| Acknowledgements |
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xx | |
| Guide to the book |
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xxi | |
| Preface |
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xxiii | |
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xxiv | |
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xxvi | |
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Table of statutes and other instruments |
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xxxii | |
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1 | (38) |
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1.1 The English Legal System |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (2) |
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1.3.1 The Supreme Court of the UK |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (4) |
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1.4.1 Problems of the common law |
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5 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Development of equity |
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6 | (3) |
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9 | (5) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.5.2 The enactment process |
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10 | (2) |
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1.5.3 Parliamentary sovereignty |
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12 | (2) |
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1.6 Delegated legislation |
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14 | (7) |
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1.6.1 Statutory instruments |
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15 | (1) |
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1.6.2 Legislative Reform Orders |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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1.6.4 Orders of the Legislative Committee of the Privy Council |
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17 | (1) |
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1.6.5 Parliamentary control of secondary legislation |
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17 | (2) |
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1.6.6 Judicial control of secondary legislation |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (8) |
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1.7.1 What is devolution? |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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1.7.5 The future of devolution and the future of the United Kingdom |
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26 | (3) |
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29 | (4) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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1.8.3 The law reform agencies |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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1.9 The English Legal System and the corona virus pandemic |
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33 | (6) |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (2) |
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2 The English Legal System and European Law |
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39 | (24) |
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2.1 The English Legal System and international law |
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39 | (2) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (4) |
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41 | (1) |
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2.2.2 The remaining EU treaties |
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42 | (1) |
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2.2.3 The UK's membership of the EU |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (8) |
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2.3.1 The referendum and its background |
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45 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Invoking Article 50 TEU |
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46 | (2) |
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2.3.3 Exiting the European Union in 2020 |
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48 | (3) |
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2.3.4 The European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020 |
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51 | (1) |
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2.3.5 The impact of Brexit |
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52 | (1) |
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2.4 European Convention on Human Rights |
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53 | (10) |
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2.4.1 The Human Rights Act 1998 |
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54 | (3) |
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2.4.2 The future of the Human Rights Act 1998 |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (3) |
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3 The Doctrine of Judicial Precedent |
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63 | (34) |
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3.1 What is the doctrine of precedent? |
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64 | (1) |
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3.2 How does the doctrine of precedent operate? |
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65 | (6) |
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3.2.1 The court hierarchy |
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65 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Ratio decidendi and obiter dicta |
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66 | (3) |
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3.2.3 Persuasive precedent |
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69 | (2) |
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3.3 The doctrine as applied in individual courts |
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71 | (13) |
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71 | (5) |
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3.3.2 The Court of Appeal (Civil Division) |
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76 | (3) |
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3.3.3 The Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) |
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79 | (2) |
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3.3.4 The Divisional Courts of the High Court |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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3.3.7 County Courts and Magistrates' Courts |
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81 | (1) |
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3.3.8 The Court of Justice of the European Union |
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81 | (1) |
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3.3.9 The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council |
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82 | (2) |
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3.4 The Human Rights Act 1998 |
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84 | (2) |
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3.5 The declaratory theory |
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86 | (4) |
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90 | (3) |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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3.7 Pros and cons of precedent |
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93 | (4) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (2) |
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4 Statutory Interpretation |
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97 | (44) |
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97 | (7) |
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4.1.1 The need for statutory interpretation |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (2) |
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4.1.3 Judicial law-making |
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101 | (2) |
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4.1.4 Interpretation or construction? |
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103 | (1) |
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4.1.5 Parliamentary definitions |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (7) |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (3) |
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4.3 The purposive approach |
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111 | (5) |
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4.4 Literal approach versus purposive approach |
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116 | (7) |
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123 | (1) |
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4.5.1 The ejusdem generis rule |
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123 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Expressio unius est exclusio alterius (the express mention of one thing excludes others) |
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124 | (1) |
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4.5.3 Noscitur a sociis (a word is known by the company it keeps) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (2) |
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4.6.1 A presumption against a change in the common law |
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125 | (1) |
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4.6.2 A presumption that mens rea is required in criminal cases |
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125 | (1) |
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4.6.3 A presumption that the Crown is not bound by any statute unless the statute says so expressly or by necessary implication |
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125 | (1) |
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4.6.4 A presumption that legislation does not apply retrospectively |
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126 | (1) |
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4.7 Intrinsic and extrinsic aids |
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126 | (8) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (4) |
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131 | (2) |
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4.7.5 International conventions |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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4.7.7 Example of the use of extrinsic aids |
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133 | (1) |
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4.8 The effect of the Human Rights Act 1998 |
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134 | (7) |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (24) |
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141 | (1) |
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5.2 What is legal reasoning? |
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141 | (2) |
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5.2.1 Reasoning with precedent and statute |
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142 | (1) |
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5.3 The Case of the Speluncean Explorers |
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143 | (6) |
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5.3.1 The facts of the Case of the Speluncean Explorers |
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144 | (2) |
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5.3.2 The judgments of the Court |
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146 | (2) |
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5.3.3 What can this fictional case tell us? |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
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5.4.1 Formalism and the rule of law |
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149 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Formalism and deductive reasoning |
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150 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Formalism and Chief Justice Truepenny |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (3) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Realism and Justice Handy |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (2) |
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5.6.1 Hart and legal positivism |
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154 | (1) |
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5.6.2 The open texture of law |
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154 | (2) |
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5.6.3 Positivism and Justice Keen |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (3) |
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5.7.1 Ronald Dworkin and judicial discretion |
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157 | (1) |
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5.7.2 Ronald Dworkin and the right answer thesis |
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158 | (1) |
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5.7.3 Justice Foster and natural law |
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159 | (1) |
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5.8 Critical Legal Studies |
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159 | (6) |
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5.8.1 Institutional imagination |
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160 | (1) |
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5.8.2 Justice Tatting and critical legal studies |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (34) |
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6.1 Introduction to the courts system |
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165 | (5) |
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6.1.1 Civil and criminal cases |
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165 | (3) |
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6.1.2 Superior courts and inferior courts |
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168 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Appellate courts and trial courts |
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168 | (1) |
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6.1.4 Courts and tribunals |
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169 | (1) |
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6.2 Civil courts of trial |
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170 | (5) |
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6.2.1 Queen's Bench Division |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Court of Protection |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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6.2.8 Transfer of cases between the County Court and the High Court |
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173 | (2) |
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6.3 Enforcement of judgment |
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175 | (1) |
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6.3.1 Enforcement by taking control of goods |
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175 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Attachment of earnings |
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175 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Third-party debt orders |
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176 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Bankruptcy proceedings |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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6.4 Problems in the civil justice system |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (4) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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6.5.4 Pre-aetion protocols |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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6.5.7 Judgment in default and summary judgment |
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180 | (1) |
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6.5.8 Part 36 offers to settle |
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180 | (1) |
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6.6 Were the Woolf reforms a success? |
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181 | (2) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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6.7 The problem of costs -- the Jackson Report |
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183 | (3) |
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6.7.1 Controlling costs: the problem facing Lord Justice Jackson |
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184 | (1) |
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6.7.2 Proportionate costs |
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184 | (1) |
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6.7.3 Fixed recoverable costs (FRCs) |
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185 | (1) |
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6.7.4 Conditional fee agreements (CFAs) |
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185 | (1) |
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6.7.5 Qualified one-way costs shifting |
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186 | (1) |
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6.7.6 Scrapping referral fees |
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186 | (1) |
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6.7.7 Damages-based agreements (DBAs) |
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186 | (1) |
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6.7.8 Reviewing the effectiveness of the Jackson Report |
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186 | (1) |
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6.8 The rise of legal technology and online courts |
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186 | (3) |
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6.8.1 Transforming courts and tribunals |
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186 | (1) |
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6.8.2 Reducing the court estate |
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187 | (1) |
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6.8.3 The Civil Courts Structure Review |
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187 | (1) |
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6.8.4 The COVID-19 pandemic and civil courts |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (10) |
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6.9.1 Administrative tribunals |
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189 | (1) |
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6.9.2 Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 |
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189 | (3) |
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6.9.3 Composition and procedure |
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192 | (1) |
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6.9.4 Advantages and disadvantages of tribunals |
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192 | (1) |
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6.9.5 The COVID-19 pandemic and tribunals |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (2) |
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7 Alternative Dispute Resolution |
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199 | (16) |
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7.1 Alternative Dispute Resolution |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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7.4.1 Formalised settlement conference |
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202 | (1) |
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7.5 Early neutral evaluation |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (4) |
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7.6.1 Staying court proceedings |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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7.6.3 The arbitration hearing |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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7.6.5 Advantages and disadvantages of arbitration |
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204 | (2) |
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7.7 Dispute resolution services |
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206 | (1) |
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7.7.1 Court-based services |
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206 | (1) |
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7.7.2 General mediation schemes |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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7.8 Encouraging the use of ADR |
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207 | (2) |
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7.8.1 The role of the courts in encouraging ADR |
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207 | (2) |
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7.8.2 Can a court compel a party to engage in ADR? |
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209 | (1) |
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7.9 The future of online dispute resolution |
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209 | (1) |
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7.10 Has ADR been a success? |
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210 | (5) |
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212 | (2) |
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214 | (1) |
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8 Criminal Courts and Procedure |
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215 | (36) |
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215 | (1) |
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8.2 An adversarial justice system |
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216 | (1) |
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8.3 How should the criminal justice system operate? |
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216 | (1) |
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8.3.1 The due process model |
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216 | (1) |
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8.3.2 The crime control model |
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217 | (1) |
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8.4 The investigation of crime |
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217 | (2) |
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8.4.1 The powers of the police |
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217 | (1) |
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8.4.2 What the police do next |
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218 | (1) |
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8.5 The Crown Prosecution Service |
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219 | (6) |
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8.5.1 Code for Crown Prosecutors |
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221 | (1) |
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8.5.2 The evidential test |
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221 | (1) |
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8.5.3 The public interest test |
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222 | (1) |
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8.5.4 The work of the Crown Prosecution Service |
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222 | (1) |
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8.5.5 Victims' Right to Review |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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8.7 The criminal trial process |
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225 | (4) |
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8.7.1 The Criminal Procedure Rules |
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225 | (1) |
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8.7.2 Courts exercising criminal jurisdiction |
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226 | (1) |
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8.7.3 Criminal courts of first instance - the Crown Court |
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227 | (2) |
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8.7.4 Criminal courts of first instance -- the Magistrates' Court |
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229 | (1) |
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8.8 Classification of criminal offences |
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229 | (6) |
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8.8.1 Indictable only offences |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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8.8.3 Offences triable either way |
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231 | (3) |
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8.8.4 The choice: Magistrates' Court or Crown Court? |
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234 | (1) |
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8.9 The `right' to trial by jury |
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235 | (2) |
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235 | (1) |
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8.9.2 The Criminal Justice Act 2003 |
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236 | (1) |
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8.9.3 Do we have the `right' to elect jury trial? |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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8.10.1 The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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8.10.3 The Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) |
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238 | (1) |
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8.10.4 The High Court of Justice |
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238 | (1) |
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8.10.5 The Crown Court -- appellate jurisdiction |
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238 | (1) |
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8.11 Race and the criminal justice system |
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238 | (4) |
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239 | (1) |
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8.11.2 The institutional racism of the criminal justice system |
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239 | (2) |
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8.11.3 Recent data on race in the criminal justice system |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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8.12 Technology in the criminal justice system |
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242 | (9) |
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8.12.1 The Leveson Review |
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243 | (1) |
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8.12.2 Transforming Our Justice System |
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243 | (1) |
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8.12.3 The COVID-19 pandemic and the criminal justice system |
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243 | (2) |
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8.12.4 Technology and the future of the criminal justice system |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (3) |
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251 | (22) |
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251 | (1) |
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9.2 Codifying the law on sentencing |
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251 | (1) |
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9.3 Purposes of sentencing |
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252 | (5) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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9.3.3 Reform and rehabilitation |
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254 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Protection of the public |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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9.4 Sentencing guidelines and practice |
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257 | (5) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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9.4.4 Reduction for a guilty plea |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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9.4.6 Pre-sentence reports |
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260 | (1) |
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9.4.7 How sentencing guidelines work in practice |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (3) |
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263 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Fixed-term sentence |
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264 | (1) |
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9.5.3 Suspended sentences |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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9.6.1 Unpaid work requirement |
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265 | (1) |
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9.6.2 Activity requirement |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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9.6.5 Supervision requirement |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (2) |
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9.7.1 Custodial sentences |
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266 | (1) |
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9.7.2 Youth rehabilitation orders |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (5) |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (22) |
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273 | (1) |
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10.2 Appeals in civil proceedings |
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274 | (3) |
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10.2.1 The Access to Justice Act 1999 |
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|
274 | (2) |
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10.2.2 The Court of Appeal (Civil Division) |
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|
276 | (1) |
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10.2.3 The Supreme Court of the UK |
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|
276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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10.3 Appeals in criminal proceedings |
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|
277 | (1) |
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|
278 | (3) |
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10.4.1 Section 36 Criminal Justice Act 1972 |
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|
278 | (1) |
|
10.4.2 Section 36 Criminal Justice Act 1988 |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
10.4.3 Sections 54 and 55 Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
10.4.4 Appeals against a judge's erroneous decision - Criminal Justice Act 2003 |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
10.4.5 Abolition of the rule against double jeopardy - Criminal Justice Act 2003 |
|
|
279 | (2) |
|
|
|
281 | (5) |
|
10.5.1 Appeal following summary trial |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
10.5.2 Appeal following trial on indictment |
|
|
282 | (4) |
|
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
10.6.1 Appeals from the Administrative Court go direct to the Supreme Court |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
10.6.2 From the Court of Appeal to the Supreme Court |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
10.8 The Criminal Cases Review Commission |
|
|
287 | (8) |
|
10.8.1 The role of the Criminal Cases Review Commission |
|
|
288 | (3) |
|
|
|
291 | (2) |
|
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
|
|
295 | (24) |
|
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
11.2.1 The creation of legal aid |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
11.2.2 The Access to Justice Act 1999 |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
11.2.3 The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO) |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
|
298 | (7) |
|
11.3.1 Service providers and the criteria for civil legal aid services |
|
|
298 | (2) |
|
11.3.2 Availability of legal aid |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
11.3.5 Problems with funding of civil cases |
|
|
303 | (2) |
|
11.4 Private funding for civil legal aid |
|
|
305 | (3) |
|
11.4.1 Conditional fee agreements |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
11.4.2 How conditional fees work |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
11.4.4 Insurance premiums |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
11.4.5 Are conditional fees working? |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
11.4.6 Litigation funding agreements |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
11.4.7 Damages-based agreements |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
11.5 Advice in civil cases |
|
|
308 | (3) |
|
11.5.1 Civil Legal Advice |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
11.5.2 Citizens Advice Bureaux |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
11.5.4 Schemes run by lawyers |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
11.5.5 Schemes run by education institutions |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
11.6 Legal aid in criminal cases |
|
|
311 | (8) |
|
11.6.1 Merits: the `interests of justice test' |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
11.6.4 Advice and assistance for individuals in custody |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
11.6.5 The Public Defender Service |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
11.6.6 Problems with funding of criminal cases |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
|
315 | (2) |
|
|
|
317 | (2) |
|
|
|
319 | (38) |
|
|
|
319 | (2) |
|
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
12.1.2 The independence of the jury |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
12.1.3 Modern-day use of the jury |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
|
321 | (6) |
|
12.2.1 Basic qualifications |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
12.2.2 Disqualification from jury service |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
12.2.3 Excusal from jury service |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
12.2.4 Discretionary excusals |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
12.2.5 Make-up of jury panels |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
12.2.6 Police and prosecutors on jury service |
|
|
325 | (2) |
|
|
|
327 | (3) |
|
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
12.4 Juries in civil cases |
|
|
330 | (4) |
|
|
|
330 | (2) |
|
12.4.2 Damages in defamation cases |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
12.4.3 Juries in personal injury cases |
|
|
332 | (2) |
|
12.5 Juries in Coroners' Courts |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
12.6 Juries in criminal cases |
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
12.6.1 Trial without a jury |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
12.7 Secrecy of the jury room |
|
|
336 | (4) |
|
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
12.7.2 Human rights and jury secrecy |
|
|
338 | (2) |
|
12.7.3 Practice Direction |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
12.8 The impact of technology and social media on the jury trial |
|
|
340 | (3) |
|
12.9 The COVID-19 pandemic and the jury |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
12.10 Research into juries |
|
|
343 | (3) |
|
12.10.1 Research by Cheryl Thomas |
|
|
344 | (2) |
|
12.11 Advantages of trial by jury |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
12.11.1 Public confidence |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
12.12 Disadvantages of trial by jury |
|
|
347 | (4) |
|
12.12.1 Racial composition and bias |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
12.12.3 Perverse verdicts |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
12.12.4 Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
12.12.5 High acquittal rates |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
12.12.6 Other disadvantages |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
12.13 Alternatives to trial by jury |
|
|
351 | (6) |
|
12.13.1 Trial by a single judge |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
12.13.2 A panel of judges |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
12.13.3 A judge plus lay assessors |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
12.13.4 A mini jury using six members |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (2) |
|
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
|
|
357 | (24) |
|
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
13.2 History of the magistracy |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
13.3 A strategy for the magistracy |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
13.4 Qualifications for lay magistrates |
|
|
359 | (2) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
13.4.3 Six key personal qualities |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
13.5 Selection and appointment of lay magistrates |
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
13.5.2 Advisory Committees |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
13.6 Training of lay magistrates |
|
|
363 | (2) |
|
13.6.1 Training for new magistrates |
|
|
363 | (2) |
|
13.7 Resignation and removal of lay justices |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (4) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
13.8.5 Immunity from suit |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
13.9 The magistrates' clerk |
|
|
369 | (2) |
|
13.10 Technology in the Magistrates' Court |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
13.11 The COVID-19 pandemic and the Magistrates' Court |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
13.12 Advantages of using lay magistrates |
|
|
373 | (2) |
|
13.12.1 Cross-section of society |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
13.13 Disadvantages of lay magistrates |
|
|
375 | (6) |
|
13.13.1 Middle-aged, middle class |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
13.13.3 Inconsistency in sentencing |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
13.13.5 Reliance on the clerk |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
|
|
381 | (36) |
|
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
14.2 The Legal Services Board and regulated professions |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
14.2.1 Alternative business structures (ABS) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (14) |
|
14.4.1 The work of solicitors |
|
|
384 | (2) |
|
14.4.2 The road to the Solicitors Qualifying Examination |
|
|
386 | (3) |
|
14.4.3 The Solicitors Qualifying Examination |
|
|
389 | (5) |
|
14.4.4 The organisation of solicitors |
|
|
394 | (2) |
|
|
|
396 | (2) |
|
|
|
398 | (8) |
|
14.5.1 The work of barristers |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
14.5.2 The separate professions of barristers and solicitors |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
14.5.3 The structure of the barristers' profession |
|
|
399 | (2) |
|
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
14.5.5 The organisation of barristers |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
14.6 Paralegals and legal executives |
|
|
406 | (2) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
14.6.2 New routes to legal qualifications |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
14.7 Legal technology and the legal professions |
|
|
408 | (3) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
14.7.2 Innovation and technology in legal services |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
14.7.3 Legal technology in legal education |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
14.7.5 Artificial intelligence |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
14.8 The legal profession -- the future? |
|
|
411 | (6) |
|
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (3) |
|
|
|
417 | (20) |
|
|
|
417 | (4) |
|
15.1.1 What makes a good judge? |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
15.1.2 The Lord Chancellor |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
15.1.3 The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
15.2 The judicial hierarchy |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
15.4 A note about judicial appointments |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
15.5.1 District Judge (Magistrates' Court) |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
15.5.2 District Judge (County Court) |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
|
423 | (3) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
15.6.2 Lord Justice of Appeal |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
15.6.4 Justice of the Supreme Court |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
15.7 The composition of the judiciary |
|
|
426 | (6) |
|
15.7.1 The judiciary, subjectivity, and impartiality |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
15.7.2 The politics of the judiciary |
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
15.8 Dismissal and judicial independence |
|
|
432 | (5) |
|
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
15.8.2 Dismissal and judicial independence |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
15.8.3 Judicial Conduct Investigations Office |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
15.8.4 Judicial impartiality |
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
16 Legal Skills and Examination Preparation |
|
|
437 | (36) |
|
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
16.2 Lectures and seminars |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (3) |
|
16.3.1 Cardiff Index to Legal Abbreviations |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
16.3.6 Accessing legal materials online |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
16.3.8 The hierarchy of law reports |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
|
441 | (10) |
|
|
|
441 | (5) |
|
16.4.2 Summarising a case |
|
|
446 | (5) |
|
16.5 How to read a statute |
|
|
451 | (3) |
|
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
16.5.2 Long title and preamble |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
16.5.4 Main body -- sections, subsections, paragraphs, sub-paragraphs |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
16.5.6 Interpretation sections |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
16.5.7 Repeals and amendments |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
16.5.8 Transitional provisions |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
16.5.9 Commencement provisions |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
16.5.10 Short title provision, extent provisions, and Schedules |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
16.6 Commercial awareness |
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
16.6.1 Commercial awareness in the legal sector |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
16.6.2 How to gain commercial awareness |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
16.6.3 How to show commercial awareness |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
|
456 | (2) |
|
16.7.1 Commercial awareness |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
16.7.2 Attention to detail |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
16.7.3 Written and oral communication |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
16.7.5 Information analysis and research |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
16.7.7 Creative problem solving |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
16.8 Answering multiple-choice questions |
|
|
458 | (2) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
16.8.2 Identify the relevant legal principle |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
16.8.3 What are you being asked to do? |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
16.8.4 Think through each option |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
16.8.5 Be aware of the small differences |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
16.8.6 Be aware of your time limit |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
16.8.7 Stick to your answer |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
16.8.8 How this book can help |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
16.9 Key skills in writing |
|
|
460 | (2) |
|
16.9.1 Common mistakes in assessments |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
16.9.2 Writing clearly and concisely |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
16.10 Answering problem-based questions |
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
16.10.3 The applicable laws/rules |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
16.10.4 Applying the law to the facts |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
16.11 Answering a discussion-based essay |
|
|
464 | (3) |
|
16.11.1 Stage 1: Devise a strategy and formulate a plan |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
16.11.2 Stage 2: Locate and read your research materials |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
16.11.3 Stage 3: Plan your assignment structure |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
16.11.4 Stage 4: Write a first draft |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
16.11.5 Stage 5: Revise draft and acknowledge your sources |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
16.11.6 Stage 6: Check your final version |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
16.12 Examples of answers to discussion-based essays |
|
|
467 | (6) |
|
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
468 | (3) |
|
|
|
471 | (2) |
|
|
|
473 | (20) |
|
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
17.2 What is the role of lawyers in society? |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
17.2.1 Lawyers as professionals |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
17.2.2 Lawyers as upholding the rule of law |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
17.2.3 Lawyers as gatekeepers to the law |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
17.3 What are legal ethics? |
|
|
475 | (4) |
|
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
17.3.2 Different approaches to ethics |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
17.3.3 The nature of legal ethics |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
17.3.5 Principles-based regulation |
|
|
477 | (2) |
|
17.3.6 The importance of integrity |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
17.4 The lawyer-client relationship |
|
|
479 | (2) |
|
17.4.1 The requirements of the regulators |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
17.4.2 Starting and ending the lawyer-client relationship |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
17.5 The lawyer's duty of confidentiality |
|
|
481 | (3) |
|
17.5.1 The nature of confidentiality |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
17.5.2 Legal professional privilege |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
17.5.3 Exceptions to confidentiality |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
17.6 Conflicts of interest |
|
|
484 | (4) |
|
17.6.1 What is a conflict of interest? |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
17.6.2 How conflicts of interest are regulated |
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
17.6.3 The reasons behind the rules |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
17.6.4 Exceptions to the rules |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
17.7 The duty to the court and other legal professionals |
|
|
488 | (5) |
|
17.7.1 Representing a guilty client |
|
|
488 | (2) |
|
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
|
491 | (2) |
| Index |
|
493 | |
