
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44 | (4) |
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3.8 Energy in simple harmonic motion |
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48 | (2) |
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3.9 Dissipative forces: damped harmonic motion |
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50 | (4) |
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54 | (2) |
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3.11 Nonlinear dynamics: chaos |
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56 | (7) |
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57 | (4) |
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61 | (2) |
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4 Motion in two and three dimensions |
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63 | (24) |
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4.1 Vector physical quantities |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (3) |
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4.3 Velocity and acceleration vectors |
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67 | (2) |
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4.4 Force as a vector quantity: vector form of the laws of dynamics |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (2) |
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4.7 Motion in a circle: centripetal force |
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74 | (1) |
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4.8 Motion in a circle at constant speed |
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75 | (2) |
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4.9 Tangential and radial components of acceleration |
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77 | (1) |
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4.10 Hybrid motion: the simple pendulum |
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78 | (1) |
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4.11 Angular quantities as vectors: the cross product |
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79 | (8) |
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81 | (3) |
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84 | (3) |
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87 | (30) |
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5.1 Newton's law of universal gravitation |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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5.4 Gauss' law for gravitation |
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90 | (4) |
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5.5 Motion in a constant uniform field: projectiles |
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94 | (2) |
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5.6 Mechanical work and energy |
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96 | (6) |
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5.7 Energy in a constant uniform field |
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102 | (1) |
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5.8 Energy in an inverse square law field |
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103 | (2) |
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5.9 Moment of a force: angular momentum |
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105 | (2) |
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5.10 Planetary motion: circular orbits |
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107 | (1) |
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5.11 Planetary motion: elliptical orbits and Kepler's laws |
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108 | (9) |
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110 | (4) |
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114 | (3) |
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117 | (24) |
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117 | (3) |
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6.2 The principle of conservation of momentum |
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120 | (1) |
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6.3 Mechanical energy of systems of particles |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (4) |
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6.6 The centre of mass of a system of particles |
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127 | (1) |
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6.7 The two-body problem: reduced mass |
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128 | (3) |
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6.8 Angular momentum of a system of particles |
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131 | (1) |
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6.9 Conservation principles in physics |
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132 | (9) |
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133 | (4) |
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137 | (4) |
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141 | (20) |
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141 | (1) |
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7.2 Rigid bodies in equilibrium: statics |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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7.4 Dynamics of rigid bodies |
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144 | (1) |
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7.5 Measurement of torque: the torsion balance |
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145 | (1) |
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7.6 Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis: moment of inertia |
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146 | (1) |
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7.7 Calculation of moments of inertia: the parallel axis theorem |
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147 | (2) |
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7.8 Conservation of angular momentum of rigid bodies |
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149 | (1) |
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7.9 Conservation of mechanical energy in rigid body systems |
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149 | (3) |
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7.10 Work done by a torque: torsional oscillations: rotational power |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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7.12 Summary: connection between rotational and translational motions |
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155 | (6) |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (3) |
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161 | (22) |
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8.1 Applicability of Newton's laws of motion: inertial reference frames |
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161 | (1) |
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8.2 The Galilean transformation |
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162 | (3) |
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8.3 The CM (centre-of-mass) reference frame |
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165 | (5) |
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8.4 Example of a noninertial frame: centrifugal force |
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170 | (1) |
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8.5 Motion in a rotating frame: the Coriolis force |
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171 | (4) |
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8.6 The Foucault pendulum |
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175 | (1) |
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8.7 Practical criteria for inertial frames: the local view |
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176 | (7) |
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177 | (4) |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (28) |
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9.1 The velocity of light |
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183 | (1) |
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9.2 The principle of relativity |
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184 | (1) |
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9.3 Consequences of the principle of relativity |
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184 | (3) |
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9.4 The Lorentz transformation |
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187 | (3) |
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9.5 The Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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9.7 Paradoxes in special relativity |
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192 | (1) |
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9.8 Relativistic transformation of velocity |
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193 | (1) |
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9.9 Momentum in relativistic mechanics |
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194 | (2) |
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9.10 Four vectors: the energy-momentum 4-vector |
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196 | (2) |
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9.11 Energy-momentum transformations: relativistic energy conservation |
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198 | (1) |
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9.12 Relativistic energy: mass-energy equivalence |
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199 | (3) |
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9.13 Units in relativistic mechanics |
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202 | (1) |
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9.14 Mass-energy equivalence in practice |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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9.16 Simultaneity: quantitative analysis of the twin paradox |
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204 | (7) |
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206 | (3) |
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209 | (2) |
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10 Continuum mechanics: mechanical properties of materials |
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211 | (28) |
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10.1 Dynamics of continuous media |
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211 | (1) |
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10.2 Elastic properties of solids |
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212 | (3) |
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215 | (2) |
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10.4 Elastic properties of fluids |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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10.6 Archimedes' principle |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (3) |
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223 | (1) |
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10.9 Surface properties of liquids |
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224 | (2) |
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10.10 Boyle's law (Mariotte's law) |
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226 | (1) |
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10.11 A microscopic theory of gases |
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227 | (3) |
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230 | (1) |
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10.13 Interatomic forces: modifications to the kinetic theory of gases |
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230 | (2) |
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10.14 Microscopic models of condensed matter systems |
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232 | (7) |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (3) |
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239 | (38) |
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11.1 Friction and heating |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (2) |
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11.3 Heat capacities of thermal systems |
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242 | (1) |
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11.4 Comparison of specific heat capacities: calorimetry |
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243 | (1) |
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11.5 Thermal conductivity |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (1) |
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11.9 The first law of thermodynamics |
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249 | (2) |
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11.10 Change of phase: latent heat |
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251 | (1) |
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11.11 The equation of state of an ideal gas |
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252 | (1) |
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11.12 Isothermal, isobaric and adiabatic processes: free expansion |
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252 | (4) |
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256 | (2) |
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11.14 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics |
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258 | (2) |
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11.15 The Helmhoitz and Gibbs functions |
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260 | (1) |
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11.16 Microscopic interpretation of temperature |
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261 | (2) |
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11.17 Polyatomic molecules: principle of equipartition of energy |
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263 | (2) |
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11.18 Ideal gas in a gravitational field: the `law of atmospheres' |
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265 | (1) |
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11.19 Ensemble averages and distribution functions |
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266 | (1) |
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11.20 The distribution of molecular velocities in an ideal gas |
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267 | (2) |
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11.21 Distribution of molecular speeds, momenta and energies |
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269 | (2) |
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11.22 Microscopic interpretation of temperature and heat capacity in solids |
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271 | (6) |
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272 | (2) |
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274 | (3) |
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277 | (30) |
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12.1 Characteristics of wave motion |
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277 | (2) |
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12.2 Representation of a wave which is travelling in one dimension |
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279 | (2) |
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12.3 Energy and power in a wave motion |
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281 | (1) |
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12.4 Plane and spherical waves |
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282 | (1) |
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12.5 Huygens' principle: the laws of reflection and refraction |
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282 | (2) |
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12.6 Interference between waves |
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284 | (4) |
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12.7 Interference of waves passing through openings: diffraction |
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288 | (2) |
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290 | (3) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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12.11 Waves along a string |
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295 | (1) |
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12.12 Waves in elastic media: longitudinal waves in a solid rod |
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296 | (1) |
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12.13 Waves in elastic media: sound waves in gases |
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297 | (1) |
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12.14 Superposition of two waves of slightly different frequencies: wave and group velocities |
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298 | (2) |
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12.15 Other wave forms: Fourier analysis |
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300 | (7) |
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (3) |
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13 Introduction to quantum mechanics |
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307 | (40) |
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13.1 Physics at the beginning of the twentieth century |
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307 | (1) |
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13.2 The blackbody radiation problem |
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308 | (3) |
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13.3 The photoelectric effect |
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311 | (2) |
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313 | (1) |
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13.5 The Compton effect: the photon model |
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314 | (2) |
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13.6 The de Broglie hypothesis: electron waves |
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316 | (2) |
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13.7 Interpretation of wave-particle duality |
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318 | (1) |
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13.8 The Heisenberg uncertainty principle |
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319 | (3) |
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13.9 The wavefunction: expectation values |
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322 | (1) |
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13.10 The Schrodinger (wave mechanical) method |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (3) |
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13.12 The time-independent Shrodinger equation: eigenfunctions and eigenvalues |
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327 | (1) |
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13.13 The infinite square potential well |
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328 | (3) |
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331 | (5) |
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13.15 Other potential wells and barriers |
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336 | (3) |
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13.16 The simple harmonic oscillator |
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339 | (2) |
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13.17 Further implications of quantum mechanics |
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341 | (6) |
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341 | (3) |
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344 | (3) |
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347 | (24) |
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347 | (2) |
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14.2 Force between currents |
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349 | (1) |
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14.3 The unit of electric current |
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350 | (1) |
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14.4 Heating effect revissted: electrical resistance |
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351 | (2) |
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14.5 Strength of a power supply: emf |
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353 | (1) |
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14.6 Resistance of a circuit |
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354 | (1) |
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14.7 Potential difference |
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354 | (2) |
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14.8 Effect of internal resistance |
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356 | (2) |
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14.9 Comparison of emfs: the potentiometer |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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14.12 Comparison of resistances: the Wheatstone bridge |
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361 | (1) |
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14.13 Power supplies connected in parallel |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (2) |
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14.15 Variation of resistance with temperature |
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365 | (6) |
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365 | (3) |
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368 | (3) |
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371 | (32) |
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15.1 The electric charge model |
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371 | (2) |
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15.2 Interpretation of electric current in terms of charge |
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373 | (1) |
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15.3 Electric fields: electric field strength |
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374 | (2) |
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15.4 Forces between point charges: Coulomb's law |
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376 | (1) |
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15.5 Electric flux and electric flux density |
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376 | (2) |
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15.6 Electric fields due to systems of point charges |
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378 | (3) |
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15.7 Gauss' law for electrostatics |
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381 | (2) |
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15.8 Potential difference in electric fields: electric potential |
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383 | (5) |
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15.9 Acceleration of charged particles |
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388 | (1) |
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15.10 Dielectric materials |
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389 | (2) |
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391 | (4) |
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15.12 Capacitors in series and in parallel |
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395 | (1) |
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15.13 Charge and discharge of a capacitor through a resistor |
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396 | (7) |
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398 | (3) |
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401 | (2) |
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403 | (34) |
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403 | (2) |
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16.2 The work of Ampere, Biot and Savart |
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405 | (1) |
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16.3 Magnetic pole strength |
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406 | (1) |
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16.4 Magnetic field strength |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (2) |
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410 | (1) |
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16.7 Applications of the Biot-Savart law |
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411 | (2) |
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16.8 Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density |
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413 | (1) |
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16.9 Magnetic fields due to systems of poles |
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413 | (1) |
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16.10 Forces between magnets |
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414 | (1) |
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16.11 Forces between currents and magnets |
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415 | (1) |
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16.12 The permeability of vacuum |
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416 | (1) |
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16.13 Current loop in a magnetic field |
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417 | (2) |
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16.14 Magnetic dipoles and magnetic materials |
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419 | (4) |
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16.15 Moving coil meters and electric motors |
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423 | (2) |
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16.16 Magnetic fields due to moving charges |
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425 | (1) |
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16.17 Force on an electric charge in a magnetic field |
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425 | (2) |
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16.18 Magnetic dipole moments of charged particles in closed orbits |
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427 | (1) |
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16.19 Electric and magnetic fields in moving reference frames |
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428 | (9) |
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431 | (2) |
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433 | (4) |
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17 Electromagnetic induction: time-varying emfs |
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437 | (28) |
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17.1 The principle of electromagnetic induction |
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437 | (3) |
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17.2 Simple applications of electromagnetic induction |
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440 | (1) |
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441 | (3) |
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17.4 The series L-R circuit |
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444 | (2) |
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17.5 Discharge of a capacitor through an inductor and a resistor |
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446 | (1) |
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17.6 Time-varying emfs: mutual inductance: transformers |
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447 | (2) |
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17.7 Alternating current (a.c.) |
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449 | (4) |
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17.8 Alternating current transformers |
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453 | (1) |
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17.9 Resistance, capacitance and inductance in a.c. circuits |
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454 | (2) |
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17.10 The series L-C-R circuit: phasor diagrams |
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456 | (3) |
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17.11 Power in an a.c. circuit |
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459 | (6) |
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460 | (2) |
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462 | (3) |
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18 Maxwell's equations: electromagnetic radiation |
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465 | (24) |
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18.1 Reconsideration of the laws of electromagnetism: Maxwell's equations |
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465 | (3) |
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18.2 Plane electromagnetic waves |
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468 | (2) |
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18.3 Experimental observation of electromagnetic radiation |
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470 | (1) |
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18.4 The electromagnetic spectrum |
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471 | (2) |
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18.5 Polarisation of electromagnetic waves |
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473 | (3) |
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18.6 Energy, momentum and angular momentum in electromagnetic waves |
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476 | (3) |
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18.7 Reflection of electromagnetic waves at an interface between nonconducting media |
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479 | (1) |
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18.8 Electromagnetic waves in a conducting medium |
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480 | (3) |
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18.9 The photon model revisited |
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483 | (1) |
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18.10 Invariance of electromagnetism under the Lorentz transformation |
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484 | (5) |
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485 | (2) |
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487 | (2) |
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489 | (38) |
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19.1 Electromagnetic nature of light |
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489 | (3) |
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19.2 Coherence: the laser |
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492 | (1) |
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19.3 Diffraction at a single slit |
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493 | (3) |
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19.4 Two slit interference and diffraction: Young's double slit experiment |
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496 | (2) |
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19.5 Multiple slit interference: the diffraction grating |
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498 | (3) |
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19.6 Diffraction of X-rays: Bragg Scattering |
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501 | (3) |
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19.7 The ray model: geometrical optics |
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504 | (1) |
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505 | (1) |
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19.9 Image formation by spherical mirrors |
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506 | (2) |
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19.10 Refraction of light |
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508 | (4) |
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19.11 Refraction at successive plane interfaces |
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512 | (1) |
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19.12 Image formation by spherical lenses |
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513 | (4) |
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19.13 Image formation of extended objects: magnification |
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517 | (3) |
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19.14 Dispersion of light |
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520 | (7) |
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521 | (3) |
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524 | (3) |
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527 | (32) |
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527 | (2) |
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20.2 The spectrum of hydrogen: the Rydberg formula |
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529 | (1) |
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530 | (1) |
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20.4 The Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom |
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531 | (3) |
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20.5 The quantum mechanical (Schrodinger) solution of the one-electron atom |
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534 | (4) |
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20.6 The radial solutions of the lowest energy state of hydrogen |
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538 | (1) |
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20.7 Interpretation of the one-electron atom eigenfunctions |
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539 | (4) |
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20.8 Intensities of spectral lines: selection rules |
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543 | (1) |
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20.9 Quantisation of angular momentum |
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544 | (1) |
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20.10 Magnetic effects in one-electron atoms: the Zeeman effect |
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545 | (2) |
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20.11 The Stern-Gerlach experiment: electron spin |
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547 | (2) |
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20.12 The spin-orbit interaction |
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549 | (1) |
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20.13 Identical particles in quantum mechanics: the Pauli exclusion principle |
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550 | (2) |
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20.14 The periodic table: multielectron atoms |
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552 | (2) |
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20.15 The theory of multielectron atoms |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
20.16 Further uses of the solutions of the one-electron atom |
|
|
555 | (4) |
|
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
|
557 | (2) |
|
21 Electrons in solids: quantum statistics |
|
|
559 | (30) |
|
21.1 Bonding in molecules and solids |
|
|
559 | (4) |
|
21.2 The classical free electron model of solids |
|
|
563 | (2) |
|
21.3 The quantum mechanical free electron model: the Fermi energy |
|
|
565 | (3) |
|
21.4 The electron energy distribution at O K |
|
|
568 | (2) |
|
21.5 Electron energy distributions at T > O K |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
21.6 Specific heat capacity and conductivity in the quantum free electron model |
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
21.7 The band theory of solids |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
|
|
574 | (2) |
|
21.9 Junctions in conductors and semiconductors: p-n junctions |
|
|
576 | (5) |
|
|
|
581 | (2) |
|
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
21.12 Quantum statistics: systems of bosons |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
|
|
585 | (4) |
|
|
|
586 | (2) |
|
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
22 Nuclear physics, particle physics and astrophysics |
|
|
589 | (40) |
|
22.1 Properties of atomic nuclei |
|
|
589 | (2) |
|
22.2 Nuclear binding energies |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
|
|
592 | (3) |
|
|
|
595 | (2) |
|
|
|
597 | (3) |
|
22.6 Detection of radiation: units of radioactivity |
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
22.8 Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
604 | (2) |
|
22.10 Thermonuclear fusion |
|
|
606 | (3) |
|
22.11 Subnuclear particles |
|
|
609 | (4) |
|
|
|
613 | (4) |
|
22.13 The physics of stars |
|
|
617 | (5) |
|
22.14 The origin of the universe |
|
|
622 | (7) |
|
|
|
625 | (2) |
|
|
|
627 | (2) |
| Answers to problems |
|
629 | (10) |
| Appendix A Mathematical rules and formulas |
|
639 | (20) |
| Appendix B Some fundamental physical constants |
|
659 | (2) |
| Appendix C Some astrophysical and geophysical data |
|
661 | (2) |
| Bibliography |
|
663 | (2) |
| Index |
|
665 | |
