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Understanding Weather and Climate, Books a la Carte Plus Mastering Meteorology with Etext -- Access Card Package 7th ed. [Multiple-component retail product]

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  • ISBN-13: 9780321994554
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  • Formāts: Multiple-component retail product, height x width x depth: 277x241x20 mm, weight: 1474 g, Contains 1 Book
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Dec-2014
  • Izdevniecība: Pearson
  • ISBN-10: 0321994558
  • ISBN-13: 9780321994554
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&>For Introductory Meteorology Science Courses.


Engage Students in Learning About Atmospheric Processes

Aguado/Burt’s Understanding Weather and Climate illustrates meteorology and climatology using everyday occurrences and inspired technology tutorials to engage students in learning about atmospheric processes and patterns. TheSeventh Edition extends coverage of global climate change with new and unique sections covering oceans and climate in the Earth system. Each chapter also focuses on the human aspect of weather and climate, covering high interest weather-related hazards that draw students into the course, while incorporating the latest science and the most relevant issues.

MasteringMeteorology with eText for Understanding Weather and Climateis an online homework, tutorial, and assessment product designed to improve results by helping your students quickly master concepts. The book and MasteringMeteorology work together to create a classroom experience that is tightly integrated to help students succeed both in and outside of the classroom.


Note: If you are purchasing the standalone text or electronic version, MasteringMeteorology does not come automatically packaged with the text. To purchase MasteringMeteorology please visit www.masteringmeteorology.com or you can purchase a package of the physical text + MasteringMeteorology by searching for 0321984439 / 9780321984432. MasteringMeteorology is not a self-paced technology and should only be purchased when required by an instructor.



Book, Media, and MasteringMeteorology Walkthrough i
MasteringMeteorology™ Tutorials, Videos, and Animations xxii
Preface xxiv
Digital & Print Resources xxviii
About the Authors xxx
PART ONE Energy and Mass
2(118)
1 Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere
4(28)
1--1 Focus on Aviation: Winter Storms and Air Travel
6(9)
The Atmosphere, Weather, and Climate
6(2)
The Scientific Method and Atmospheric Science
8(1)
Applying the Scientific Method
9(1)
Variations on the Scientific Method
9(1)
The Nature of Hypotheses and Scientific Theories
10(1)
Thickness of the Atmosphere
10(1)
Factors Affecting the Composition and Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere
11(1)
Gas Exchange, Equilibrium Conditions, and Residence Times
11(1)
The Homosphere and Heterosphere
12(1)
Composition of the Atmosphere
12(1)
The Permanent Gases
12(1)
Variable Gases
13(2)
1--2 Physical Principles: Photosynthesis, Respiration, and the Global Carbon Cycle
15(3)
Atmospheric Density and Pressure
17(1)
Density
17(1)
1--3 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: Depletion of the Ozone Layer
18(5)
Pressure
19(2)
Layers of the Atmosphere
21(1)
Layering Based on Temperature Profiles
21(2)
1--4 Physical Principles: The Three Temperature Scales
23(9)
A Layer Based on Electrical Properties: The Ionosphere
23(1)
Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere
24(1)
Evolution of the Atmosphere
24(1)
Some Weather Basics
25(1)
Temperature
25(1)
Humidity
25(1)
Atmospheric Pressure and Wind
25(1)
Mapping Air Pressure
25(1)
Station Models
26(1)
A Brief History of Meteorology
27(1)
Early Atmospheric Scientists
27(1)
Nineteenth-Century Progress
27(1)
The Development of Modern Weather Forecasting
28(1)
Summary
28(1)
Key Terms
29(1)
Review Questions
29(1)
Critical Thinking
30(1)
Problems & Exercises
30(1)
Quantitative Problems
30(1)
Visual Analysis
31(1)
2 Solar Radiation and the Seasons
32(22)
Energy
34(1)
Kinds of Energy
34(1)
Heat Transfer Mechanisms
35(1)
Characteristics of Radiation
36(1)
Radiation Quantity and Quality
37(1)
Intensity and Wavelengths of Emitted Radiation
38(2)
2--1 Physical Principles: The Nature of Radiation, Absorption, and Emission
40(2)
The Solar Constant
41(1)
2--2 Physical Principles: The Sun
42(12)
The Causes of Earth's Seasons
42(1)
Earth's Revolution and Rotation
43(2)
Solstices and Equinoxes
45(2)
Effects of Earth's Changing Orientation
47(1)
Period of Daylight
47(1)
Solar Angle
47(1)
Overall Effects of Period of Daylight, Solar Angle, and Beam Depletion
48(1)
Changes in Energy Receipt with Latitude
49(2)
Summary
51(1)
Key Terms
51(1)
Review Questions
52(1)
Critical Thinking
52(1)
Problems & Exercises
53(1)
Quantitative Problems
53(1)
Visual Analysis
53(1)
3 Energy Balance and Temperature
54(36)
Atmospheric Influences on Insolation
56(1)
Absorption
56(1)
Reflection and Scattering
57(3)
Transmission
60(1)
Spatial Distribution of Solar Radiation
60(1)
The Fate of Solar Radiation
61(1)
Atmospheric Absorption
61(1)
Atmospheric Backscattering
61(1)
Absorption and Reflection at the Surface
61(1)
Energy Transfer Processes
62(1)
Surface--Atmosphere Radiation Exchange
62(1)
3--1 Physical Principles: Selective Absorption by Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide
63(6)
Conduction
64(1)
Convection
64(1)
Sensible Heat
65(1)
Latent Heat
65(2)
Net Radiation and Global Temperature
67(1)
Latitudinal Variations
67(1)
The Greenhouse Effect
68(1)
3--2 Physical Principles: Earth's Equilibrium Temperature
69(10)
Global Temperature Distributions
69(2)
Influences on Temperature
71(1)
Latitude
71(1)
Altitude and Elevation
71(1)
Atmospheric Circulation Patterns
72(1)
Contrasts Between Land and Water
72(1)
Warm and Cold Ocean Currents
73(1)
Local Conditions
73(1)
Daily and Annual Temperature Patterns
74(1)
Daytime Heating and Nighttime Cooling
74(1)
Effects of Cloud Cover and Wind
75(1)
Annual Cycle
75(1)
Measurement of Temperature
76(1)
Instrument Shelters
77(1)
Temperature Means and Ranges
78(1)
Global Extremes
78(1)
3--3 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: Recent Severe Heat Waves
79(11)
Some Useful Temperature Indices
79(1)
Wind Chill Temperatures
79(2)
Heating and Cooling Degree-Days
81(1)
Growing Degree-Days
81(1)
Thermodynamic Diagrams and Vertical Temperature Profiles
81(3)
Our Warming Planet
84(1)
Recent Observed Changes in Temperature
84(1)
Changes in the Occurrences of Extreme Heat and Cold
85(1)
Summary
86(1)
Key Terms
87(1)
Review Questions
87(1)
Critical Thinking
88(1)
Problems & Exercises
88(1)
Quantitative Problems
89(1)
Visual Analysis
89(1)
4 Atmospheric Pressure and Wind
90(30)
The Concept of Pressure
92(1)
4--1 Physical Principles: Velocity, Acceleration, Force, and Pressure
92(4)
Vertical and Horizontal Changes in Pressure
94(1)
The Equation of State
95(1)
4--2 Physical Principles: Variations in Density
96(4)
Measuring Pressure
96(1)
Mercury Barometers
96(1)
Aneroid Barometers
97(1)
The Distribution of Pressure
98(1)
Pressure Gradients
98(2)
4--3 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: Owens Lake Dust Storms
100(3)
Hydrostatic Equilibrium
101(2)
4--4 Physical Principles: The Hydrostatic Equation
103(5)
Horizontal Pressure Gradients in the Upper Atmosphere
103(2)
Forces Affecting the Speed and Direction of the Wind
105(1)
The Coriolis Force
105(2)
Friction
107(1)
Winds Aloft and Near the Surface
107(1)
Winds in the Upper Atmosphere
107(1)
4--5 Physical Principles: The Coriolis Force
108(8)
Gradient Flow
110(1)
Near-Surface Winds
111(1)
Anticyclones, Cyclones, Troughs, and Ridges
112(1)
Anticyclones
112(1)
Cyclones
112(1)
Troughs and Ridges
113(3)
Measuring Wind
116(1)
4--6 Focus on Aviation: Using Altimeters to Monitor Altitude
116(4)
Summary
117(1)
Key Terms
117(1)
Review Questions
118(1)
Critical Thinking
118(1)
Problems & Exercises
118(1)
Quantitative Problems
119(1)
Visual Analysis
119(1)
PART TWO Water in the Atmosphere
120(94)
5 Atmospheric Moisture
122(38)
The Hydrologic Cycle
124(1)
Water Vapor and Liquid Water
125(1)
Evaporation and Condensation
125(1)
Indices of Water Vapor Content
126(1)
Vapor Pressure
126(1)
Absolute Humidity
127(1)
Specific Humidity
127(1)
Mixing Ratio
128(1)
Relative Humidity
128(2)
Dew Point
130(1)
Measuring Humidity
131(1)
5--1 Forecasting: Dew Point and Nighttime Minimum Temperatures
132(3)
5--2 Forecasting: Water Vapor Satellite Imagery
135(2)
Distribution of Water Vapor
136(1)
5--3 Forecasting: Vertical Profiles of Moisture
137(5)
Processes That Cause Saturation
138(1)
Factors Affecting Saturation and Condensation
139(1)
Effect of Curvature
139(1)
The Role of Condensation Nuclei
140(2)
5--4 Focus on Aviation: Icing
142(2)
Cooling the Air to the Dew or Frost Point
143(1)
Diabatic Processes
143(1)
Adiabatic Processes
143(1)
5--5 Physical Principles: Adiabatic Lapse Rates and the First Law of Thermodynamics
144(2)
The Environmental Lapse Rate
145(1)
5--6 Physical Principles: The Varying Value of the Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate
146(8)
Forms of Condensation and Deposition
146(1)
Dew
146(1)
Frost
147(1)
Frozen Dew
147(1)
Fog
147(4)
Distribution of Fog
151(1)
Formation and Dissipation of Cloud Droplets
152(1)
High Humidity and Human Discomfort
152(2)
5--7 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: High Temperatures and Human Health
154(6)
Atmospheric Moisture and Climate Change
154(1)
Summary
155(1)
Key Terms
156(1)
Review Questions
157(1)
Critical Thinking
157(1)
Problems & Exercises
158(1)
Quantitative Problems
158(1)
Visual Analysis
159(1)
6 Cloud Development and Forms
160(30)
Mechanisms That Lift Air
162(1)
Orographic Uplift
162(1)
Frontal Lifting
163(1)
Convergence
163(1)
Localized Convection
164(1)
Static Stability and the Environmental Lapse Rate
165(1)
Buoyancy, Static Stability, and Lapse Rates
165(1)
Absolutely Unstable Air
165(1)
Absolutely Stable Air
166(1)
Conditionally Unstable Air
167(1)
6--1 Forecasting: Determining Stability from Thermodynamic Diagrams
168(2)
Static and Potential Instability
168(1)
Factors Influencing the Environmental Lapse Rate
169(1)
Heating or Cooling of the Lower Atmosphere
169(1)
Advection of Cold and Warm Air at Different Levels
169(1)
6--2 Forecasting: Potential Instability
170(3)
Advection of an Air Mass with a Different ELR
171(1)
Limitations on the Lifting of Unstable Air
172(1)
A Layer of Stable Air
172(1)
Entrainment
172(1)
Extremely Stable Air: Inversions
173(1)
6--3 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: Radiation Inversions and Human Activities
173(8)
Cloud Types
175(1)
High Clouds
175(2)
Middle Clouds
177(1)
Low Clouds
178(1)
Clouds with Vertical Development
179(2)
Unusual Clouds
181(1)
6--4 Focus on Aviation: Responding to Icing in Different Types of Clouds
181(1)
6--5 Forecasting: Why Clouds Have Clearly Defined Boundaries
182(3)
Cloud Coverage and Observation
184(1)
Surface-Based Observation of Clouds
184(1)
Cloud Observation by Satellite
184(1)
6--6 Physical Principles: The Surprising Composition of Clouds
185(5)
Summary
186(1)
Key Terms
187(1)
Review Questions
187(1)
Critical Thinking
188(1)
Problems & Exercises
188(1)
Quantitative Problems
188(1)
Visual Analysis
189(1)
7 Precipitation Processes
190(24)
Growth of Cloud Droplets
192(1)
Growth by Condensation
192(1)
Growth in Warm Clouds
192(1)
7--1 Physical Principles: Why Cloud Droplets Don't Fall
193(11)
Growth in Cool and Cold Clouds
194(2)
Distribution and Forms of Precipitation
196(1)
Snow
196(4)
Rain
200(1)
Graupel and Hail
201(3)
7--2 Physical Principles: The Effect of Hail Size on Damage
204(5)
Sleet
204(1)
Freezing Rain
204(1)
Measuring Precipitation
205(1)
Rain Gauges
205(3)
Snow Measurement
208(1)
Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network
208(1)
Cloud Seeding
208(1)
7--3 Focus on Aviation: Fog Seeding at Airports
209(1)
7--4 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: Floods in the Midwestern United States
210(4)
Floods
210(1)
Summary
211(1)
Key Terms
211(1)
Review Questions
212(1)
Critical Thinking
212(1)
Problems & Exercises
212(1)
Quantitative Problems
213(1)
Visual Analysis
213(1)
PART THREE Distribution and Movement of Air
214(72)
8 Atmospheric Circulation and Pressure Distributions
216(46)
The Concept of Scale
219(1)
Single-Cell Model
219(1)
The Three-Cell Model
220(1)
The Hadley Cell
221(1)
8--1 Physical Principles: Maintaining General Circulation
222(9)
The Ferrel and Polar Cells
224(1)
The Three-Cell Model vs. Reality: The Bottom Line
224(1)
Semipermanent Pressure Cells
224(3)
The Upper Troposphere
227(1)
Westerly Winds in the Upper Atmosphere
227(1)
The Polar Front and Jet Streams
228(1)
Troughs and Ridges
229(1)
Rossby Waves
230(1)
8--2 Physical Principles: The Movement of Rossby Waves
231(2)
8--3 Physical Principles: The Dishpan Experiment
233(9)
Atmospheric Rivers
233(2)
Ocean Circulation
235(1)
Causes of Ocean Currents
235(2)
Upwelling and Downwelling
237(1)
Major Wind Systems
238(1)
Monsoons
238(1)
Foehn, Chinook, and Santa Ana Winds
239(3)
8--4 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: Wildfires
242(13)
Katabatic Winds
242(1)
Sea and Land Breezes
243(2)
Valley and Mountain Breezes
245(1)
Ocean--Atmosphere Interactions
245(1)
El Nino, La Nina, and the Walker Cell
245(9)
Pacific Decadal Oscillation
254(1)
8--5 Physical Principles: What Causes El Ninos and La Ninas?
255(7)
Arctic Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation
256(2)
Summary
258(1)
Key Terms
259(1)
Review Questions
259(1)
Critical Thinking
260(1)
Problems & Exercises
260(1)
Quantitative Problems
260(1)
Visual Analysis
261(1)
9 Air Masses and Fronts
262(24)
Air Masses and Their Source Regions
264(1)
Source Regions
264(1)
Air Mass Formation
265(1)
Continental Polar (cP) and Continental Arctic (cA) Air Masses
265(2)
Maritime Polar (mP) Air Masses
267(1)
Continental Tropical (cT) Air Masses
267(1)
Maritime Tropical (mT) Air Masses
268(1)
Fronts
268(1)
9--1 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: Air Mass Weather: Oppressive Heat and Humidity
269(1)
9--2 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: The Pineapple Express
270(4)
Cold Fronts
271(1)
Warm Fronts
272(2)
9--3 Focus on Severe Weather: A Cold Front Chills Louisiana
274(6)
Stationary Fronts
277(1)
Occluded Fronts
277(2)
Drylines
279(1)
9--4 Focus on Severe Weather: Interacting Air Masses Spawn a Powerful Nor'easter
280(3)
9--5 Focus on Aviation: Density Altitude and Aircraft Performance
283(3)
Summary
283(1)
Key Terms
284(1)
Review Questions
284(1)
Critical Thinking
284(1)
Problems & Exercises
284(1)
Quantitative Problems
285(1)
Visual Analysis
285(1)
PART FOUR Disturbances
286(104)
10 Midlatitude Cyclones
288(26)
Polar Front Theory
290(1)
The Life Cycle of a Midlatitude Cyclone
290(1)
Cyclogenesis
290(1)
Mature Cyclones
290(2)
Occlusion
292(1)
Location and Movement of Cyclones
292(1)
10--1 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: 2013 Great Plains Blizzard
293(4)
Processes of the Middle and Upper Troposphere
294(1)
Rossby Waves and Vorticity
294(2)
Surface Fronts and Upper-Level Patterns
296(1)
10--2 Physical Principles: Vorticity and the Maintenance of Rossby Waves
297(1)
10--3 Physical Principles: A Closer Look at Divergence and Convergence
298(2)
Cold Fronts and the Formation of Upper-Level Troughs
298(2)
10--4 Forecasting: Short Waves in the Upper Atmosphere and Their Effect on Surface Conditions
300(14)
Interaction of Surface and Upper-Level Conditions
301(1)
An Example of a Midlatitude Cyclone
302(1)
April 15
302(1)
April 16
302(1)
April 17
303(1)
April 18
304(1)
Flow Patterns and Large-Scale Weather
305(1)
The Steering of Midlatitude Cyclones
306(2)
Migration of Surface Cyclones Relative to Rossby Waves
308(1)
The Modern View: Midlatitude Cyclones and Conveyor Belts
309(1)
Anticyclones
310(1)
Climate Change and Midlatitude Cyclones
310(1)
Summary
311(1)
Key Terms
311(1)
Review Questions
312(1)
Critical Thinking
312(1)
Problems & Exercises
312(1)
Quantitative Problems
313(1)
Visual Analysis
313(1)
11 Lightning, Thunder, and Tornadoes
314(40)
Processes of Lightning Formation
316(1)
Charge Separation
316(1)
11--1 Physical Principles: Electricity in the Atmosphere
317(2)
Leaders, Strokes, and Flashes
317(1)
Types of Lightning
318(1)
11--2 Focus on Severe Weather: A Personal Account of Ball Lightning
319(2)
Thunder
319(1)
Lightning Safety
320(1)
11--3 Focus on Aviation: Lightning and Aircraft
321(7)
Thunderstorms: Air Mass, Multicell, and Supercell
321(1)
Air Mass Thunderstorms
321(2)
Multicell and Supercell Storms
323(4)
Downbursts, Derechos, Microbursts, and Haboobs
327(1)
11--4 Forecasting: Doppler Radar
328(4)
Floods and Flash Floods
331(1)
11--5 Focus on Aviation: Microbursts
332(14)
Distribution of Thunderstorms
333(2)
Tornadoes
335(1)
Tornado Characteristics and Dimensions
335(1)
Tornado Formation
335(3)
The Location and Timing of Tornadoes
338(2)
Tornado Hazards and Forecasting
340(1)
Tornado Damage
340(1)
Tornado Outbreaks
341(1)
Trends in U.S. Tornado Occurrence
342(1)
Fatalities
343(2)
Saving Lives: Watches and Warnings
345(1)
11--6 Focus on Severe Weather: Deadly 2011 and 2013 Tornado Seasons
346(3)
Tornado Forecasting: Convective Outlooks
348(1)
Waterspouts
348(1)
11--7 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: Life and Death Decisions with the Threat of Tornadoes
349(5)
Summary
351(1)
Key Terms
351(1)
Review Questions
352(1)
Critical Thinking
352(1)
Problems & Exercises
352(1)
Quantitative Problems
353(1)
Visual Analysis
353(1)
12 Tropical Storms and Hurricanes
354(36)
Hurricanes Around the Globe: The Tropical Setting
356(1)
Hurricane Characteristics
357(1)
Hurricane Structure
358(1)
Temperature Gradients Within a Hurricane
358(2)
The Eye and the Eye Wall---A Closer Look
360(1)
Steps in the Formation of Hurricanes
361(1)
Tropical Disturbances
361(2)
Tropical Depressions and Tropical Storms
363(1)
Hurricanes
363(1)
12--1 Forecasting: Naming Hurricanes
364(4)
Conditions Necessary for Hurricane Formation
364(1)
Hurricane Movement and Dissipation
365(1)
Hurricane Paths
365(1)
Hurricane Dissipation
365(3)
12--2 Focus on Severe Weather: 2005---A Historic Hurricane Season
368(2)
Effect of Landfall
368(1)
Hurricane Destruction and Fatalities
369(1)
Wind
369(1)
Heavy Rain
369(1)
12--3 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: Superstorm Sandy, 2012
370(5)
Tornadoes
372(1)
Storm Surges
373(1)
Hurricane Fatalities
374(1)
12--4 Focus on Severe Weather: Hurricane Katrina
375(7)
Hurricane Forecasts and Advisories
378(1)
Hurricane Watches and Warnings
378(2)
Hurricane Intensity Scale
380(1)
Recent (and Future?) Trends in Hurricane Activity
381(1)
Effects of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
381(1)
Effects of Climate Change
381(1)
12--5 Focus on Severe Weather: The Galveston Hurricane of 1900
382(1)
12--6 Focus on Severe Weather: Recent Deadly Cyclones
383(1)
12--7 Focus on Aviation: Airports' and Airlines' Response to Hurricanes
384(6)
Factors Affecting Future Trends
386(1)
Summary
387(1)
Key Terms
387(1)
Review Questions
388(1)
Critical Thinking
388(1)
Problems & Exercises
388(1)
Quantitative Problems
389(1)
Visual Analysis
389(1)
PART FIVE Weather Forecasting and Human Impacts on the Atmosphere
390(54)
13 Weather Forecasting and Analysis
392(30)
Weather Forecasting--- Both Art and Science
394(1)
The Work of a Forecaster
395(2)
Why Is Weather Forecasting Imperfect?
397(1)
Forecasting Methods
398(1)
Types of Forecasts
399(1)
Assessing Forecasts
400(1)
Data Acquisition and Dissemination
401(1)
Forecast Procedures and Products
402(1)
Phases in Numerical Modeling
402(2)
Models Employed
404(4)
13--1 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: Forecasting the Winter of 2013--2014
408(1)
Weather Maps and Images
409(1)
13--2 Focus on Aviation: Special Forecasts and Observations for Pilots
409(13)
Surface Maps
410(2)
Upper-Level Maps
412(3)
Satellite Images
415(1)
Radar Images
416(1)
Thermodynamic Diagrams
416(1)
Lifted Index
417(1)
K-Index
418(1)
Numerical Forecast Models
418(1)
Scale Considerations
418(1)
Horizontal Representation
418(1)
Summary
418(1)
Key Terms
419(1)
Review Questions
420(1)
Critical Thinking
420(1)
Problems & Exercises
420(1)
Quantitative Problems
420(1)
Visual Analysis
421(1)
14 Human Effects on the Atmosphere
422(22)
Atmospheric Pollutants
424(1)
Particulates
424(1)
14--1 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: Severe Pollution Episodes
425(9)
Carbon Oxides
426(1)
Sulfur Compounds
427(2)
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
429(1)
Volatile Organic Compounds (Hydrocarbons)
429(1)
Photochemical Smog
430(1)
Air Quality Index
431(1)
Atmospheric Conditions and Air Pollution
431(1)
Effect of Winds on Horizontal Transport
431(1)
Effect of Atmospheric Stability
432(1)
The Counteroffensive on Air Pollution
433(1)
14--2 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: Smog in Southern California
434(10)
Urban Heat Islands
437(1)
Radiation Effects
438(1)
Changes in Heat Storage
439(1)
Sensible and Latent Heat Transfer
439(1)
Urban Heat Islands and the Detection of Climate Change?
440(1)
Summary
441(1)
Key Terms
441(1)
Review Questions
442(1)
Critical Thinking
442(1)
Problems & Exercises
442(1)
Quantitative Problems
443(1)
Visual Analysis
443(1)
PART SIX Current, Past, and Future Climates
444(70)
15 Earth's Climates
446(28)
Climate and Controlling Factors
448(1)
Statistical Properties of Climates
448(1)
Climate Variables
448(1)
Controlling Factors
448(1)
Oceans as a Factor in Climate
449(1)
Classifying Climates
449(1)
15-1 Physical Principles: The Thornthwaite Classification System
450(12)
The Koeppen System
450(2)
Climate Regions over the Oceans
452(1)
Tropical Climates
453(1)
Tropical Wet (Af)
454(1)
Monsoonal (Am)
455(1)
Tropical Wet and Dry (Aw)
456(1)
Dry Climates
457(1)
Subtropical Desert (BWh)
458(1)
Subtropical Steppe (BSh)
459(1)
Midlatitude Desert (BWk)
460(1)
Midlatitude Steppe (BSk)
461(1)
Mild Midlatitude Climates
461(1)
15--2 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: North American Prairies
462(12)
Mediterranean (Csa, Csb)
463(1)
Humid Subtropical (Cfa, Cwa)
464(1)
Marine West Coast (Cfb, Cfc)
465(1)
Severe Midlatitude Climates
466(1)
Humid Continental (Dfa, Dfb, Dwa, Dwb)
466(1)
Subarctic (Dfc, Dfd, Dwc, Dwd)
466(1)
Polar Climates
467(1)
Tundra (ET)
468(1)
Ice Cap (EF)
468(2)
Highland Climates (H)
470(1)
Summary
471(1)
Key Terms
471(1)
Review Questions
471(1)
Critical Thinking
472(1)
Problems & Exercises
472(1)
Visual Analysis
473(1)
16 Climate Changes: Past and Future
474(40)
Defining Climate Change
476(1)
Blaming Climate Change
477(1)
Methods for Determining Past Climates
477(1)
Oceanic Deposits
477(1)
Ice Cores
478(1)
Remnant Landforms
478(1)
Past Vegetation
479(2)
Past Climates
481(1)
Warm Intervals and Ice Ages
481(1)
The Pleistocene
482(1)
The Last Glacial Maximum
483(2)
The Holocene
485(1)
The Last Century
485(1)
16--1 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
486(10)
Factors Involved in Climatic Change
488(1)
Variations in Solar Output
488(1)
Changes in Earth's Orbit
488(2)
Changes in Land Configuration and Surface Characteristics
490(1)
Changes in Atmospheric Turbidity
491(2)
Changes in Radiation-Absorbing Gases
493(3)
16--2 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: Carbon Dioxide and the Oceans
496(4)
Feedback Mechanisms
497(1)
Ice-Albedo Feedback
497(1)
Water Vapor and Cloud Feedbacks
498(1)
Atmosphere--Biota Interactions
498(2)
16--3 Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: Plant Migrations and Global Change
500(8)
Atmosphere--Ocean Interactions
500(1)
Warming Temperatures and Sea Levels
500(1)
Changes in Ocean Circulation
501(1)
Projecting Climate Changes
502(1)
Identifying the Causes of Climate Change
502(1)
General Circulation Models
502(1)
Predicted Temperature Trends Through the 21st Century
503(1)
Other Effects of Climate Change
504(4)
16--4 Focus on the Environmental and Societal Impacts: Challenges, Mitigation, and Adaptation
508(6)
Summary
510(1)
Key Terms
511(1)
Review Questions
512(1)
Critical Thinking
512(1)
Problems & Exercises
512(1)
Quantitative Problems
513(1)
Visual Analysis
513(1)
PART SEVEN Atmospheric Optics and Appendices
514(14)
17 Atmospheric Optics
516(12)
Refraction
518(1)
Refraction and the Setting or Rising Sun
519(1)
Mirages
520(1)
Cloud and Precipitation Optics
521(1)
Rainbows
521(3)
Halos, Sundogs, and Sun Pillars
524(1)
Coronas and Glories
525(1)
Summary
526(1)
Key Terms
526(1)
Review Questions
526(1)
Critical Thinking
526(1)
Problems & Exercises
527(1)
Visual Analysis
527(1)
Appendix A Units of Measurement and Conversions 528(1)
Appendix B The Standard Atmosphere 529(1)
Appendix C Simplified Weather Map Symbols 530(4)
Appendix D Weather Extremes 534(6)
Glossary 540(15)
Credits 555(3)
Index 558