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E-grāmata: Unlocking Consciousness: Lessons From The Convergence Of Computing And Cognitive Psychology

(British Coumputer Science, Uk)
  • Formāts: 388 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 09-Feb-2018
  • Izdevniecība: World Scientific Europe Ltd
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781786344700
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  • Formāts: 388 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 09-Feb-2018
  • Izdevniecība: World Scientific Europe Ltd
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781786344700
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In order to bridge the gap between artificial and synthetic intelligence, we must first understand our own intelligence. 'What is intelligence?' might appear as a simple question, but many great minds have agreed that there is no singular answer. Unlocking Consciousness attempts to examine this central question through exploring the convergence of computing, philosophy, cognitive neuroscience and biogenetics.The book is the first of its kind to compare comprehensive definitions of both information and intelligence, an essential component to the advancement of computing into the realms of artificial intelligence. In examining explanations for intelligence, consciousness, memory and meaning from the perspective of a computer scientist, it offers routes that can be taken to augment natural and artificial intelligence, improving our own individual abilities, and even considering the potential for creating a prosthetic brain.Unlocking Consciousness demonstrates that understanding intelligence is not just for the benefit of computer scientists, it is also of great value to those working in evolutionary, molecular and systems biology, cognitive neuroscience, genetics and biotechnology. In unlocking the secrets of intelligence and laying out the methods of which information is structured and processed, we can unlock a completely new theory of consciousness.For additional published articles and appendices referenced in this title, readers can visit http://www.brainmindforum.org/ for further information.
Preface ix
About the Author xiii
Introduction xxxi
Philosophy xxxv
Part I Convergence
1(68)
Chapter One Contribution of Computers: Predator or Partner?
3(26)
The First Known Mechanical Calculator --- First Century BC
4(1)
The Abacus
4(1)
Mills
4(1)
Clocks
5(1)
Beginning of Automation
5(1)
Automatic Organ Music
5(1)
Steam Power
6(1)
The Babbage Difference Engine
6(1)
Tabulators
6(1)
Electronics
7(1)
Overture
7(2)
Why Does This Help Us Understand How Our Brain and Mind Work?
9(1)
The First Act of the Computer Revolution
9(1)
Computers Come of Age
10(1)
The Second Act of the Computer Revolution
11(1)
Telecommunications and the Beginning of Coding Systems
11(1)
Computer Terminals
12(1)
Parallel Programming
12(1)
Convergence of Technologies
13(10)
Software
14(1)
Solving the Difficulties of Programming
14(1)
Programming Languages
15(1)
Compiled Programs
16(1)
Interpreted Programs
16(1)
Multitasking
17(1)
Early Programming
18(1)
Memory Systems
18(1)
Packet Switching
19(1)
Operating Systems
20(1)
Implications of Online Real-Time Continuous Processing
21(1)
Search for Artificial Intelligence
22(1)
Convergence of Computing
23(1)
Brain Mind Duality
24(2)
Information
25(1)
There is One Last, Rather More Subtle Comparison
26(3)
Chapter Two State of the Art: Cognitive Neuroscience
29(18)
The Central Nervous System
30(4)
Autonomic Functions
30(1)
Neurons
31(1)
Power Supply
31(1)
Signal Strength
32(1)
Functions of the Background Operating System
33(1)
The Autonomic Functions of the Central Nervous System
33(1)
The Brain Mind
34(8)
Learning System
36(1)
Representation of Information in the Brain and Mind
36(1)
At Birth, There is No Information in the Brain
37(1)
Sensations
38(1)
The Instructions in the Brain at Birth
38(1)
Background Operating System
39(1)
Can This Be?
40(2)
The Cardiovascular System
42(1)
The Endocrine System
42(2)
Immune System
44(1)
Gastrointestinal (Enteric) System
44(1)
Summary
44(3)
Chapter Three Ideas, Past, Present and Future
47(22)
Milestones in Human Cognition
48(1)
Early Reliance on Natural Resources
49(1)
Birth of Cognitive Neuroscience
50(2)
Communication Systems in the Body
50(2)
Operating Systems
52(1)
Contribution of Computing
52(3)
Software
53(1)
Systems
53(1)
Emotions, Perceptions and Sensations
54(1)
Synapses
54(1)
Symbiosis and Prosthetics
55(1)
Convergence
55(6)
Biogenetics
55(2)
DNA, Gene Editing, Health?
57(1)
Synthetic Biology
57(1)
Artificial Intelligence: The Tantalising Prospect of Building Intelligent Systems
58(1)
Robots
58(1)
Effect of Computing on Economics: Reversing the Industrial Revolution
58(1)
Education
59(1)
Natural Resource of the Future
59(1)
Paradox
60(1)
Next Steps
61(1)
Objectives
61(2)
Growing Research Effort
62(1)
The Potential
62(1)
The Risks
63(1)
Connections and Interfaces
63(6)
Symbiotic Computing
63(1)
Prosthetics
63(1)
Gene Editing
64(1)
Synthetic Biology
64(1)
The Rainbow of Human Ability
65(1)
Convergence: Guide to Intelligence
66(3)
Part II Information
69(86)
Chapter Four Sources of Information
71(10)
Background
71(1)
Science of Information
72(2)
Information: Indispensable Resource
74(1)
Working Definition of Information
75(1)
Categories of Information
75(2)
Two States
77(1)
Meaning of Information
77(1)
Attributes of the Structure of Information
78(1)
Information as Hardware and Software
78(1)
Information as Catalyst
79(1)
Evolution of Information in Humans (Cognitive Neuroscience)
79(2)
Chapter Five Language
81(12)
Arrival of Speech
82(2)
Neural Precision
84(1)
Cross References: Relationships
84(1)
Abstract Words
85(1)
First Major Expansion (1)
86(1)
Writing: The Second Expansion (2)
86(1)
Drafting Skills
87(1)
Spelling
88(1)
Complexity
88(1)
First Schools
88(1)
Role of Text
89(1)
The Information Stored in Memories
89(1)
Plasticity
90(1)
The Third Expansion (3) of Neural Information Processing: Thinking and Creativity
90(2)
The First Steps in Transferring Information to the Brain
92(1)
Chapter Six Representation of Information
93(22)
Representation (Form) of Information
93(1)
Representation of Words
94(1)
Silent Speech
95(1)
Structure of Every Word
96(1)
Language Translation
97(1)
The Poetry Effect
98(1)
Representation of Abstract Ideas, Concepts, Thoughts, Imagination and Prediction
99(2)
Representation and Computation of Numbers
101(1)
Learning to Count --- Early Numbers
102(1)
Roman Numerals
103(2)
There Are No Numbers in the Brain, Mind
105(1)
Visual Arts
106(2)
Recognising Differences
108(1)
Transmitting Thoughts
108(1)
Orienteering
108(1)
Sound of Music
109(1)
Pythagoras
109(2)
Bandwidth
111(1)
Drama, Analogy, Story and Parable
111(4)
Chapter Seven Memory & Learning
115(22)
In the Beginning...
115(1)
Five Senses
116(1)
Initial Processing Needs Memory
116(1)
The Brain Has Evolved as a Learning System
117(1)
Recent Research
118(1)
Minimal Memory
118(1)
More Sophisticated Memory
118(1)
Growing Neural Memories
119(1)
Description of the Formation of Memory
119(1)
Statistics
120(1)
Two Types of Information
121(1)
Facts and Actions
121(1)
Short-term Memory?
122(1)
Other Factors
123(1)
Information Recall is a Subject on Its Own
123(1)
Relational Databases
124(1)
Multimedia
125(1)
Synaesthesia
126(1)
Physical Memory, Synaptic Timing
126(1)
Learning and Teaching
126(1)
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCS)
127(1)
Technology and Psychology
128(1)
Computing and Languages
128(1)
Function of Education
129(1)
Learning and Being Taught
130(1)
Prize
130(1)
Methods of Supporting Memory Formation
130(1)
Osmosis
131(1)
Learning versus Creativity
132(1)
Sequence of Events
133(1)
Energy
133(1)
Dementia
134(1)
Senior Moment Syndrome
135(1)
Forgetting
136(1)
Chapter Eight Meaning
137(18)
Flow of Information
138(1)
Dictionary Meaning of Words
139(1)
Abstract Words
139(1)
Evolution of Meaning
139(1)
Hormones
140(1)
Language of the Endocrine System
140(1)
Definition of Meaning
140(1)
Four Types of Meaning
140(1)
Other Aspects of Meanings
141(1)
Patterns of Information
142(1)
Meaning as Part of the Process of Learning
143(3)
Indexes
143(2)
Icons and Symbols
145(1)
Evolution of Neurons?
146(1)
Unlearning: Forgetting
147(1)
Cumulative Learning
147(1)
Diverse Ways of Learning
148(1)
Location
149(1)
Statistical Regularities
149(1)
Programming
149(1)
Systems Design
150(1)
Meaning of Space, Time and Orientation
150(2)
Dreaming and Imagination
152(1)
Summary
152(3)
Part III Intelligence
155(112)
Chapter Nine Summary of the Evolution of Intelligence
157(14)
Alternative Approaches to the Problem
158(1)
Etymology
159(1)
Intelligent and Intelligently
159(1)
Relative and Abstract
160(1)
A Selection of Current Definitions
160(1)
An Alternative Perspective
161(1)
Intelligence is a System
162(1)
All the Myriad Definitions Proposed Have One Thing in Common
162(1)
Source and Foundation of Intelligence
163(2)
Ability to Respond...
163(1)
...To Incomplete Information...
164(1)
...As Fast as Possible
164(1)
History
165(1)
The Mind at Its Best: A Greek View
165(1)
Mind at Its Best: The Industrial Revolution
166(1)
Mind at Its Best: Late Twentieth Century
166(3)
Summary
169(2)
Chapter Ten General and Responsive Intelligence
171(22)
Growing the Modern Brain Mind
171(1)
Learning
172(2)
The Autonomic Functions of the Central Nervous System
174(1)
Examples
174(1)
Duality
175(1)
Variety of Definitions
176(1)
In Control 24/7
176(2)
History
178(1)
Theory of General Intelligence or "g"
178(2)
Responsive Intelligence
180(2)
Other Sentient Systems
182(3)
Sensory Organs
182(1)
Selective Concentration
182(1)
Evolving Abilities
183(1)
Physical Dexterity
183(1)
Everyday Operation
184(1)
Language, Linguistics and Semantics
185(1)
One of the Fundamental Attributes of All Intelligence: Systems
185(1)
Deconstructing Definitions
186(2)
Speed
188(1)
Experience and Support
188(1)
Recognition
188(1)
Five Senses
189(1)
Language
189(1)
Music
190(1)
Text
190(1)
Evaluation
191(2)
Chapter Eleven Aquisitive and Creative Intelligence
193(18)
Acquisitive Intelligence
193(3)
Creative Intelligence
196(15)
Thinking of New Ideas, Concepts and Solutions: Neural Processing
197(1)
How Do We Set About Thinking About How We Create New Ideas Ab Initio"!
198(1)
Self-Organising Systems
199(1)
What Tools Do We Have to Achieve This Feat?
200(1)
The Evolutionary Foundation of Thinking
200(1)
Turing Universal Machine
201(2)
Over the Past Few Thousand Years We Have Developed a Rather Similar Facility
203(1)
Writing
204(1)
Silent Speech: The Language of Creative Intelligence
205(1)
Thinking
205(1)
Thinking in Modalities
206(1)
Unlimited Capacity
207(1)
Logic versus Innovation
208(3)
Chapter Twelve Physical, Emotional, Holistic and Medical Intelligence
211(14)
Physical Intelligence
211(3)
Sport as a Full-Time Career
212(2)
Emotional Intelligence
214(3)
Across a Crowded Room Effect
214(1)
Drive and Enthusiasm
215(1)
Elation, Depression and Stress
216(1)
Strength of Formation and Accessing of Memory
217(1)
External Relationship Intelligence: Mirror Neurons
217(1)
Holistic Intelligence
217(2)
Medical Intelligence
219(4)
Acupuncture, Ancient and Modern
220(1)
Psychosomatic Illness
220(1)
Placebo and Will Power
221(1)
Hypnosis
221(1)
The Discovery of DNA Has Opened Up a Whole New Science
221(1)
Sophistication of Drugs
222(1)
Tailoring Drugs to Individuals: Genetic Engineering
222(1)
Future Perfect
223(2)
Chapter Thirteen Measurement, Implications and Extrapolation of Intelligence
225(28)
Measurement of Intelligence, Aptitude and Ability
225(4)
Longitudinal Studies
227(1)
Games or Reality?
228(1)
Comparative, Not Absolute
228(1)
Birth Skills
228(1)
General Intelligence, a Stable Quotient
229(5)
Application Intelligence
229(1)
Speed
230(1)
Alternative Measurements of Speed of Intelligence Reactions
230(1)
Synapses
231(1)
Other Tests and Selection Systems
232(1)
Way Forward
233(1)
Influences on Neural Performance
234(9)
Diet and Nutrient Path
234(1)
Energy
234(1)
Efficiency
235(1)
Other Factors
235(1)
Learning from Experience
236(1)
Autonomic Monitoring System
237(1)
Programming Our Robots
237(1)
Reinforcement (Learning) versus Innovation (Thinking)
237(1)
Birth of Thinking
238(1)
Concentration
239(1)
Personality Traits
239(1)
Long-term Over Short-term Gain
239(1)
Follow a Logical Argument
239(1)
Boundaries
240(1)
Orientation
240(1)
Is Intelligence a Fixed or Learnable Skill?
241(2)
Implications of Aging on Intelligence
243(8)
Pluses
243(1)
Minuses
244(1)
The Mechanism of Memory Recall
245(1)
Palliative Exercises
245(1)
Measuring Memory Formation
246(1)
Variant Brain Types and Intelligence
246(1)
Left and Right Brain Debate
247(1)
Major Variations in Personality
247(1)
A Word About Qualia
248(1)
Repository of All Human Knowledge
249(2)
We Now Have a New Opportunity
251(2)
Chapter Fourteen The Many Languages and Powerful Tools of the Body
253(8)
Languages of the Hormones (Chemical Neuroscience)
253(3)
Verbal Language
253(1)
The Language of the Hormones
254(1)
The Language of Chemical Cognitive Neuroscience: A New Field of Research
254(1)
Musical Languages
255(1)
Mathematic and Scientific Languages
255(1)
Body Language
255(1)
Programming
256(1)
Robots
256(1)
Tools of Intelligence in the Body
256(5)
Emergence
256(1)
Sound Bites: Jargon, Icons
256(1)
Positioning and Sequences
257(1)
Simplicity and Clarity
257(1)
Hierarchies in Processing Neural Signals
257(2)
What Do Neurons Transmit?
259(1)
Neural Behaviour
259(1)
How Neurons Invent Jet Engines
260(1)
Chapter Fifteen Definitions of Intelligence
261(6)
The Architecture and Relationship of Information and Intelligence
263(1)
General and Reactive Intelligence
263(1)
Acquisitive Intelligence
264(1)
Creative Intelligence
264(1)
Physical Intelligence
264(1)
Emotional Intelligence
265(1)
Holistic Intelligence
265(1)
Medical Intelligence
265(1)
Neural Modules (Neurules)
265(1)
Neurons Generate Meaning
265(1)
Potential Information
265(1)
Kinetic Information
266(1)
Part IV Consciousness
267(36)
Chapter Sixteen Understanding Consciousness
269(22)
All Knowledge is Provisional
269(2)
Perceptions of Consciousness
269(1)
Consciousness
269(2)
The Current "Standard Model" of Sleep and Consciousness
271(1)
Brain Functions
271(1)
Perceptions of Sleep
271(1)
Priority in a Crisis
272(1)
Mind Functions
273(11)
Consciousness
273(1)
Coordination
274(1)
Dreaming
275(1)
Short-form Definitions
276(1)
Power Supply
277(1)
The Cycles of Consciousness and Sleep
277(2)
Conscious Wakeful Awareness
279(1)
Unconsciousness and Asleep
279(1)
Subconscious
280(1)
Definition of Consciousness, Awake, Aware and Asleep
280(1)
Functions of the Mind
280(1)
Functions of the Brain
280(1)
Detail and Amplification
280(2)
Exploring Sensations, Perceptions, Impressions and Emotions
282(1)
Synchronised Waves of Meta Neuron Networks
283(1)
Functions of Consciousness
284(5)
Memories and Availability of Information
284(1)
Abstract Thinking and Prediction
284(2)
Unlimited Capacity
286(1)
Monitoring: Feedback
286(1)
Characteristics of Personality and Temperament
287(1)
Thinking and Reasoning
287(1)
Recursion: The Last Piece of the Jigsaw
288(1)
Summary
289(2)
Chapter Seventeen Thinking, Knowledge and Creativity
291(6)
The Implications of the Fourth Dimension
291(2)
Constructive Tension of Conservers and Reformers
293(1)
Learning to Think
294(1)
Thinking Can Counter Stress
295(1)
Emergence
296(1)
Chapter Eighteen The Synaptic Conjecture
297(6)
Wide Fluctuations in Energy Needs
299(1)
Concentration
299(1)
Key Role in Allocating Neural Resources
300(1)
Temporary Amnesia
300(1)
An Alternative Measure of Intelligence
301(2)
Part V The Future
303(20)
Chapter Nineteen The Future
305(18)
Can We Do Better?
305(1)
Improving Our Own Personal Individual Abilities
306(1)
The Variety of Brain Types
307(1)
Trends in Education
308(1)
Paradox of Sport
309(1)
Learning from the Arts
309(1)
The Widest Possible Curriculum
310(1)
Selection Procedures
310(1)
Accepted Wisdom
311(1)
New Dispensation
311(1)
The Path So Far
312(1)
Convergence
313(1)
Thinking About Thinking: The Philosopher's View
313(2)
Building the Corpus of Human Knowledge: Landscape of the Rainbow of Human Abilities
315(1)
Better Computers
316(2)
The Drive to Design Ever More Intelligent Systems and Robots: The Next Generation of Software
316(1)
The Ethical, Employment and Economic Implications of the Age of Computing
317(1)
Neural Energy
318(1)
Variant Brain Types
319(1)
Computing Can Change the Health of the World
320(1)
Standard Interface Platform
321(1)
After 42
322(1)
Bibliography 323(10)
List of Appendices 333(4)
Index 337