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E-grāmata: Understanding Race and Crime

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Why are some ethnic minorities associated with higher levels of offending? How can racist violence be explained? Are the police and criminal justice system racist? Are the reasons for offending and victimization among ethnic minorities different from those among ethnic majorities? Understanding Race and Crime provides a comprehensive and critical introduction to the debates and controversies about race, crime and criminal justice. While focusing on Britain and America, it also takes a broader international perspective, with case studies including the historical legacy of lynching in the United States and racist state crime in the Nazi and Rwandan genocides.The book provides a conceptual framework in which racism, race and crime might be better understood. It traces the historical origins of how thinking about crime came to be associated with racism and how fears and anxieties about race and crime become rooted in places destabilized by rapid social change. The book questions whether race and ethnicity alone are significant enough factors to explain differing offending and victimization patterns between ethnic groups. Issues examined include:

Contact/conflict with the police Public disorder Involvement with the criminal justice system Understanding Race and Crime is essential reading for students from a range of social science disciplines and for a variety of crime-related courses. It is also useful to practitioners in the criminal justice field and those interested in understanding the issues behind debates on race and crime.
Series editor's foreword xi
Acknowledgements xiv
Conceptualising `race' and crime: racialisation and criminalisation
1(10)
Biological and cultural racism
1(1)
Race and ethnicity
2(1)
Criminalisation and racialisation
3(1)
The problem of `racism'
3(2)
Race relations and situational racism
5(1)
Focusing on white ethnicity and perpetrators
6(1)
The importance of context
6(1)
Structure, themes and purposes of the book
7(3)
Further reading
10(1)
Origins: criminology, eugenics and `the criminal type'
11(15)
A transformation in how `race' is thought about?
11(1)
The beginnings in race and crime thinking in criminal anthropology
12(1)
The criminal type
13(1)
Emergence of eugenic ideas in Britain
14(1)
Applied eugenics in America
15(2)
Eugenics in National Socialist Germany
17(4)
The legacy of biological criminology and eugenics
21(1)
Criticisms of biological criminology and eugenics
22(2)
Understanding the origins of race and crime in criminology and eugenics
24(1)
Further reading
25(1)
Context: race, place and fear of crime
26(17)
Conceptualising fear of crime: the racialisation of fear
27(1)
Fear of crime: prevalence
27(1)
Youngstown, Ohio: American deindustrialisation, race and class
28(2)
Detroit, Chicago and Harlem: segregation, inequality and the meaning of `whiteness'
30(3)
Camden, North London: narratives of crime and decline
33(1)
Competition over local resources: the availability of affordable housing and ethnic enmity
34(2)
Bow and Battersea: why are some places more racist than others?
36(1)
Neighbourhood feelings vary by age
37(2)
South London: cultural syncretism?
39(1)
Understanding race, place and fear of crime
39(3)
Further reading
42(1)
Offending and victimisation
43(24)
Introduction: are cross-national comparisons possible?
43(1)
Offending patterns in England and Wales
44(6)
Case study: street robbery
50(1)
Victimisation patterns in England and Wales
51(2)
Offending patterns in the United States
53(1)
Victimisation patterns in the United States
54(1)
Offending and victimisation patterns together in the United States
55(2)
Offending and victimisation patterns in Australia
57(1)
European offending and victimisation patterns
58(2)
Conclusions from cross-national data on offending and victimisation
60(2)
The immigration and crime thesis: intergenerational crime patterns?
62(2)
Understanding offending and victimisation
64(2)
Further reading
66(1)
Racist violence
67(23)
Introduction: the British context of reform
67(2)
Historical background to racist violence in Britain
69(3)
A peculiarly American tradition of `popular justice': lynching and extralegal punishment in the United States
72(5)
Case study: the racist murder of Stephen Lawrence
77(1)
Macpherson and its aftermath: policing racist victimisation and the law
78(3)
Extent of racist victimisation: patterns and trends
81(4)
Have understanding and policy towards racist victimisation improved?
85(1)
Understanding racist violence
86(3)
Further reading
89(1)
Notes
89(1)
Race, policing and disorder
90(20)
Introduction: the centrality of policing in black and minority ethnic groups' experiences
90(1)
Lore and disorder: history of minority--police conflict in Britain
91(3)
Policing black and minority ethnic communities in Britain
94(5)
`Suspect populations'
94(1)
Attitudes towards the police
95(1)
Contact with the police: stop and search
96(1)
Arrests
97(1)
Police beliefs
97(1)
Police racism
98(1)
Policing black and minority ethnic communities in the United States
99(1)
Policing black and minority ethnic communities in Australia
100(1)
Explaining conflict and hostility between black and minority ethnic young people and the police
101(1)
Case study: the British `Asian' disorders of 1995 and 2001
102(3)
Explaining the Asian disorders: `parallel lives'?
105(1)
Understanding race, policing and disorder
106(3)
Further reading
109(1)
Race, criminal justice and penality
110(17)
Race and criminal justice in England and Wales
111(5)
Overrepresentation
111(2)
Disproportionality in the criminal justice system: difference or discrimination?
113(3)
Perceptions of fairness and equality
116(1)
Race and criminal justice in the United States
116(5)
Overrepresentation
116(3)
Disproportionality in the criminal justice system: difference or discrimination?
119(1)
A note on the death penalty in the United States: the case of Alabama
120(1)
Race and criminal justice in other countries
121(1)
The historical and social context of criminal and youth justice in Britain
121(1)
Change and continuity in the lives of black and Asian young people
122(1)
`Offender' populations and their context
123(1)
Understanding race, criminal justice and penality
124(2)
Further reading
126(1)
`Race', class, masculinities and crime: family, schooling and peer groups
127(19)
Introduction: risk factors
127(1)
Race, class and family structure
128(3)
Family, masculinity and emasculation
131(1)
The masculinity and crime thesis
132(4)
Masculinities, race and schooling
136(2)
School disaffection, failure and truancy
138(5)
Race, class and peer groups
143(2)
Understanding `race', class, masculinities and crime
145(1)
Further reading
145(1)
The African-American `underclass' and the American Dream
146(24)
Introduction: the existence of an `underclass'
146(2)
The isolation of the black ghetto: a history of segregation
148(4)
The integration of the black ghetto
152(4)
The paradox of the black ghetto
156(5)
Understanding the ghetto
161(5)
The feared and resented ghetto: beyond urban ethnography
166(2)
Understanding the African-American `underclass': the `balance sheet' of segregation?
168(1)
Further reading
169(1)
State crime: the racial state and genocide
170(24)
Introduction: criminology's neglect of mass killing
170(3)
The Nazi genocide
173(9)
`Ordinary' perpetrators
173(7)
The Nazi genocide
180(1)
The decision-making process in Nazi Jewish policy
181(1)
The Rwandan genocide
182(9)
The legacy of racism: pre-colonial and colonial `beginnings'
182(2)
Racism and `Rwandan ideology'
184(1)
The end of colonialism and the advent of the Hutu republic, 1959--90
185(1)
Preparation for genocide
186(2)
Brief lull before the storm
188(1)
The genocide
189(1)
Who were the actors? Organisers, killers, victims and bystanders
189(1)
Killing patterns
190(1)
Understanding the racial state and genocide
191(1)
Glossary of Rwandan acronyms and names
192(1)
Further reading
193(1)
Note
193(1)
Understanding race and crime: some concluding thoughts
194(9)
Race, criminality, normalcy and visibility
194(2)
Racialised geography of fear
196(1)
Disproportionality of offending and victimisation
196(2)
Racist violence
198(1)
Policing black and minority ethnic communities
198(1)
Disproportionality in the criminal justice system
199(1)
Race, class, masculinities and crime
200(1)
Race and the American Dream
201(1)
The racial state
202(1)
The myth of `race'
202(1)
References 203(20)
Index 223


Colin Webster is Reader in Criminology at Leeds Metropolitan University, United Kingdom. He currently teaches criminology and a course on race and crime and previously taught at the Universities of Teesside and York, and has researched and written extensively on race, crime and social exclusion. His previously published works include Poor Transitions: Social Exclusion and Young Adults (2004), published by Policy Press.
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